Module IV – Environmental Chemistry

1. What do you understand by hardness of water? How is it expressed? (3)

2. What is reverse osmosis? Discuss any one of its merits (3)

3. a Define COD. How is it determined? Find COD of water sample, if 200 mL of water sample (7)

after reaction with fixed amount of acidified K2Cr2O7 on titration consumes 18.3 mL of 0.125 N
ferrous solution. For blank titration the ferrous solution consumed is 26.4 mL.

b What are ion exchange resins? How is it used for demineralisation of water and (7)

how exhausted resins are regenerated?

4. a What is meant by dissolved oxygen in water? What are the factors which govern (8) the
amount of dissolved oxygen in water? How it is determined by titration?

b Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of sewage water (6)

5. Calculate the temporary and permanent hardness of water sample having following composition,
Ca²+=300 ppm Mg2+= 192 ppm, HCO3- = 122 ppm (3)

6. What is COD? How is it determined? (3)

7. a What are ion exchange resins? Explain ion exchange process used for the demineralisation of water.
How exhausted resins are regenerated? (8)

b What is reverse osmosis? How is it used for the purification of seawater? Give the advantages (6)

8. a Explain primary, secondary and tertiary processes involved in sewage water treatment with the help

of flow diagram (10)

b 100 mL of sewage water sample is diluted to 600 mL with dilution water, the initial dissolved
oxygen was 7.4 ppm. The dissolved oxygen level after 5 days of incubation was 3.8 ppm. Find the
BOD of the water sample. (4)
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9. A sample of water on analysis gives the following results. Ca²+ = 200 mg/L, Mg2+ 180 mg/L, HCO3 = 360
mg/L, CI- = 200 mg/L and Na+ = 80 mg/L. Calculate temporary and permanent hardness. (3)

10. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic oxidation. (3)

11. a) Discuss the action of chlorine as a disinfectant. How is it applied? What is break point
chlorination? Write any two advantages of breakpoint chlorination. (10)

b) A pure water sample is added with 90 mg carbohydrate (CH₂O) per litre find the maximum BOD
possible for the water sample. (4)

12. a) With the help of a flow diagram explain the steps involved in sewage treatment. (10)

b) Calculate the temporary and permanent hardness of water sample containing the following (4)

dissolved salts.

Ca(HCO3)2 = 28 mg/L; CaSO4 = 18 mg/L; Mg(HCO3)2 = 32 mg/L;

MgCl2 = 30 mg/L; NaCl =58 mg/L.

14. What are the factors that affect DO level in water? (3)

15. Calculate the temporary and permanent hardness of a sample water containing 14.6 mg/L of
Mg(HCO3)2, 81 mg/L of Ca(HCO3)2, 68 mg/L of CaSO4. (3)

16. What is disinfection? Give the advantages and disadvantages of UV disinfection of water. (3)

17. a Explain the steps involved in sewage treatment with the help of a flow diagram. (10)

b Write any four disadvantages of hard water. (4)

18. a Discuss the ion-exchange process of softening of water. How is exhausted resins regenerated in an
ion-exchange method? (8)

b What is desalination? How it is performed by reverse osmosis process? (6)

19. Mention any three advantages of break point chlorination. (3)

20. Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling, explain the chemistry behind this. (3)

21. a) Describe the ion-exchange method for the demineralisation of water. (8)

b) A water sample found to contain 16.2 mg/L calcium bicarbonate, 29.2 mg/L magnesium bicarbonate,
22.0 mg/L magnesium chloride and 27.2 mg/L calcium sulphate. Calculate the temporary and
permanent hardness. What happens to the hardness of water sample if Na2CO3 is added? (6)20 a)
What do you mean by dissolved oxygen? Mention the significance and explain the Winkler's method for
the estimation of dissolved oxygen. (10)

b) Find the BOD if 250 mL of sewage water was diluted to 2000 mL using dilution water. The initial DO
and DO levels after 5 days were found to be 7.9 ppm and 4.4 ppm respectively. (4)

23. a) Explain trickling filter and UASB processes in waste water treatment. (10)

b) Discuss the procedure for the determination of DO in water. (4)

24. a) Define reverse osmosis. Explain the method for the desalination of water using reverse osmosis.
Give its advantages. (8)

b) Explain the ion exchange process in water treatment. How is the exhausted resin regenerated?(6)

[Link] any two methods for de-chlorination. (3)

26. What are the important sources of water pollution? (3)

27. a) Explain the various steps involved in municipal water treatment. (10)

b) Explain breakpoint chlorination with the help of the graph (4)