The Chi-Square
1
Definition
Chi- square test is the test of significance. It was first of
used by Karl Pearson in the year 1900. Chi-square test
a useful measure of comparing experimentally obtained
result with those expected theoretically and based on th
hypothesis. Following is the formula.
It is a mathematical expression, representing the ratio
2
Chi-Square
3
Chi-Square
4
Degrees of Freedom
In test, while comparing the calculated
value of with the table value, we have to
calculated the degree of freedom. The
degree of freedom is calculated from the no.
of classes. Therefore, the no. of degrees of
freedom in a test is equal to the no. of
classes minus one.
5
Degrees of Freedom
If there are two classes, three classes, and four classes, the
degree of freedom would be 2-1, 3-1, and 4-1, respectively.
In a contingency table, the degree of freedom is calculated in
a different manner: d.f. = (r-1) (c-1) where r = number of row
in a table, c = number of column in a table. Thus in a 2×2
contingency table, the degree of freedom is (2-1 ) (2-1) = 1.
Similarly, in a 3×3 contingency table, the number of degree
of freedom is (3-1) (3-1) = 4. Likewise in 3×4 contingency
table the degree of freedom is (3-1) (4-1) = 6, and so on.
6
Contingency table
The term contingency table was first used by
Karl Pearson. *A contingency table is a type
of table in a matrix format that displays the
(multivariate) frequency distribution of the
variables. They are heavily used in survey
research, business intelligence, engineering
and scientific research. They provide a basic
picture of the interrelation between two
variables and can help find interactions
between them. 7
Contingency Table…..
The value of depends on the no. of classes
or in other words on the number of degrees
of freedom (d. f.) and the critical level of
probability. *2×2 table when there are only
two sample, each divided into classes and a
2×2 contingency table is prepared. It is also
known ad four fold or four cell table.
8
Contingency table…..
9
Characteristics of Chi-Square Test
The chi-square distribution has some important
characteristics:
1. This test is based on frequencies, whereas, in
theoretical distribution the test is based on mean and
standard deviation.
2. The other distribution can be used for testing the
significance of the difference between a single
expected value and observed proportion. However
this test can be used for testing difference between
the entire set of the expected and the observed
frequencies.
3. A new chi-square distribution is formed for every 10
Assumptions For validity of Chi-square test
There are a few assumptions for the validity of chi-
square test.
1. All the observation must be independent. No
individual item should be included twice or a
number of items in the sample.
2. The total number of observation should be
large. The chi-square test should not be used if
n>50.
3. All the events must be mutually exclusive.
Assumptions For validity of Chi-square
test
4. For comparison purposes, the data must
be in original units.
5. If the theoretical frequencies is less than
five, than we pool it with the preceding or
the succeeding frequency, so that the
resulting sum is greater than five.
12
Application of Chi-square test
The chi-square test is applicable to varied
problems in agriculture, biology and medical
science
1. To test the goodness of fit.
2. To test the independence of attributes.
3. To test the homogeneity of independent
estimates of the population variance.
4. To test the detection of linkage.
13
Determination of Chi-square Test
Following steps are required to calculate the value of ch
square.
1. Identify the problem.
2. Make a contingency table and note the observed
frequency (O) is each classes of one event, row wise
i.e. horizontally and then the numbers in each group o
the other event, column wise i.e. vertically.
3. Set up the Null hypothesis (Ho); According to Null
hypothesis, no association exists between attributes.
Determination of Chi-square Test
4. Calculate the expected frequencies (E).
5. Find the difference between observed and
Expected frequency in each cell (O-E).
6. Calculate the chi-square value applying
the formula. The value is ranges from zero
to Infinite.
15