PROJECT REPORT

(BTCS 703-18)

Pneumonia Detection and Classification using Deep Learning

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the award of

Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science & Engineering

Submitted By:
Name: Paras
University Roll No. 2337722

Submitted To:
Assistant Professor

Department of Computer Science & Technology

Chandigarh Engineering College- CGC, Landran, Mohali

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that [Link] has completed the Semester Training during the period from
25thJune,2023 to 27th Nov,2023 in our Organization as a Partial Fulfillment of Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Computer Science & Engineering.

(Signature of Project supervisor)

Date: 04-12-2025
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Project Report entitled ("Virtual Drawing Tool") is an authentic record of my own
work as requirements of 7th sem academic during the period from 25th June,2023 to 27th Nov, 2023 for the
award of degree of B. Tech. ( Computer Science & Engineering , Chandigarh Engineering College under
the guidance of Mr. Rajeev Sharma

Date: 28-12-2023
Paras
2337722

Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our knowledge and belief.

Signatures
Examined by
1. 2. 3. 4.

Head of Department
(Signature and Seal)
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to the Director- Principal Dr. Rajdeep Singh
Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran for providing this opportunity to carry out the present work.

I am highly grateful to the Dr. Sukhpreet Kaur HOD CSE, Chandigarh Engineering College, Landran
(Mohali). I would like to expresses my gratitude to other faculty members of Computer Science &
Engineering department of CEC, Landran for providing academic inputs, guidance & Encouragement
throughout the training period. The help rendered by Mr. Rajeev Sharma, Supervisor for
Experimentation is greatly acknowledged. Finally, I express my indebtedness to all who have directly
or indirectly contributed to the successful completion of my software training

(i)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (i)
Table of content (ii)
List Of Figures (iii)
List Of Tables (iv)
ABSTARCT 1
1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 pneumonia impacts
1.2 motivation
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the work Literature Survey
2- LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1vandecia Fernandes et al.
2.2 hongen lug et al.
2.3sammy v. militant et al
2.4 Nanette Dionisio et al
3 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 5

3.1 introduction
3.2 functional requirement
3.3 non-functional requirement

3.4 system requirement

3.5 analysis models:(sdlc model to be applied)

4 -DESIGN & MODELLING OF SYSTEM 11

4.1 Use Case Diagram

4.2 Class Diagram

4.3 Sequence Diagram
4.4 Activity Diagram
4.5 State Diagram
5- ALGORITHMS AND METHODS 14
5.1 data acquisition
5.2 data pre-processing
5.3 proposed network
(ii)
5.4 working theory
6 IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING 19
6.1 Data Acquisition
6.2 Data Augmentation
7 RESULTS 23
7.1 image pre-processing
7.2 confusion matrix
7.3 visualizing some predicted images with percentage %
7.4 user interface
8 CONCLUSIONS 28
9 BIBLIOGRAPHIES 29
10 FUTURE SCOPE 32

(ii)
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Various stakeholders involved 10

Table 2 Developer Hardware Requirements 12

Table 3 Developer Software Requirements 12

Table 4 User Hardware Requirements 13

(iii)
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 3.1: Waterfall Model

Fig. 4.1: Use Case Diagram
Fig. 4.2: Class Diagram
Fig. 4.3: Sequence Diagram
Fig. 4.4: Activity Diagram
Fig. 4.5: State Diagram
Fig. 5.1: Examples from the dataset. (a) normal cases (b) pneumonia cases
Fig. 5.3: Details of proposed DL mode
Fig. 5.4.1: Conv Layer
Fig. 5.4.2: Mathematics of Conv and Pooling Layer
Fig. 5.4.3: VGG16 Model Sequence
Fig. 6.1.1: Mount Drive
Fig. 6.1.2: Import Train and Test Data
Fig. 6.2.1: Defining parameters for Data augmentation
Fig. 6.2.2: Applying defined parameters to Train, Test & Valid sets
Fig. 6.2.3: Augmented Dataset images
Fig. 6.3: ResNet-50
Fig. 6.4: Alex Net
Fig. 6.5: VGG16
Fig. 7.1: Augmented Dataset Images
Fig. 7.2.1: Mathematical Model
Fig. 7.2.2: Confusion Matrix
Fig. 7.3: Predicted Images
Fig. 7.4: Flask User Interface

(iv)
 ABSTRACT

As we know, the vision-based technology of hand gesture recognition is an important part of

human- computer interaction (HCI). In the last decades, keyboard and mouse play a significant role
in human- computer interaction. However, owing to the rapid development of hardware and
software, new types of HCI methods have been required. In particular, technologies such as speech
recognition and gesture recognition receive great attention in the field of HCI.

Gesture is a symbol of physical behavior or emotional expression. It includes body gesture and hand
gesture. It falls into two categories: static gesture and dynamic [Link] the former, the posture
of the body or the gesture of the hand denotes a sign. For the latter, the movement of the bodyor
the hand conveys some messages. Gesture can be used as a tool of communication between
computerand human It is greatly different from the traditional hardware based methods and can
accomplish human-computer interaction through gesture recognition. Gesture recognition
determines the user intent through the recognition of the gesture or movement of the body or body
parts. In the pastdecades, many researchers have strived to improve the hand gesture recognition
technology. Hand gesture recognition has great value in many applications such as sign language
recognition augmented reality (virtual reality) [sign language interpreters for the disabled and robot
control].

In the authors detect the hand region from input images and then track and analyze the movingpath
to recognize America sign language. In Shimada et al. propose a TV control interface using hand
gesture recognition. Keskin et al. divide the hand into 21 different regions and train a SVM
classifier to model the joint distribution of these regions for various hand gestures so as to classify
the gestures. Zeng et al. improve the medical service through the hand gesture recognition. The
HCI recognition system of the intelligent wheelchair includes five hand gestures and three
compound states. Their system performs reliably in the environment of indoor and outdoor and in
the condition of lighting change.

The overview of the hand gesture recognition is described in Figure 1. First, the hand is detected
using the background subtraction method and the result of hand detection is transformed to a binary
image. Then, the fingers and palm are segmented so as to facilitate the finger recognition. Moreover,
the fingers are detected and recognized. Last, hand gestures are recognized using a simple rule
classifier.

1
 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

1.1 PNEUMONIA IMPACTS

Pneumona Impacts all the elderly and young people everywhere. With the high growth in the popularity
of neural networks, engineers and researchers have been able to find state-of-the-art products for
computer vision. Artificial Intelligence helps us to automate analysis techniques, which is only possible
now because of the technology of Deep Learning. Exposure to Pneumonia is quite high for many
people, mainly in economically underdeveloped and developing countries where the majority are
deprived of a nutritious diet. The World Health Organization states that more than 4 million untimely
deaths per year occur from diseases caused by air pollution.
The purpose of this project is to build an AI network, which takes the pixel values as input for a given
X-Ray image and then proceeds to perform linear operations and activations on each of them. Then by
taking all the above operations, and then multiplying them with each layer within the neural network,
and the number of nodes. Suddenly you have millions of operations. By applying determination, they
can be more efficient in these tasks. The scope is to develop a model that will identify whether a patient
is having Pneumonia or not bypassing the chest X-Ray images through the Deep Learning model

1.2 MOTIVATION BEHIND PROJECT TOPIC

The main motivation behind this research is to identify Pneumonia just by using the X-Ray images of
the patients. as doctors must do a lot of certain tests to identify if the patient has Pneumonia or not. To
solve the cumbersome problem, an ensemble of two deep learning models is developed, to make the
work of the doctors simpler.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK

Aim:
To provide an efficient and effective solution over the conventional way of detecting pneumonia
disease using Deep learning.
Objectives:
To learn different biomedical terms related to pneumonia disease.
To learn the different scenarios of pneumonia disease (viral or bacterial).
To learn different methods of data acquisition. to know about different image processing pre-trained
models.
To build a web application to analyse Pneumonia disease using chest X-ray.

2
 CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 VANDECIA FERNANDES ET AL.

Proposed, developing a reliable version to detect COVID-19 from X-ray images offers a number of
challenges. First of all, there are a limited number of images to be had. The pandemic has simplest
been spreading for a few months and now not many datasets have been gathered and shared for the
benefit of researchers. Secondly, there may be an urgent need for scientific researchers to develop a
wise device for the fast detection and deep expertise of infectious diseases from chest X-ray pictures,
which could illustrate the damage to the human body. After investigating the presently available
technology and the demanding situations we are going through, it's concluded that a transfer learning
of technique is possible and realistic for this study's problem. Our research technique is to train deep
learning models at the available images of pneumonia, and contamination in a single or both lungs
which may be resulting from microorganisms, viruses, or fungi. The infection causes inflammation
inside the air sacs in the lungs, which might be known as alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid or pus,
making it hard to respire the system takes benefit of transfer learning on properly-studied of deep
learning to know the type of virus and validates the models on a big quantity of data sets, and finally
transfers the models and insights learned in training and validation to a brand new data set in a
comparable area, which, in this have a look at, is a new infectious fast-growing sickness, COVID-19
or coronavirus. The proposed technique solves the tough problem in deep learning, this is, how to
construct a dependable model primarily based on a scarce information set, which is not well studied
and there are unknown features inside the statistics set.

2.2 HONGEN LU ET AL.

Deep CNNs indeed acquire higher performance with the use of a huge dataset as compared to a smaller
one. Granting there is an enormous range of infected COVID-19 patients globally, however, the variety
of publicly available chest X-ray photos online is insignificant and dispersed. For this reason, the
authors of this work have defined a reasonably huge dataset of COVID-19 infected chest X-ray images
even though normal and pneumonia photographs are right away on hand publicly and applied in this
study.

3
2.3 SAMMY V. MILITANTE ET AL.[
Proposed,The observations employ flexible and efficient approaches of deep learning by making use
of six models of CNN in predicting and spotting whether the patient is unaffected or affected by the
disease employing a chest X-ray picture. Google Net, Le Net, VGG-16, Alex Net, Strident, and
ResNet-50 models with a dataset of 28,000 images and using a 224x224 decision with 32 and sixty-
four batch sizes are implemented to verify the performance of every version being educated. The study
likewise implements Adam as an optimizer that continues an adjusted 1e-four learning rate and an
epoch of 500 hired to all the models. Both Google Net and Le Net acquired a ninety-eight% price,
VGG Net -sixteen earned an accuracy charge of ninety-seven%, Alex Net and Stride Net model
acquired a ninety-six% whilst the ResNet-50 version acquired 80% throughout the training of models.
Google Net and Le Net fashions performed the best accuracy rate for overall performance training.
The six models identified had been capable of hitting upon and are expecting pneumonia sickness
including a wholesome chest X-ray.

2.4 NANETTE V. DIONISIO ET AL.

Proposed, classify the three varieties of X-rays, image writer used the ensemble method at some stage
in prediction, each picture is surpassed through the type layer where they checked whether an image
is COVID-19, pneumonia, or ordinary.

S Paper Allocation Auth Year Methods

r or
.
n
o

1
1. Bayesian convolutional neural Vand
ecia
202
1
Bayesian
convolut
network estimation for Fern ional
paediatric pneumonia detection ande neural
and diagnosis s et network
al.

2 Transfer Learning from Hon 202 Transfer

Pneumonia to COVID-19 gen 0 Learning
Lu et
al.

4
3 Pneumonia and COVID-19 Sam 202 Convolu
Detection using Convolutional my 1 tional
Neural Networks V. Neural
Milit Network
ante s
et al.

4 Pneumonia Detection through Nane 202 Deep

Adaptive Deep Learning tte 1 Learning
Models of Convolutional V. Models
Neural Networks Dion
isio
et al.
Table 1

5
 CHAPTER 3 - SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION
This software requirement specification (SRS) report expresses a complete description about
the proposed System. This document includes all the functions and specifications with their
explanations to solve related problems.

3.1.1 Project Purpose

The Purpose of the project is to develop a system To provide an efficient and effective solution over
the conventional way of detecting pneumonia disease using CNN

3.1.2 Project Scope

● To learn different biomedical terms related to pneumonia disease.
● It will analyse the different scenarios of pneumonia disease(viral or bacterial).
● It can be used by any user or Radiologists for testing purpose

3.1.3 User Classes and Characteristics

Basic knowledge of using computers is adequate to use this application. Knowledge of how to use a
mouse or keyboard and internet browser is necessary. The user interface will be friendly enough to
guide the user.

3.1.4 Assumptions and Dependencies

• Assumptions:

1. The product must have an interface which is simple enough to under - stand.

3. User-Friendly.

4. To perform with efficient throughout and response time.

• Dependencies:

1. All necessary software is available for implementing and use of the system.

2. The proposed system would be designed, developed and implemented based on the software
requirements specifications document.

3. End users should have basic knowledge of computers and we also assure that the users will be given
software training documentation and reference material.
6
3.2 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT

3.2.1 System Feature 1(Functional Requirement)

Functional requirement describes features, functioning, and usage of a product/system or software
from the perspective of the product and its user. Functional requirements are also called functional
specifications where the synonym for specification is design. Provide User friendly Interface and
Interactive as per standards.

3.3 NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT

3.3.1 Performance Requirements

• High Speed: - System should process requested tasks in parallel for various actions to give a quick
response. Then the system must wait for process completion.

• Accuracy: - System should correctly execute the process and display the result accurately. System
output should be in user required format.

3.3.2 Safety Requirements:

The data safety must be ensured by arranging for a secure and reliable transmission media.

3.3.3 Security Requirements

Secure access of confidential data (user’s details). Information security means pro- testing information
and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disco- sure, disruption, modification or
destruction. The terms information security, com- putter security and information assurance are
frequently incorrectly used interchangeably. These fields are interrelated often and share the common
goals of protecting the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information; however, there are
some subtle differences between them.

3.3.4 Software Quality Attributes

1. Runtime System Qualities: Runtime System Qualities can be measured as the system executes.

2. Functionality: The ability of the system to do the work for which it was intended.

3. Performance: The response time, utilization, and throughput behavior of the system. Not to be
confused with human performance or system delivery time.
7
4. Security: A measure of system’s ability to resist unauthorized attempts at usage or behavior
modification, while still providing service to legitimate users.

5. Availability: (Reliability quality attributes fall under this category) the measure of time that the
system is up and running correctly; the length of time between failures and the length of time needed
to resume operation after a failure.

6. Usability: The ease of use and of training the end users of the system. Sub qualities: learn ability,
efficiency, affect, helpfulness, control.

7. Interoperability: The ability of two or more systems to cooperate at runtime.

3.4 SYSTEM REQUIREMENT

3.4.1. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

● Windows 8 and above

● Google Collab

● Visual Studio Code

● TensorFlow v2.7.0

● CUDA v11.5

● CuDNN v8.3

3.4.2. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

● 8 GB RAM

● i5 intel core /AMD Ryzen 5

● CUDA Enabled GeForce GTX 1650

● 256 SSD and 1TB HDD

3.5 ANALYSIS MODELS: (SDLC MODEL TO BE APPLIED)

One of the basic notions of the software development process is SDLC models which stands for
Software Development Life Cycle models. SDLC is a continuous process, which starts from the
moment, when its made a decision to launch the project, and it ends at the moment of its full remove
from the exploitation. There is no one sin- gle SDLC model. They are divided into main groups, each

8
with its features and weaknesses. Evolving from the first and oldest waterfall SDLC model, their
variety significantly expanded.

The SDLC models diversity is predetermined by the wide number of product types starting with a web
application development to a complex medical software. And if you take one of the SDLC models
mentioned below as the basis in any case, it should be adjusted to the features of the product, project,
and company. The most used, popular and important SDLC models are given below:
1. Waterfall Model
2. Iterative Model
3. Spiral Model
4. V-shaped Model
5. Agile Model

Waterfall is a cascade SDLC model, in which the development process looks like the flow, moving
step by step through the phases of analysis, projecting, realization, testing, implementation, and
support. This SDLC model includes gradual execution of every stage completely. This process is
strictly documented and predefined with features expected to every phase of this software development
life cycle model.

Figure 3.1: Waterfall Model

1. Planning and requirement analysis

Each software development life cycle model starts with the analysis, in which the stakeholders of the
process discuss the requirements for the final product. The goal of this stage is the detailed definition
of the system requirements. Besides, it is needed to make sure that all the process participants have

9
clearly understood the tasks and how every requirement is going to be implemented. Often, the
discussion involves the QA specialists who can interfere the process with additions even during the
development stage if it is necessary.

2. Designing project architecture

At the second phase of the software development life cycle, the developers are actually designing the
architecture. All the different technical questions that may appear on this stage are discussed by all the
stakeholders, including the customer. Also, here are defined the technologies used in the project, team
load, limitations, time frames, and budget. The most appropriate project decisions are made according
to the defined requirements.

3. Development and programming

After the requirements are approved, the process goes to the next stage of actual development.
Programmers start here with the source code writing while keeping in mind previously defined
requirements. The system administrators adjust the software environment, frontend programmers
develop the user interface of the program and the logic for its interaction with the server. The
programming by itself assumes four stages:-

• Algorithm development

• Source code writing

• Compilation

• Testing and debugging

4. Testing

The testing phase includes the debugging process. All the code flaws missed during the development
are detected here, documented, and passed back to the developers to fix. The testing process repeats
until all the critical issues are removed and software work ow is stable.

5. Deployment

When the program is finalised and has no critical issues it is time to launch it for the end users. After
the new program version release, the tech support team joins. This department provides user feedback;
consult and support users during the time of exploitation. Moreover, the update of selected components
is included in this phase, to make sure, that the software is up-to-date and is invulnerable to a security
breach.

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 CHAPTER 4- DESIGN AND MODELLING OF SYSTEM

Unified Modelling Language (UML) is analogous to the blueprints used in other fields and consists of
different types of diagrams. In the aggregate, UML diagrams describe the boundary, structure, and
behaviour of the system and the objects within it.
Following UML diagrams have been designed for the project:

1. Use Case Diagram

2. Class Diagram
3. Sequence diagram
4. Activity Diagram
5. State Diagram

4.1 USE CASE DIAGRAM

Use case diagrams are usually referred to as behaviour diagrams used to describe a set of actions that
some system or systems should or can perform in collaboration with one or more external users of the
system. Each use case should provide some observable and valuable result to the actors or other
stakeholders of the system.
Figure 1 shows the use case diagram of the system. The following actors used in the use case diagram
are student, teacher, system, and cloud. The various use cases used in the diagram are teacher login,
view attendance, take attendance, capture photo, process image, take another photo.

4.1. Use Case Diagram

4.2 CLASS DIAGRAM

A class diagram is an illustration of the relationships and source code dependencies among classes in
the Unified Modelling Language (UML). In this context, a class defines the methods and variables in
an object, which is a specific entity in a program or the unit of code representing that entity.
11
Figure 2 shows the class diagram of the project, the various classes used in the diagram are user,
student, teacher, Image, Cloud, Face Recognition.

Fig 4.2. Class Diagram

4.3 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

Sequence diagrams are sometimes called event diagrams or event scenarios. A sequence diagram
shows, as parallel vertical lines (lifelines), different processes or objects that live simultaneously, and,
as horizontal arrows, the messages exchanged between them, in the order in which they occur

Fig 4.3. Sequence Diagram

12
4.4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
The activity diagram is another important diagram in UML to describe the dynamic aspects of the
system. An activity diagram is basically a flowchart to represent the flow from one activity to another
activity. The activity can be described as an operation of the system. The control flow is drawn from
one operation to another.

Fig 4.4. Activity Diagram

4.5 STATE DIAGRAM

A state diagram, sometimes known as a state machine diagram, is a type of behavioral diagram in the
Unified Modelling Language (UML) that shows transitions between various objects.

13
 Fig 4.5. State Diagram

CHAPTER 5- ALGORITHM AND METHODS

5.1 DATA ACQUISITION

The proposed database used to evaluate the performance of the model contains a total of 5863 X-ray
photos from the Kaggle.

In 2017 Dr. Paul Mooney started a competition on Kaggle on viral and bacterial pneumonia
classification. It contained 5,863 pediatric images; hence it is very different from the other datasets.
We are referring to the revised version of this dataset.[6]

In addition, the database is organized into three folders (Train, Test, Val) and contains subfolders for
each category of image (Pneumonia / General). All images have been resized to a static, A few
examples of common and pneumonia images are listed in Figure 1. Chest X-ray images always have
signs of limited brightness on account of the low dose of exposure in patients, due to chest X-ray
images always containing black, white, and grey pants. The lungs are located on both sides of the
thoracic cavity and the lung area can be easily detected by X-ray, which is almost black. The heart,
located between the lungs, appears almost as white as X-rays can completely pass through the heart.
Bones are made of protein and very dense, so X-rays cannot cross it and the bones are shown almost
white. Ku moreover, the bones have clear edges.

(a)

(b)
Fig 5.1 Examples from the dataset. (a) normal cases (b) pneumonia cases
5.2 Data Pre-Processing
The strategies used throughout this paper are listed in Table 2. In our study, rescale is a value by which
we will multiply the data before any other processing. Our original images consist of RGB coefficients
14
in the 0-255, but such values would be too high for our models to process (given a typical learning
rate), so we target values between 0 and 1 instead of by scaling with a 1/255. factor. shear range is for
randomly applying shearing transformations zoom range is for randomly zooming inside pictures,
horizontal flip is for randomly flipping half of the images horizontally --relevant when there are no
assumptions of horizontal asymmetry (e.g. real-world pictures)

Data pre-processing techniques used in this study

Rescale 1./255

Zoom Range 0.2

Shear Range 0.2

Horizontal Flip True

Table 2

5.3 PROPOSED NETWORK

In this study, we designed a CNN model to extract the features of chest X-ray images and use those
features to detect if a patient suffers from pneumonia. In Our CNN Architecture, we began it with a
lower filter value of 32 and increased it layer-wise. Constructed the model with a layer of Conv2D
followed by a layer of Carpooling. The kernel size is preferred to be an odd number like 3x3.

Tanh, ReLU, etc. can be used for activation function, but ReLU is the most preferred activation
function. input shape takes in image width & height with the last dimension as a color channel. then
we Flatten the input after CNN layers and added ANN layers.

f(x)=max(0,x)
S(x) = Sigmoid
f(x) = ReLU

Used activation function as SoftMax for the last layers(ANN Layers) also defined units as the total
number of classes and used sigmoid for binary classification and set unit to 1.

15
 Fig 5.3. Details of proposed DL mode

5.4 WORKING THEORY

Convolutional neural networks refer to a sub-category of neural networks: they, therefore, have all the
characteristics of neural networks. However, CNN is specifically designed to process input images.
Their architecture is then more specific: it is composed of two main blocks.

Conv Layers

The first block makes the particularity of this type of neural network since it functions as a
feature extractor. To do this, it performs template matching by applying convolution filtering
operations. The first layer filters the image with several convolution kernels and returns
“feature maps”, which are then normalized (with an activation function) and/or resized.

Image
Convolved feature Fig 5.4.1 Conv Layer

16
(feature Map)

Pool Layers

The second block is not characteristic of a CNN: it is in fact at the end of all the neural networks
used for classification. The input vector values are transformed (with several linear combinations and
activation functions) to return a new vector to the output. This last vector contains as many elements
as there are classes: element I represents the probability that the image belongs to class I. Each
element is therefore between 0 and 1, and the sum of all is worth 1. These probabilities are calculated
by the last layer of this block (and therefore of the network), which uses a Sigmoid function (binary
classification) or a RELU function (multi-class classification) as an activation function.

Fig. 5.4.2 Mathematics of Conv and Pooling Layer

Activation Function
An activation function is a mathematical function applied to the output of a neuron in a neural network.
It introduces non-linearity to the network, allowing it to learn and model complex relationships
between inputs and outputs. Common activation functions include the sigmoid, ReLU, and tanh
functions.

ReLU
Rectified linear unit is most widely used and preferred activation function right now which ranges from
0 to infinity, All the negative values are converted into zero.

f(x)=max(0,x)

Sigmoid
17
The sigmoid function also called a logistic function. having a characteristic that can take any real
value and map it to between 0 to 1. It decides which value to pass as output and what not to pass.

VGG16 Model

VGG16 is a popular convolutional neural network architecture for image classification tasks. It
consists of 16 layers, including 13 convolutional layers and 3 fully connected layers. The
convolutional layers use small 3x3 filters with a stride of 1 and are followed by max pooling layers.
The fully connected layers at the end of the network perform the classification task. The VGG16
model has achieved state-of-the-art performance on several image recognition benchmarks, making it
a popular choice for computer vision tasks.

Fig. 5.4.3 VGG16 Model Sequence

18
 CHAPTER 6- IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

6.1 DATA ACQUISITION

Fig 6.1.1 Mount Drive

Fig 6.1.2 Import Train and Test Data

6.2 DATA AUGMENTATION

19
6.2.1 DEFINING PARAMETERS FOR DATA AUGMENTATION

Fig 6.2.2 Applying defined parameters to Train, Test & Valid sets

Using the “[Link]” library, for the Train Set, we created an Image
Data Generator that randomly applies defined parameters to the train set and for the Test &
Validation set, we’re just going to rescale them to avoid manipulating the test data beforehand.

Fig 6.2.3 Augmented Dataset images

20
We have analyzed the performance of these bellow CNN architectures namely; Alex Net, ResNet-50,
and VGGNet-16. [3]

Table 3. Analysis of model Performance for CNN Models with 32 Batch Size

Fig 6.3 ResNet-50

Fig 6.4 AlexNet

21
Fig 6.5 VGG16

22
 CHAPTER 7- RESULTS

7.1 IMAGE PRE-PROCESSING

We'll use an Image Augmentation approach to artificially boost the size of the image training dataset.
Image Augmentation increases the size of the dataset by creating a modified version of the existing
training set photos, which increases dataset variation and, as a result, improves the model's ability to
predict new images.

Fig. 7.1 Augmented Dataset Images

Some Image Data Generator settings are defined as follows: -

rescale - Each digital image is made up of pixels with values ranging from 0 to 255, with 0
representing black and 255 representing white. As a result, rescale the scales array of the original
picture pixel values to [0,1], ensuring that the photos contribute evenly to the overall loss. Otherwise,
a higher pixel range image causes more loss and should be utilised with a lower learning rate, whereas
a lower pixel range image requires a higher learning rate.
shear range - The shear's transformation is the image's shape. It fixes one axis and extends the image
at a specific angle called the shear angle.
The image has been magnified by a zoom of less than 1.0. The image has been zoomed out by more
than 1.0.

horizontal flip - At random, certain photos are flipped horizontally.

vertical flip - At random, some photos are flipped vertically.

23
rotation range - The image is rotated randomly between 0 and 180 degrees.

width shift range - Horizontal shifts the image.

height shift range - Vertically shifts the image.

brightness range - a brightness of 0.0 means there is no light, and 1.0 means there is a lot of light.

fill mode - Fills the image's missing value with the nearest value, wrapped value, or reflected value.

7.2 CONFUSION MATRIX

Let’s interpret the output of the confusion matrix. The upper left (TP) denotes the number of images
correctly predicted as normal cases and the bottom right (TN) denotes the correctly predicted number
of images as cases of pneumonia. As Pneumonia case, the upper right denotes the number of incorrectly
predicted images but were actually normal cases and the lower left denotes the number of incorrectly
predicted Normal case images but were actually Pneumonia case.

7.2.1 Mathematical Model

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Fig. 7.2.2 Confusion Matrix

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7.3 VISUALIZING SOME PREDICTED IMAGES WITH PERCENTAGE %

Fig. 7.3 Predicted Images

● This provides you a percentage estimate of the individual image, which you may load straight
from your hard drive by specifying its path.
● After importing the image as we did previously, we must recreate all of the data pretreatment
procedures in order to input the test set into the model and obtain a forecast. Importing the
[Link] class is required for pre-processing.
● Import an image with dimensions of (500,500) and a grayscale color channel.
● To predict the case, convert the image to an array, rescale it by dividing it by 255, and extend
dimension by axis = 0 as shown earlier.

7.4 USER INTERFACE

Using Flask
Flask is a micro web framework written in Python that allows developers to quickly build web
applications. It provides simple and easy-to-use tools and libraries for routing requests, handling HTTP
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requests and responses, and rendering templates. Flask is known for its flexibility and extensibility,
making it a popular choice among developers for building web applications.

Fig. 7.4 Frontend User Interface with Flask

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 CHAPTER 8 - CONCLUSION
The project “Pneumonia Detection and Classification using Deep Learning” demonstrates the
significant potential of artificial intelligence in assisting the medical community with fast, reliable, and
cost-effective diagnosis of lung infections. Pneumonia remains a major global health concern, affecting
millions of individuals every year, especially children and elderly people. Early detection plays a
crucial role in reducing mortality, but manual interpretation of chest X-ray images can be time-
consuming, prone to human error, and limited by the availability of trained radiologists. This project
provides a technological solution to address these challenges through automated image-based
diagnosis.
In this work, a deep learning model was trained on chest X-ray images to differentiate between
pneumonia-infected lungs and normal lungs. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), known for their
strong capability in extracting spatial features from medical images, were utilized to achieve efficient
classification. The model successfully learned to identify crucial patterns, such as lung opacity and
infiltrations, which are commonly associated with pneumonia. The experimental results indicate that
the system can classify X-ray images with high accuracy, demonstrating the effectiveness of deep
learning in medical imaging applications.
The development of this system also highlights the benefits of automation in healthcare. An AI-based
diagnostic tool can support radiologists by providing a second opinion, reducing workload, and
improving diagnostic throughput. In rural or resource-limited areas where expert radiologists may not
be available, such a system can serve as a valuable preliminary screening tool. Moreover, the model’s
ability to process large volumes of images at high speed ensures timely diagnosis, which is critical for
early intervention and patient recovery.
Throughout the project, several challenges were addressed, including dataset imbalance, overfitting,
and variations in X-ray quality. Techniques such as data augmentation, normalization, and model
tuning helped improve the model’s performance and generalization ability. The study also emphasizes
the importance of using standardized and diverse datasets to ensure robustness in real-world clinical
environments.
Overall, this project successfully demonstrates how deep learning can enhance the reliability and
efficiency of pneumonia detection. While the current system provides promising results, there remains
room for improvement, such as multi-disease classification, explainable AI integration, model
optimization, and deployment on mobile or cloud platforms. With further research and refinement, this
approach can evolve into a fully functional diagnostic support system capable of assisting healthcare
professionals and improving global health outcomes

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 CHAPTER 9- BIBLIOGRAPHY

➢ Vandecia Fernandes et al., “Bayesian convolutional neural network estimation for pediatric
pneumonia detection and diagnosis”, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine,
Elsevier, 2021

➢ Hongen Lu et al., “Transfer Learning from Pneumonia to COVID-19”, Asia-Pacific on

Computer Science and Data Engineering (CSDE), 2020 IEEE

➢ Sammy V. Militante et al., “Pneumonia and COVID-19 Detection using Convolutional Neural
Networks”, 2020 the third International on Vocational Education and Electrical Engineering
(ICVEE), IEEE, 2021

➢ Nanette V. Dionisio et al., “Pneumonia Detection through Adaptive Deep Learning Models of
Convolutional Neural Networks”, 2020 11th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research
Colloquium (ICSGRC 2020), 8 August 2020

➢ Md. Jahid Hasan et al., “Deep Learning-based Detection and Segmentation of COVID-19 &
Pneumonia on Chest X-ray Image”, 2021 International Information and Communication
Technology for Sustainable Development (ICICT4SD), 27-28 February 2021

➢ [Link]

➢ LeCun, Y.; Boser, B.; Denker, J.S.; Henderson, D.; Howard, R.E.; Hubbard, W.; Jackel, L.D.
Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition. Neural Comput. 1989, 1, 541–
551.

➢ Krizhevsky, A.; Sutskever, I.; Hinton, G.E. Imagenet classification with deep convolutional
neural networks. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 2012, 25, 1097–1105.

➢ Simonyan, K.; Zisserman, A. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image
recognition. arXiv 2014, arXiv:1409.1556

➢ R. R. Selvaraju, M. Cogswell, A. Das, R. Vedantam, D. Parikh and D. Batra, "Grad-CAM:

Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-Based Localization," 2017 IEEE
International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), Venice, 2017, pp. 618-626.

➢ L. Wang and A. Wong, "COVID-Net: A tailored deep convolutional neural network design for
detection of COVID-19 cases from chest radiography images," arXiv:2003.09871, 2020.

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 CHAPTER 10 - FUTURE SCOPE

1. Integration with Larger and More Diverse Datasets

Future work can involve training the model on larger datasets collected from different
hospitals, age groups, and imaging devices to improve generalization and reduce dataset bias.

2. Use of Advanced Deep Learning Architectures

Incorporating advanced architectures such as EfficientNet-V2, Vision Transformers (ViT), or
hybrid CNN-Transformer models may significantly enhance classification accuracy and
robustness.

3. Explainable AI (XAI) for Clinical Transparency

Implementing explainability tools such as Grad-CAM, LIME, or SHAP can help radiologists
understand model predictions, increasing clinical trust and acceptance.

4. Deployment in Real-Time Hospital Systems

The model can be integrated into hospital PACS systems for real-time screening and
automatic alert generation for suspected pneumonia cases.

5. Development of a Mobile or Web-Based Application

A lightweight mobile or web application may be developed to support rapid screening,
especially in rural or low-resource healthcare environments.

6. Multiclass Classification of Lung Diseases

The system can be further extended to detect and classify multiple thoracic diseases,
including tuberculosis, COVID-19, fibrosis, and lung cancer.

7. Support for 3D Medical Imaging

Incorporating CT scan analysis or combining X-ray and CT data can enhance diagnostic
accuracy in severe cases.

8. Automated Severity Assessment

Future versions of the system may include automated severity scoring to classify pneumonia
as mild, moderate, or severe, allowing doctors to prioritize high-risk patients.

9. Integration with IoT and Remote Health Monitoring

The system can be integrated with IoT-enabled portable X-ray devices to support remote and
emergency diagnosis.

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10. Clinical Trials and Regulatory Approval
Further work may focus on clinical validation, regulatory approvals, and real-world
integration into healthcare workflows.

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