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Introduction to Angle
Part - 01

Trigonometry
Introduction to Angle
Consider a revolving line OP.
Suppose that it revolves in anticlockwise direction starting from its initial position OX .
The angle is defined as the amount of revolution that the revolving line makes with its initial position.
From fig. the angle covered by the revolving line OP is  = POX

The angle is taken positive if it is traced by the revolving line in anticlockwise direction.
The angle is taken negative if it is covered in clockwise direction.

1° = 60' (minute)
1' = 60" (second)

1 right angle = 90° (degrees) also 1 right angle = rad (radian)
2
One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of the circle, whose length is equal to the
180
radius of the circle. 1 rad =  57.3°

Units of Angle
Practical units : degrees (°)
1° = 60'(minute)
1' = 60"(second)

To convert an angle from degree to radian multiply it by
180
180
To convert an angle from radian to degree multiply it by


Relation between Angle and Arc

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Basic Maths Part-01

Radian

180°
1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ≈ 57.3°
𝜋

Illustration 1.
Convert the given angles in desired units.
(i) 5° to minutes
(ii) 6' to seconds
(iii) 120" to minutes
Solution.
(i) 1° = 60'
5° × 60' = 300'
(ii) 1' = 60"
6' × 60" = 360"
(iii) 60" = 1'
120"
= 2'
60"

Illustration 2.
Convert the given angles in desired units.
1. Convert 45° to radians
5
2. Convert rad to degree
6
Solution.
 
1. 45 = radians
180 4
5 180
2.  = 150
6 

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Pythagoras Theorem and Trigonometric Ratio

Part - 02

Pythagoras Theorem
P2 + B2 = H2

Pythagorean Triplets
3, 4, 5 (32 + 42 = 52)
6, 8, 10 (62 + 82 = 102)
7, 24, 25 (72 + 242 = 252)
12, 16, 20 (122 + 162 = 202)
Remember for fast calculations in Physics!!

Trigonometric Ratios (or T ratios)

P H
sin  = cosec =
H P
B H
cos  = sec  =
H B
P B
tan  = cot  =
B P
It can be easily proved that :
1
cosec =
sin 
1
sec  =
cos 
1
cot  =
tan 

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Basic Maths Part-02

Trigonometric Identities
sin2 + cos2 = 1
1 + tan2 = sec2
1 + cot2 = cosec2

Illustration 1.
Given sin = 3/5. Find all the other T-ratios, if  lies in the first quadrant.
Solution.

3
In OMP, sin =
5
so, MP = 3 and OP = 5
OM = (5)2 − (3)2 = 25 − 9 = 16 = 4
OM 4 MP 3
Now, cos = = tan = =
OP 5 OM 4
OM 4 OP 5 OP 5
cot = = sec = = cosec = =
MP 3 OM 4 MP 3

Table : The T-ratios of a few standard angles ranging from 0° to 90°

Angle() 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
1 
tan 0 1 3
3 (not defined)

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Quadrant Theory and Trigonometric Formulae

Part - 03

Quadrants & ASTC Rule

In first quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive.
In second quadrant, only sin and cosec are positive.
In third quadrant, only tan and cot are positive.
In fourth quadrant, only cos and sec are positive

Table to Remember

Angle() 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 3
sin 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0
2 2 2
1 
tan 0 1 3
3 (not defined)

T-Ratios of Special Angles

3 4
sin  = sin  =
5 5
4 3
cos  = cos  =
5 5
3 4
tan  = tan  =
4 3

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Basic Maths Part-03

T-ratios of angles greater than 90°

STEP-1 Decide sign according to quadrant.
A : Integral multiple of 90°
STEP-2 =A±
 : Acute angle
sin ⇌ cos
STEP-3 If A is odd multiple of 90° cosec ⇌ sec
tan ⇌ cot
If A is Even multiple of 90° No Change

Trigonometrical Ratios of General Angles (Reduction Formulae)

(i) Trigonometric function of an angle (2n + ) where n=0, 1, 2, 3,.... will be remain same.
sin(2n +) = sin cos(2n+) = cos tan(2n+)=tan
 n 
(ii) Trigonometric function of an angle  +   will remain same if n is even and sign of trigonometric function
 2 
will be according to value of that function in quadrant.
sin(–) = + sin cos(–) = –cos tan(-)= –tan
sin(+)= –sin cos(+)= –cos tan(+)= +tan
sin(2-)= –sin cos(2-)= +cos tan(2-)= –tan
 n 
(iii) Trigonometric function of an angle  +   will be changed into co-function if n is odd and sign of
 2 
trigonometric function will be according to value of that function in quadrant.
     
sin  +   = + cos  cos  +   = − sin  tan  +   = − cot 
2  2  2 
     
sin  −   = + cos  cos  −   = + sin  tan  −   = + cot 
 2   2   2 
(iv) Trigonometric function of an angle – (negative angles)
sin(–) = –sin cos(–) = +cos tan(–) = –tan

Sum property for sine function

sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB
sin(A – B) = sinAcosB – cosAsinB

Sum property for cosine function

cos(A + B) = cosAcosB – sinAsinB
cos(A – B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB

Sum property for tan function

tan A + tanB
tan(A + B) =
1 − tan A tanB
tan A − tanB
tan(A – B) =
1 + tan A tanB

Double angle property

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Basic Maths Part-03

2tan A
tan2A =
1 − tan2 A

Illustration 1.
Write the function in terms of acute angle 
(1) cos(270° – ) = ?
(2) cos(90° + ) = ?
 
(3) cos  −   = ?
2 
 
(4) sin  −   = ?
2 
Solution.
3
(1) cos(270° – ) = cos( −  ) = – sin
2

(2) cos(90° + ) = cos( +  ) = – sin
2

(3) cos( −  ) = + sin
2

(4) sin( −  ) = + cos
2

Illustration 2.
Evaluate :
(a) sin120° (b) tan150° (c) cos330°
Solution.
 3
(a) sin120° = sin(90° + 30°) = sin( + 30 ) = + cos30° =
2 2
 1
(b) tan150° = tan(90° + 60°) = tan ( + 60 )= –cot60° = –
2 3
3
(c) cos330° = cos(360° – 30°) = cos(2 – 30°) = + cos30° =
2

Illustration 3.
Evaluate :
(a) cos(–30°) (b) sin(–45°)
Solution.
3
(a) cos(–30°) = cos(30°) =
2
1
(b) sin(–45°) = – sin(45°) = –
2

Illustration 4.
Evaluate :
(a) sin105° (b) cos75°

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Basic Maths Part-03

Solution.
3 1 1 1
(a) sin(105°) = sin(60° + 45°) = sin60°cos45° + cos60°sin45° =  + 
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 1
(b) cos(75°) = cos(45° + 30°) = cos45°cos30° – sin45°sin30° =  − 
2 2 2 2

Illustration 5.
Evaluate cos74°
Solution.
(a) cos74° = cos(2 × 37°)
= cos2(37°) – sin2(37°)
16 9 7
= − =
25 25 25

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Range of Trigonometric Functions

Part - 04

Small angle approximation

sin  
tan  
cos  1

Illustration 1.
Find :
1. sin2° 2. tan1° 3. sin°
Solution.
 
1. sin2° = 2 =
180 90
 
2. tan1° = 1 =
180 180

3. sin° = 
180

Illustration 2.
A normal human eye can see an object making an angle 1.8° at the eye. What is the minimum height of object
which can be seen by an eye from 1 m distance.

Solution.
 is very small
 tan  
1.8  
= = rad
180 100
h 
=
1 100
 h = 0.031 m

Range of Trigonometric Functions

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Basic Maths Part-04

P
sin  = ⎯→ –1  sin  1
H
B
cos = ⎯→ –1  cos  1
H
P
tan  = ⎯→ – < tan < –
B

Illustration 3.
Find the maximum value of y = (sinx) (cosx)
1 1
(1) (2) 1 (3) (4) 2
2 2
Solution.
1 1
y = sinxcosx = (sin2x) = {sin2A = 2sinxcosx}
2 2

Important result
Range of function : "asin + bcos"
− a2 + b2  asin  + bcos   a2 + b2

Illustration 4.
If y = –3sin + 4 cos then find ymax and ymin
Solution.
− (−3)2 + (4)2  y  (−3)2 + (4)2
ymax = 5
ymin = –5

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Co-ordinate Geometry
Part - 05

Co-ordinate Geometry
To specify the position of a point in space, we use right handed rectangular axes coordinate system. This system
consists of (i) origin (ii) axis or axes. If a point is known to be on a given line or in a particular direction, only one
coordinate is necessary to specify its position, if it is in a plane, two coordinates are required, if it is in space
three coordinates are needed.

• Origin
This is any fixed point which is convenient to you. All measurements are taken w.r.t. this fixed point.

• Axis or Axes
Any fixed direction passing through origin and convenient to you can be taken as an axis. If the position of a
point or position of all the points under consideration always happen to be in a particular direction, then only
one axis is required. This is generally called the x-axis. If the positions of all the points under consideration are
always in a plane, two perpendicular axes are required. These are generally called x and y-axis. If the points are
distributed in a space, three perpendicular axes are taken which are called x, y and z-axis.

Position of a point
x1 = Abscissa : Distance of point from y axis
y1 = Ordinate : Distance of point from x axis

Distance Formula in plane

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Basic Maths Part-05

Distance Formula in space

Illustration 1.
Find distance between two points A (1, 2, 5) and B (3, 4, 6).
Solution.
A(x1 y1 z1) = A(1, 2, 5)
B(x2 y2 z2) = B (3, 4, 6)
d = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y 2 − y 1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2

= (3 − 1)2 + (4 − 2)2 + (6 − 5)2 = 4 + 4 + 1 = 3

Illustration 2.
Find possible values of a if distance between the points (–9 cm, a cm) and (3 cm, 3 cm) is 13 cm.
Solution.
13 = (3 + 9)2 + (3 − a)2
 169 = 144 + (3 – a)2
 ±5 = (3 – a)
 +5 = 3 – a or –5 = 3 – a
a = –2cm or a = 8cm

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Basic Maths Part-05

Slope of Line joining Two points

y 2 − y1
tan  =
x 2 − x1

Illustration 4.
Find slope of a line passing through points A(2, 4) and B(3, 8)
Solution.
A(x1, y1) = A(2, 4)
B(x2, y2) = B(3, 8)
8−4 4
tan  = =
3−2 1
so, slope = 4

Illustration 5.
Calculate slope of the shown line and its angle with x axis.

Solution.

2−0
tan  =
0−2
tan = –1
So, slope = –1
angle with x-axis 135°.

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Equation of Straight Line

Part - 06

Equation of Straight Line

Genera equation of straight line

Slope of A Line
The slope of a line joining two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is denoted by m and is given by
y y 2 − y 1
m= = = tan  [If both axes have identical scales]
x x2 − x1
Here  is the angle made by line with positive x-axis.
Slope of a line is a quantitative measure of inclination.

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Basic Maths Part-06

Slope of a Straight line

Intercept of A Line

Illustration 1.
Find slope of the line.

Solution.
slope = tan
= tan60°
= 3

Illustration 2.
Find slope and intercept of a line y = 3x + 2, also draw the line.
Solution.
y = mx + c (general equation) …(i)
y = 3x + 2 (given equation) …(ii)
comparing equation (1) & (2)
m = slope = 3; c = 2

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Basic Maths Part-06

Illustration 3.
Find slope and intercept of a line 4y + 3x = 8, also draw the line.
Solution.
y = mx + c (general equation) …(i)
4y + 3x = 8 (given equation)
4y = – 3x + 8
3
y=– x +2 …(ii)
4
comparing equation (i) & (ii)
3
m = slope = − ; c = 2
4

Illustration 4.
Write equation of the line drawn

Solution.
2−0 1
slope = tan = =
0+4 2
c=2
1
 equation of straight line y = x +2
2

Illustration 5.
Write equation of the line drawn

Solution.
3−2 1
slope = tan  = =
5−0 5
c=2
1
 equation of straight line y = x + 2
5

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Basic Maths Part-06

Special Cases
1. Straight line parallel to x-axis

2. Straight line parallel to y-axis

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Introduction to Differentiation and Concept of Slope

Part - 07

Function
Constant : A quantity, whose value remains unchanged during mathematical operations, is called a constant
quantity. The integers, fractions like  ,e etc are all constants.
Variable : A quantity, which can take different values, is called a variable quantity. A variable is usually
represented as x, y, z, etc.
Function : A quantity y is called a function of a variable x, if corresponding to any given value of x, there exists
a single definite value of y. The phrase 'y is function of x' is represented as y = f (x)

(A) (B)

Finite change (Δx)

If change in a quantity is comparable to its initial value, change is said to be finite.
For example, if length of a spring is 10 cm, then a change of 2 cm in length is considered as finite change in
length.
Lo = 10 cm

Lo = 10 cm
L = 2 cm

Infinitesimal change
If change in a quantity is not comparable to its initial value, change is said to be infinitesimal.
➢ A very small change in y is called as dy
for example y2 = 100 and y1 = 99.999999999…………..
y2 – y1 = dy = 0.0000000000…………..001
➢ A very small change in x is called as dx
➢ A very small change in z is called as dz

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Basic Maths Part-07

➢ A very small change in t is called as dt

Slope of A Curve
Average slope of curve Instantaneous slope of curve
(Between two different points) (At a Single point)

Instantaneous slope of curve

(At a Single point)
To find the slope we require the tool called
DIFFERENTIATION

Definition of Differentiation/Derivative
At a point :
dy
= "instantaneous rate of change of y w.r.t. x"
dx
If y is a function of x : y = f(x)
Then derivative of y "w.r.t "x is given by :
dy
y ' = f '(x) =
dx

Illustration 1.
Find slope at A, B & C

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Basic Maths Part-07

Solution.
at A at B at C
slope = tan slope = tan slope = tan
= tan (120 )
0
= tan(0°) = tan(45°)
= tan(90° + 30°) =0 =1
= –cot(30°)
=– 3

Increasing functions

Decreasing functions

Illustration 2.
Comment on slope and its magnitude from A to B & B to C

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Basic Maths Part-07

Solution.
A → B slope increasing A → B magnitude decreasing
B → C slope increasing B → C magnitude increasing

Illustration 3.
Comment on slope and its magnitude from A to B & B to C

Solution.
A → B slope decreasing A → B magnitude decreasing
B → C slope decreasing B → C magnitude increasing

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Differentiation of Standard Functions

Part - 08

dy
Physical meaning of
dx
 The ratio of small change in the function y and the variable x is called the average rate of change of y w.r.t. x.
For example, the velocity of a body changes by a small amount v in small time t, then average acceleration
v
of the body, a av =
t
y y dy
 When x → 0 The limiting value of is Lim =
x t →0 x dx
Derivative of Constant Functions
y = f (x) = constant, then it’s derivative is ZERO.
dy dc
= =0
dx dx

Derivative of Algebraic Functions

y = f (x) = xn, then it’s derivative is :
dy dx n
= = nx(n−1)
dx dx

Illustration 1.
Find the derivative of given functions w.r.t x
(1) x4 (2) x–2
Solution.
d 4
(1) (x ) = 4x 4−1 = 4x3
dx
d −2
(2) (x ) = −2x( −2−1) = −2x −3
dx

Illustration 2.
dy
Find value of
dx
3
1
(1) y = x6 (2) y = (x)4 (3) y =
x

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Basic Maths Part-08

Solution.
d 6
(1) (x ) = 6x 6−1 = 6x5
dx
d 34 3 34 −1 3 −14
(2) (x ) = x = x
dx 4 4
d −1 1
(3) (x ) = −1x −1−1 = − 2
dx x

Formulae for Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions

d(sin x)
y = sinx ⎯→ = cosx
dx
d(cosx)
y = cosx ⎯→ = − sin x
dx
d(tan x)
y = tanx ⎯→ = sec2 x
dx
d(cosecx)
y = cosecx ⎯→ = − cosecx cot x
dx
d(secx)
y = secx ⎯→ = secx tan x
dx
d(cot x)
y = cotx ⎯→ = − cosec2x
dx

Formulae for Differentiation of Exponential Functions

d(ex ) x
y = ex ⎯→ =e
dx

Formulae for Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions

d(ln x) 1
y = logex or lnx ⎯→ =
dx x

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Rules of Differentiation - Basic

Part - 09

Constant Multiple Rule

If y = cf(x) = cU, then :
dy d(cU) dU
= =c
dx dx dx

Illustration 1.
Find the derivative of given functions w.r.t x
(1) 7x6 (2) 3x–2
Solution.
d d
(1) (7x6 ) = 7 (x 6 ) = 7  6x 6−1 = 42x5
dx dx
d d
(2) (3x −2 ) = 3 (x −2 ) = 3  ( −2x −2−1 ) = −6x −3
dx dx

Illustration 2.
Find the derivative of given functions w.r.t x
(1) 3(sinx) (2) 4(tanx)
Solution.
d d
(1) (3(sin x)) = 3 (sin x) = 3cosx
dx dx
d d
(2) ( 4(tan x)) = 4 (tan x) = 4 sec2 x
dx dx

Illustration 3.
Find the derivative of given functions w.r.t x
(1) 20(lnx) (2) 0.6(ex)
Solution.
d d 20
(1) (20( n x)) = 20 ( nx) =
dx dx x
d d
(2)
dx
( )
0.6(ex ) = 0.6 (ex ) = 0.6ex
dx

Addition/Subtraction Rule
If U and V are functions of x and y is sum of functions U and V :
y=U±V
d(U  V) dU dV
= 
dx dx dx

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Basic Maths Part-09

Illustration 4.
dy
Find value of
dx
(1) y = x2 + 2x (2) y = x3 – x–2 + 1
Solution.
d 2 d d
(1) (x + 2x) = (x 2 ) + (2x) = 2x + 2
dx dx dx
d 3 –2 d d d
(2) (x –x + 1) = (x3 ) − (x −2 ) + (1) = 3x 2 + 2x −3 + 0
dx dx dx dx

Illustration 5.
dx
Find value of if : x = 4t2 + 3t + 2
dt
Solution.
d d d d
(4t 2 + 3t + 2) = (4t 2 ) + (3t) + (2) = 8t + 3
dt dx dx dx

Illustration 6.
dy 1
Find value of if : y = x + +1
dx x
Solution.
1 1
−
y = x2 + x 2 + 1
d 12 −
1
d 1 d −1 d
(x + x 2 + 1) = (x 2 ) + (x 2 ) + (1)
dx dx dx dx
1 1−1 1 −1−1
= x2 − x 2 + 0
2 2
1 −1 1 −3
= x 2− x 2
2 2

Illustration 7.
dy
Find value of
dx
(1) y = 3sinx + cosx (2) y = 2tanx – x3
Solution.
d d d
(3sin x + cosx) = (3sin x) + (cosx) = 3cosx − sin x
dx dx dx
d d d
(2tan x − x3 ) = (2tan x) − x3 = 2sec2 x − 3x 2
dx dx dx

Illustration 8.
dy
Find for the following
dx
7
(i) y = x 2 (ii) y = x–3 (iii) y = x (iv) y = x5 + x3 + 4x1/2 + 7
1
(v) y = 5x4 + 6x3/2 + 9x (vi) y = ax2 + bx + c (vii) y = 3x5 – 3x –
x

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Basic Maths Part-09

Solution.
d 72 7 72−1 7 52
(1) (x ) = x = x
dx 2 2
d −3
(2) (x ) = −3x −3−1 = −3x −4
dx
d
(3) (x) = 1
dx
1 1
d 5 3 d d d d
(4) (x + x + 4x 2 + 7) = (x5 ) + (x3 ) + (4x 2 ) + (7)
dx dx dx dx dx
2
= 5x 4 + 3x2 + +0
x
3 3
d d d d
(5) (5x 4 + 6x 2 + 9x) = (5x 4 ) + (6x 2 ) + (9x)
dx dx dx dx
1
= 20x3 + 9x 2 + 9
d d d d
(6) (ax 2 + bx + c) = (ax 2 ) + (bx) + (c) = 2ax + b
dx dx dx dx
d  5 1 d d d 1
(7) 3x − 3x −  = (3x5 ) − (3x) −  
dx  x  dx dx dx  x 
1
= 15x − 3 +
x2

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Rules of Differentiation - Product Rule and Quotient Rule

Part - 10

Product Rule
If we need to differentiate the product of two functions, then we apply product rule.
d(UV) dU dV
=V +U
dx dx dx

Illustration 1.
dy
Find value of
dx
(1) y = x lnx (2) y = excosx
Solution.
d d d
(1) (x nx) = nx (x) + x ( nx)
dx dx dx
1
= nx(1) + x   = nx + 1
x
d x d d
(2) (e cosx) = cosx (e x ) + e x cosx
dx dx dx
= cosxex + ex

Quotient Rule
If we need to differentiate a function which is the ratio of two functions, then we apply Quotient Rule.
U
d   V dU − U dV
 V  = dx dx
dx V2

Illustration 2.
4x
Find derivative of y = w.r.t. x
x −7
Solution.
 4x  d d
d  (x − 7) (4x) − 4x (x − 7)
 x −7  = dx dx
dx (x − 7)2
(x − 7)(4) − 4x(1) 28
= =−
(x − 7)2 (x − 7)2

Illustration 3.
dy
Find value of
dx
(1) y = x2cosx (2) y = exsinx

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Basic Maths Part-10

Solution.
d 2 d d
(1) (x cosx) = cosx (x 2 ) + x 2 (cosx) = (2x)(cosx) − x 2 sin x
dx dx dx
d x d d
(2) (e sin x) = sin x + ex (sin x)
dx dx dx
= ex sinx + ex cosx

Illustration 4.
dy
Find value of
dx
x2 cot x
(1) y = (2) y =
cosx x3
Solution.
d 2 d
cosx (x ) − x2 (cosx)
dx dx (cosx)(2x) + (x2 )(sinx)
=
(cosx)2 cos2 x

Illustration 5.
dI
Find value of if : I = t3(t – 2)
dt
Solution.
I = t 4 − 2t 3
d 4
(t − 2t 3 ) = 4t 3 − 6t 2
dt

Illustration 6.
Find the derivative of q w.r.t. t if : q = (t + 5)3(t + 2)4
Solution.
dq d
= ((t + 5)3(t + 2)4 )
dt dt
= (t + 2)4(3)(t + 5)2(1) + (t + 5)3(4)(t + 2)3(1)
= (t + 2)3(t + 5)2[3(t + 2) +4(t + 5)]

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Rules of Differentiation - Chain Rule

Part - 11

Chain Rule
The Chain Rule tells us how to find the derivative of a composite function.
dy
If y = f(g(x)) then will be given by :
dx
dy d
= [f(g(x))] = f '(g(x))g'(x)
dx dx
Another way to represent the Chain Rule is :
dy
If y = f(U) then will be given by :
dx
dy df(U) dU
= 
dx dU dx

Illustration 1.
dy
Find value of
dx
(1) y = cos(2x + 3) (2) y = sin(x2 + x3)
Solution.
(1) Let u = 2x + 3  y = cos(u)
du d dy d
= (2x + 3) = 2 = (cos(u)) = − sinu
dx dx du du
dy dy du
=  = −(sinu)(2) = −2sin(2x + 3)
dx du dx
(2) Let u = x2 + x3  y = sin(u)
du d 2 3 dy d
= (x + x ) = 2x + 3x 2 = (sin(u)) = cosu
dx dx du du
dy dy du
=  = cosu(2x + 3x2 ) = cos(x 2 + x3 )(2x + 3x 2 )
dx du dx

Illustration 2.
Find derivative of y w.r.t. x if : y = ln(x3 + 4)
Solution.
Let u = x3 + 4  y = ln(u)
du d 3 dy d 1
= (x + 4) = 3x 2 = (ln(u)) =
dx dx du du u
dy dy du  1  2 3x2
=  =  (3x ) = 3
dx du dx  u  x +4

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Basic Maths Part-11

Illustration 3.
dy
Find value of
dx
y = e(3x – 6)
Solution.
Let u = 3x – 6  y = eu
du d dy d u
= (3x − 6) = 3 = (e ) = eu
dx dx du du
dy dy du u
=  = e  3 = 3e3x−6
dx du dx

Illustration 4.
dy
Find value of
dt
y = Asin(t + )
Solution.
Let u = t +   y = Asinu
du d dy d
= ( t +  ) =  = (Asinu) = Acosu
dx dx du du
dy dy du
=  = (Acosu)() = Acos(t + )
dx du dx

Illustration 5.
dy
Find value of if : y = esint
dt
Solution.
Let u = sint  y = eu
du d dy d u
= (sin t) = cost = (e ) = eu
dx dx du du
dy dy du
=  = (eu )(cost) = esin t cost
dx du dx

Power Chain Rule

dy
If y = [f(x)]n then will be given by :
dx
dy d[f(x)]
= n[f(x)](n−1)
dx dx
dy
= n[f(x)](n−1) f '(x)
dx
dy
If y = Un then will be given by :
dx
dy dU
= nU(n−1)
dx dx

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Basic Maths Part-11

Illustration 6.
Find the derivative of y = (x2 + 3)6 w.r.t. x
Solution.
Let u = x2 + 3  y = u6
du d 2 dy d 6
= (x + 3) = 2x = (u ) = 6u5
dx dx du du
dy dy du
=  = (6u5 )(2x) = 6(x2 + 3)5(2x)
dx du dx

Illustration 7.
Find the derivative of : x = t 2 + 2 w.r.t. t
Solution.
1
Let u = t2 + 2  x = u2
du d 2 dx d 12 1 −12 1
= (t + 2) = 2t = (u ) = u =
dt dt du du 2 2 u
dx dx du 1 t
=  = (2t) =
dt du dt 2 u t +2
2

Illustration 8.
Find the derivative of y w.r.t. x
(1) y = cos2x (2) y = sin(x2)
Solution.
(1) cos2x = 2cos2x – 1
1 + cos2x
 = cos2 x
2
1 + cos2x
 y=
2
1 cos2x
= +
2 2
dy  sin2x 
=0+− (2) = − sin(2x)
dx  2 

(2) Let u = x2  y = sin(u)

du d 2 dy d
= (x ) = 2x = (sinu) = cosu
dx dx du du
dy dy du
=  = cos(u)(2x) = cos(x 2 )(2x)
dx du dx

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Applications of Derivatives
Part - 12

Application of Derivatives
Instantaneous rate of change of a quantity "w.r.t." another quantity
dx
v inst =
dt
dv d2x
a inst = =
dt dt 2
dp
F inst =
dt

Illustration 1.
If height of magical tree depends on time as h = 3t2 + 5t + 2 m. Find out :-
(1) Rate of change of height at t = 3 sec.
(2) Rate of change of height from t = 0 to t = 3 sec.
Solution.
dh d
(1) = (3t 2 + 5t + 2) = 6t + 5
dt dt
dh
= rate of change of height = 6t + 5
dt
 rate of change of height at t = 3
= 6(3) + 5 = 23 m
(2) Height at t = 3, h = 3(32) + 5(3) + 2 = 44 m
height at t = 0, h = 3(02) + 5(0) + 2 = 2 m
h hf − hi 44 − 2
= = = 14m
t t f − t i 3−0

Illustration 2.
If position of particle is given by x = (3t2 + 4t – 1) m. Find its initial velocity and initial acceleration.
Solution.
dx t
= (3t 2 + 4t − 1)
dt dt
= 6t + 4
dx
 Velocity = = 6(0) + 4 = 4m / s
dt ( t = 0)

d2x
2 =6
dt
 Acceleration = 6m/s2 (constant)

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Basic Maths Part-12

Illustration 3.
If position of particle is given by x = (t3 – 36t2 + 30t – 1) m. Find its velocity when acceleration becomes zero.
Solution.
dx
Velocity = = 3t 2 − 72t + 30 m/s2 …(i)
dt
d2x
acceleration = = 6t − 72 m/s2 …(ii)
dt 2
acceleration = 6t – 72 m/s2 = 0
 t = 12 s
Velocity at t = 12 s,
velocity = 3(12)2 – 72(12) + 30 = –402 m/s

Illustration 4.
The area A of a circle is related to its radius by the equation A = r2. How fast is the area changing with respect
to the radius when the radius is 10 m?
Solution.
A = r2
dA d
= ( r2 ) = (2r)
dr dr
= (2)(10) = 20 m

Illustration 5.
If side of a cube is changing by a rate of 4 m/s find rate of change of its volume w.r.t. time when side length is
2m.
Solution.
V = a3
dV d 3 3a2da
= (a ) = = 3(2)2(4) = 48 m3 / s
dt dt dt

Illustration 6.
The area of a block of ink is growing such that after t second its area is given by A = (3t2 + 7) cm2. Calculate the
rate of increase of area at = 5second.
Solution.
dA d
= (3t 2 + 7) = 6t
dt dt
dA
at t = 5, = 6(5) = 30 cm2/s
dt

Application of Derivatives
Slope of a curve at a given point
dy
minst = tan  =
dx

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Basic Maths Part-12

Illustration 7.
Find the slope of the tangent of a curve y = x2 + 2x + 4 at x = 0 and x = –1
Solution.
dy d 2 d d d
= (x + 2x + 4) = (x 2 ) + (2x) + (4) = 2x + 2
dx dx dx dx dx
dy
Slope of the tangent at x = 0, = 2(0) + 2 = 2
dx
dy
Slope of the tangent at x = –1, = 2(–1) + 2 = 0
dx

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Concept of Maxima and Minima

Part - 13

Double Differentiation

Maxima and Minima

Suppose a quantity y depends on another quantity x in a manner shown in the figure.
First derivative
dy
= rate of change of y w.r.t. x = slope
dx
Second derivative
d2y
= rate of change of slope
dx2
d  dy  d
= (slope)
dx  dx  dx

Maxima

Condition for maxima are :

dy d2y
= 0 and 0
dx dx2
in figure at point A (maxima)

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Basic Maths Part-13

Minima

Condition for minima are :

dy d2y
= 0 and 0
dx dx2
in figure at point B (minima)

Summary
How to check Maxima & Minima of a function Y
dy
Step-1 : Calculate and put it equal to zero.
dx
Step-2 : Find value of x from above equation.
d2y
Step-3 : Find to check for maxima and minima
dx2
d2y
• If  0 "then minima"
dx2
d2y
• If  0 then maxima
dx2
d2y
• If = 0 then neither maxima, nor minima
dx2

Illustration 1.
Find maximum or minimum value for given equation y = x2 − 4x + 8
Solution.
dy
Step-1 : = 2x − 4 …(i)
dx
Step-2 : 2x – 4 = 0
x=2
d2y
Step-3 : =2 …(ii)
dx2
d2y
0
dx2
So, minima at x = 2
 minimum value of given equation at x = 2; y = (2)2 – 4(2) + 8 = 4

Illustration 2.
Find local maximum and minimum value for y = x3 + 2x2 – 4x + 2
Solution.
dy
Step-1 : = 3x 2 + 4x − 4
dx
Step-2 : 3x2 + 4x – 4 = 0

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Basic Maths Part-13

 (3x – 2)(x + 2) = 0
2
x= or x = –2
3
d2y
Step-3 : = 6x + 4
dx2
2 d2y
at x = ; = 8  0 (minima)
3 dx2
3 2
2  2  2 14
yminimum =   + 2  − 4   + 2 =
3 3 3 27
d2y
at x = –2 ; = −8  0 (maxima)
dx2
ymaximum = (–2)3 + 2(–2)2 – 4(–2) + 2 = 10

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Indefinite Integration
Part - 14

Integration
In integral calculus, the differential coefficient of a function is given. We are required to find the function.

Integration is basically used for summation .  is used for summation of discrete values, while  sign is used for

continous function.
Reverse process of differentiation

If F′(x)=f(x), then  f(x)dx=F(x)+c

Here, c is called constant of integration or arbitrary constant

Types of Integration
1. Indefinite Integration
2. Definite Integration

1. Indefinite Integration 2. Definite Integration

b

 f '(x)dx = f(x) + c  f '(x)dx = [f(x)] = [f(b) − f(a)]

b
a
a

Formulae of Integration for Algebraic function

x n+1
 x dx = +c (Provided n  –1)
n

n +1
1
 x dx = ln x + c
 kdx = kx + c
 e dx = e +c
x x

 sinxdx = − cosx + c
 cosxdx = sinx + c

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Basic Maths Part-14

Illustration 1.
Evaluate :
(i) x6dx (ii) x3dx
Solution.

x 6+1
(i) x6dx = +c
6+1

 x7 
= +c
7 

x3+1
(ii) x3dx =
3+1

x4
= +c
4

Illustration 2.
1
Find  x
dx

Solution.
1
1 −
I= 1
dx =  x 2 dx
x 2

1 1
− +1
x2 x2
= = =2 x + c
1 1
− +1
2 2

Rules For Integration

Rule 1 (u  v)dx  udx   vdx
Rule 2  cf(x)dx  c f(x)dx

Illustration 3.

(4x − 6x + 2)dx
2

Solution.

I = (4x2 − 6x + +2)dx =  4x2dx −  6xdx +  2dx

 x2+1   x1+1   x0+1  4 3

= 4  −6  + 2  = x − 3x + 2x + c
2

 2 + 1   1 + 1   0 + 1  3

Illustration 4.

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Basic Maths Part-14

2
 1 
  x + x  dx
Solution.

 1 1 
2
 1 2  
2

   1 
I =  x2 + 1  dx =  x 2  +  1  + 2 x 2   1 
     1     x 2
1

 x2     x 2   

 1  1
=   x + + 2 dx =  xdx +  dx +  2dx
 x  x

x2
= + lnx + 2x + c
2

Illustration 5.

(cos  − sin  + 3)d

Solution.

I = (cos  − sin  + 3)d =  cos d −  sin d +  3d

= sin + cos + 3 + c

Illustration 6.

(e + xe + ee )dx
x

Solution.

I = (ex + xe + ee )dx =  exdx +  xedx +  eedx

x e+1
= ex + + ee x + c
e+1

Illustration 7.
1
Integrate y w.r.t x, where y = ex − + 4
x
Solution.
 1  1
I =   ex − + 4  dx =  exdx −  dx +  4dx
 x  x

=ex – lnx + 4x + c

Linear Substitution in Integration Algebraic function

1 (ax + b)n+1
(ax + b) dx = a +c
n

(n + 1)

1 1
 ax + bdx = a ln(ax + b) + c

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Basic Maths Part-14

cos(ax + b)
 sin(ax + b)dx = − a
+c

sin(ax + b)
 cos(ax + b)dx = a
+c

1
e
ax +b
dx = eax+b + c
a

Illustration 8.
1
(i)  cos(2x + 4)dx (ii)  4t − 2 dt
Solution.
sin(2x + 4)
(i) I =  cos(2x + 4)dx = +c
2
1 ln(4t − 2)
(ii) I =  dt = +c
4t − 2 4

Illustration 9.

e
( −4x +3)
dx

Solution.

e( −4x+3)
I =  e( −4x+3)dx = +c
−4

Illustration 10.

(3x − 4) dx
4

Solution.
(3x − 4)4+1 1 1
I = (3x − 4)4 dx =  = (3x − 4)5
4 +1 3 15

Illustration 11.

(sin t)dt
Solution.
cos(t)
I =  (sin t)dt = − +c


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Definite Integration
Part - 15

Definite Integration
When a function is integrated between a lower limit and an upper limit, it is called a definite integral.
d
If ( f(x)) = f ' (x), then
dx
b
 f '(x)dx is called indefinite integral and  a
f '(x)dx is called definite integral

Here, a and b are called lower and upper limits of the variable x.

After carrying out integration, the result is evaluated between upper and lower limits as explained below :
b

b
f '(x)dx = f(x) a = [f(b) – f(a)]
a

Area under a curve and definite integration

Area of small shown darkly shaded element = ydx = f(x) dx

If we sum up all areas between x=a and x= b then

b

 f ( x ) dx = shaded area between curve and x-axis.

a

 f(x)dx = [F(x)] = F(b) − F(a)

b
a
a

Illustration 1.
4

Find value of  6xdx

3

Solution.

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Basic Maths Part-15

4 4 4
 x2 
I =  6xdx =6 xdx = 6  
3 3  2 3

 (4)2 (3)2  7 
= 6 −  = 6   = 21
 2 2  2

Illustration 2.
2

Find value of  (10x2 − 4x + 4)dx

1

Solution.
2 2 2 2
I =  (10x2 − 4x + 4)dx =  10x2dx −  4xdx +  4dx
1 1 1 1

2 2
 (x3 )   x2 
 − 4   + 4 x 1
2
= 10 
 3 1  2 1

 23 1   22 1  128
= 10  −  − 4  −  + 42 − 1 =
 3 3   2 2  6

Illustration 3.

3
Find value of  cos xdx
0

Solution.

3 
  
I =  cosxdx =  + sin x 03 =  sin − sin0 
0  3 

3
=
2

Illustration 4.

2
Find value of  sin xdx

−
2

Solution.

2 
I=  sin xdx =  − cosx 2

−
2
−
2

      
=  − cos   −  − cos  −    = 0
 2   2  

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Basic Maths Part-15

Illustration 5.
0

Find value of  e−2t dt



Solution.
0 0
 e−2t  1 −2(0) −2(  ) 1
I =  e−2t dt =   = − e −e  = −
  − 2  2 2

Illustration 6.

6
Find value of  sin2d
0

Solution.
 
6
 cos2  6
I =  sin2d =  −
0  2  0

1 2  1
= − cos − cos0 =
2 6  4

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Applications of Integration - Analytical

Part - 16

Application of Integration
There are many applications of integration such as :

(a) Displacement/Change in position x = x2 – x1

(b) Change in velocity v = v2 – v1

dx dv
v= a=
dt dt
x2 t2 v2 t2

 dx =  vdt
x1 t1
 dv =  adt
v1 t1

t2 t2

(Change in position) x2 − x1 =  vdt (Change in velocity) v 2 − v 1 =  adt

t1 t1

Illustration 1.
Initial position of a particle is x = 20 m and its velocity is v = (2t2 − 4t) m/s. Find position of the particle at t = 3 sec.
Solution.
x t =3
dx
v=   dx =  vdt
dt 20 t =0

 x − 20 =  (2t 2 − 4t ) dt

3
 2t 3 
x – 20=  − 2t 2 
 3 0

x – 20 = 18 – 18

x = 20

Illustration 2.
Initial velocity of a particle is ‘2u0’ and acceleration is a = kt. Find velocity at time t.
Solution.
dv
a=
dt
v t
dv  dv =  adt =  ktdt
2u0 o

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Basic Maths Part-16

t
 t2 
 v 2u
v
=k 
0
 2 0

t2
v − 2u0 = k
2

kt 2
v= + 2u0
2

Illustration 3.
t2
Find change in momentum from t = 1 to t = 2s if a force F = 4t2 – 6 N acts on a particle. (Use p =  Fdt )
t1

Solution.
b2

P =  Fdt
t1

(
=  4t 2 − 6 dt )
1

2 2

( )
=  4t 2 dt −  6dt
1 1

2
 4t 3 
 − 6t 1
2
=
 3 1

 32 4 
=  −  − 12 − 6
 3 3

28
= −6
3

10
=
3

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Applications of Integration - Graphical

Part - 17

Area Under The Curve

Area of shaded element small shown darkly = ydx = f(fx) dx
If we sum all areas between x = a and x = b then
b

 f(x)dx = F(b) − F(a)

a

Illustration 1.
Find area between the curve y = x3 and x axis from x = 0 to x = 3.

Solution.
Area under the curve =  ydx
x =3
=  x dx
3

x =0

3
 x4 
=  
 4 0
81
= unit
4

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Basic Maths Part-17

Illustration 2.
Find the values of
3 4
(a)  ydx
0
(b)  ydx
3

Solution.
3
(a)  ydx = Area under the curve from x = 0 to x = 3
0

= 10 × 3 = 30 unit
4
(b)  ydx
3
= Area under the wave from x = 3 to x = 4

1
=  1  10 = 5 unit
2

Illustration 3.
Find area under the curve y = 2x2 – 4x + 6, from x = 2 to x = 4.
Solution.
x2 4

Area under the curve = (

 ydx =  2x − 4x + 6 dx
2
)
x1 2

4 4 4
=  2x2dx −  4xdx +  6dx
2 2 2
4
 2x3 
 − 2x 2 + 6x 2
2 4 4
= 
 3 2
 112 
=   − ( 24 ) + 12
 3 
76
= unit
3

Illustration 4.

Find area under the curve y = cos x, from x = 0 to x = .
2
Solution.
Area under of the curve =  ydx

2
=  ( cos x ) dx
0

= sinx 02
  
= sin − sin0 = 1
 2 

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Average Value of Function

Part - 18

Average Value of Function

b
b
 ydx =  ydx
Average value of a function y = f(x), over an interval a  x  b is given by  y = a a

 dx b − a
b

Suppose there is a function y = f(x)

Then average value of y = f(x) from x1 = a to x2 = b is
x2

 y =
 x1
f(x)dx
x2
 x1
dx
b

 y =
 a
f(x)dx
b
 a
dx

Average Value of Function

In case of Graphical section : - The average value of y = f(x) from x1 = a to x2 = b is
area under y − x curve
y
range of x (b − a)

Illustration 1.
What is the average value of the function x3 on the interval [0, 4] ?
Solution.
4
 x4 
4

 x dx
3
4
 0
Average value = 0 =
4−0 4
256
= = 16 unit
16

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Basic Maths Part-18

Illustration 2.

Find average value of a function I = i0cost in interval of time [0, ]
2
Solution.
/2 /2

 ( I cost ) dt
0 I0  costdt I0 2I0
 I = 0
= 0
= = unit
   
−0
2 2 2

Illustration 3.
The velocity-time graph of a car moving along a straight road is shown in figure. The average velocity of the car
in first 25 seconds is –

Solution.
25

 vdt Area of v-t graph between t=0 to t = 25 s

Average velocity = 0
=
25 − 0 25
1  25 + 10  
=    (20) = 14m / s
25  2  

Illustration 4.
A particle is moving with velocity, v = (3t2 + 4t3 + 4)m/s. Find <v> for interval 0 to 2 sec.
Solution.
2
2 2
 3t 3 4t 4 
 vdt  (3t + 4t + 4 ) + + 4t 
2 3

 3 4 0
 v = 0
= 0
=
2−0 2−0 2
8 + 16 + 8
= = 16 unit
2

Illustration 5.
What is the average value of the function f(t) = cost in the interval [0, 1]?

Solution.
1 2

 f ( t ) dt  ( cos t ) sin ( t ) 0 sin  − sin (0) 

1

f (t ) = 0
= 0
= = =0
1−0 1  

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Quadratic Equation and Binomial Theorem

Part - 19

Quadratic Equation
An algebraic equation of second order (Highest power of the variable is equal to 2) is called a quadratic equation.
ax2 + bx + c = 0 is the general Quadratic Equation.
where a ≠ 0

Roots of Quadratic Equation

The general solution of the quadratic equation or it’s roots are:

Where D = b2 – 4ac

−b + b2 − 4ac −b − b2 − 4ac
x1 = x2 =
2a 2a

Condition for Real and Imaginary Roots

For Real Roots For Imaginary Roots
D 0 D<0
b – 4ac
2
0 b2 – 4ac < 0

Sum and Product of Roots

Sum of the roots Product of the roots
b c
x1 + x 2 = − x1 x2 =
a a

Illustration 1.
Solve the equation to x2 + 3x – 18 = 0
Solution.
x2 + 3x − 18 = 0

−3  9 − 4 (1 )( −18 ) −3  81
x= =
2(1 ) 2

−3 + 9 −3 − 9
x1 = = 3 ; x2 = = −6
2 2

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Basic Maths Part-19

Illustration 2.
Solve for x : pqx2 – (p2 + q2) x + pq = 0
Solution.
pqx2 – (p2 + q2) x + pq = 0

(( ))  ( −(p ))
2

x=
− − p2 + q2 2
+ q2 − 4 ( pq )( pq )
=
(p2
) (
+ q2  p2 − q2 )
2( pq ) 2pq

p q
x1 = ; x2 =
q p

Illustration 3.
In quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, if discriminant is D = b2 – 4ac, then roots of the quadratic equation are :
(choose the correct alternative)
(1) Real and distinct, if D > 0 (2) Real and equal (i.e., repeated roots), if D = 0.
(3) Non-real (i.e. imaginary), if D < 0 (4) All of the above are correct
Solution.
(4) All of the above are correct

Binomial Theorem
An algebraic expression containing two terms is called a binomial expression.
For example : (a + b), (a + b)3, (2x – 3y)–2 etc.
n ( n − 1) n ( n − 1)( n − 2)
(1 + x )
n
= 1 + nx + x2 + x2 + ........
2 1 3 2 1

Binomial Approximation
If x is very small, compared to 1, then terms containing higher powers of x can be neglected so (1+x) n ≈ 1 + nx.

Illustration 4.
Find the value of

(i) (1.01)4 (ii) (0.997)2 (iii) 0.99

Solution.
(i) (1.01)4 = (1+0.01)4 ≈ 1 + 4 (0.01) ≈ 1.04
(ii) (0.997)2 = (1 – 0.003)2 ≈ 1 – 2 (0.003) ≈ 0.994
1
(iii) 0.99= (1 – 0.01)1/2  1 – (0.01)  1 – 0.005  0.995
2

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Basic Maths Part-19

Illustration 5.
GM
Given that g = , find the value of g if h << R
(R + h)
2

Solution.
−2
GM GM  h
g= 2
= 2 
1+ 
 h R  R
R2  1 + 
 R

If h << R

GM  2h 
g= 2 
1− 
R  R 

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Logarithm and Progressions

Part - 20

Progression
Arithmetic Progression (AP)
General form: a, (a + d), (a + 2d), ……., [a + (n – 1) d]
Here First Term : a
Common Difference : d
nth Term : a + ( n − 1) d 
n st
Sum of first n terms: Sn = 1 term + n th term 
2
n
Sn = 2a + ( n − 1 ) d 
2
Illustration 1.
Find the fifth term of given Arithmetic Progression:
5, 7, 9, . . .
Solution.
a=5
d=7–5=9–7=2
Fifth term = (a + 4d) = (5 + 4 (2)) = 13
Illustration 2.
Find the sum of first ten terms of given Arithmetic Progression:
2, 4, 6, . . .
Solution.
n = 10
d=4–2=6–4=2
10
Sn = 2( 2) + (10 − 1 )( 2) 
2 
= 5 [4 + 18] = 110

Illustration 3.
Find the sum of given series:
4 + 8 + 12 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 64
Solution.
First term = 4
Last term = 64
nth term = a + (n – 1) d
64 = 4 + (n – 1) 4
n = 16
16
Sn =  4 + 64 = 544
2

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Basic Maths Part-20

Illustration 4.
Find the sum of first 20 natural numbers:
Solution.
First 20 natural numbers = 1, 2, 3, ……. 20
a = 1, d = 1
20
Sn = 2(1 ) + (19 )(1 )  = 210
2 

Geometric Progression (GP)

General form : a, ar, ar2, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ar(n–1)
First Term : a
Common Ration : r
ar(
n−1)
nth Term :

Sum of first n terms : Sn =

(
a 1 − rn )
(1 − r )
a
Sum of all the terms of an infinite GP : S = ; Only when |r| < 1
(1 − r )

Illustration 6.
Find the sixth term of 1, 2, 4, . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solution.
Sixth term = ar5
2 4
a = 1, r = = = 2
1 2
 Sixth term = 1(2)5 = 32

Illustration 7.
1 1 1
Find sum of all the terms of an infinite GP : 1 + + + + .........
2 4 8
Solution.
1 1
1
a = 1, r = 2 = 4 =
1 1 2
2
a 1
Sn = = =2
1−r 1− 1
2

Formulae to Remember
Sum of first n natural numbers:
n ( n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + ……. + n =
2
Sum of squares of first n natural numbers:
n ( n + 1)(2n + 1)
12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 +……+n2 =
6
Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers :
 n ( n + 1) 
2

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +……+n = 
3 3 3 3 3
3

 2 

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Basic Maths Part-20

Logarithm
The exponent or power to which a base must be raised to yield a given number.

Expressed mathematically, x is the logarithm of n to the base b

x = logbn (if bx = n, exponential form)

If base is 10 it is called Standard log  log10n

If base is e then it is called Natural log  logen

e  2.71

Common Formulae of Logarithm

Product Formula  log (mn) = log m + log n

m
Quotient Formula  log   = log m − log n
n

Power Formula  log (mn) = n log m

Standard Values of Logarithm

Base Changing Formula  logem = 2.303 log10m

For any Base  logb1 = 0

For Base a  logaa = 1

Standard Values to remember

Base 10 Base e
log 2 = 0.301 ln 2 = 0.693

log 3 = 0.477 ln 3 = 1.09

log 5 = 0.699 ln 5= 1.6

Illustration 8.
Find the value of :
2
(i) lne5 (ii) lne 3

Solution.
(i) ne5 = 5 ne = 5logee = 5

2 2 e 2
(ii) ne 3
= ne =
3 3

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Graphs - Ellipse, Circle

Part - 21

Circle
Assume that (x, y) are the coordinates of a point on the circle shown, the centre is at (x 0, y0) and the radius is r.
Equation of circle = (x – x0)2 + (y – y0)2 = r2

Equation of Circle with center at Origin

(x – 0)2 + (y – 0)2 = r2
x2 + y2 = r2

Ellipse
An ellipse is the locus of points in a plane, the sum of whose distances from two fixed points is a constant value.
The two fixed points are called the foci of the ellipse.

In this diagram: -
a = semi major axis ; b = semi minor axis
F1 and F2 = foci of the ellipse.

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Basic Maths Part-21

Equation of Ellipse with center at Origin

The equation of ellipse is written in terms of it’s semi-major axis and semi-minor axis as:

x2 y 2
+ =1
a2 b2
Illustration 1.
What is the radius of the circle given by:

x2 + y2 = 49
Solution.
x2 + y2 = 49 (given equation) ……(1)

x2 + y2 = r2 (general equation) ……(2)

Comparing both equations : r2 = 49

Radius of the circle = r = 7

Illustration 2.
What is the value of c if the radius of the circle is 9 and centre is at origin:

x2 + y2 = c
Solution.
x2 + y2 = c (given equation) ……(1)

x2 + y2 = r2 (general equation) ……(2)

Comparing both equations : c = r2

Radius of the circle = c = 81

Illustration 3.
Find length of major axis and minor axis for ellipse

x2 y 2
+ =1
16 36
Solution.

x2 y 2
+ = 1 (given equation) ……(1)
16 36

x2 y 2
+ = 1 (general equation) ……(2)
a2 b2

Comparing both equations :

a = 4 (semi minor axis)

b = 6 (semi major axis)

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Basic Maths Part-21

Illustration 4.
If the length of major axis is 5 and minor axis is 3 then write the equation of ellipse centered at origin.
Solution.
a=5;b=3

x2 y 2
+ =1
52 32

x2 y 2
+ =1
25 9

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Graphs - Parabola, Rectangular Hyperbola,

Exponential Functions
Part - 22
Parabola
The equation of parabola is given by:
y = ax2 + bx + c

x = ay2 + by + c

Some standard Parabola

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Basic Maths Part-22

Illustration 1.
A particle of mass m is moving with speed v. Draw the graph of K.E vs v
Solution.
1
K.E. = mv 2
2

Illustration 2.
If x = 9t2 and y = 3t represents the coordinate of a particle, then its path will be?
Solution.
x = 9t2 ……(1)

y = 3t ……(2)

y
From equation (2) t = ……(3)
3

y2
Now, from equation (1) and (3) x = 9 = y2
9

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Basic Maths Part-22

Rectangular Hyperbola
The equation of Rectangular Hyperbola is given by:

Illustration 3.
Draw graph between pressure and volume for an ideal gas at constant temperature (PV = Constant)
Solution.
PV = nRT

PV = constant

Exponential Graphs
There are two types of exponential graphs:

(i) Exponential Growth

(ii) Exponential Decay

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Basic Maths Part-22

Illustration 4.
A particle moves along path y = 9x2 – 2x + 4, then its path will be?
Solution.
y = ax2 – bx + c

 path will be parabola

Illustration 5.
Calculate the area enclosed by shown ellipse

Solution.

Shaded area = Area of ellipse =  ab

Here a = 6 – 4 = 2 and b = 4 – 3 = 1

 Area =  × 2×1 = 2 units

Illustration 6.
Calculate the volume of given disc.

Solution.
Volume = (Area) (thickness)

Volume = R 2 t = (3.14 )( 2) ( 2  10−3 ) = 25.12  10−3 m3

2

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