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CHAPTER 2 : MOTION
Speed - Time Graph

1. The diagrams below draw graph to show the motion of

a) uniform/ constant speed b) speed increasing constantly from

rest

Note: Constant means  …..…………….. line

c) speed increasing ( ………………............) d) speed decreasing ……………

rest until it stop.

2. Describe the type of motion shown by the following speed-time graph.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. A car decelerates uniformly from a speed of 14 m/s to 8 m/s in 5 seconds. It then

travels constantly for 10 seconds before the driver slams the brake making it stop
after 6 seconds. On the axes below, draw the graph representing the whole journey.

Acceleration/ Deceleration, a

1. Acceleration  when the speed is ………………

2. When speed is decreasing  ……………………………

3. Definition : acceleration/ deceleration, a , is defined as

a = ____________________ = ____________ = _________

Unit for acceleration/ deceleration  …………………….

Examples:

a) A car increases its speed to 44 m/s from rest, in 8 s. Calculate its acceleration.

b) The driver of a car which travels at a speed of 32 m/s slammed the car’s brake
to make it stop in 8 s. Calculate its deceleration.

[ Note: Deceleration has a ……………………… sign. ]

4. A motorcycle accelerates from rest at a rate of 5 m/s2 for 6 s. Calculate its final speed.
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Calculating Distance From Speed-time Graph

1. In a speed-time graph, the distance travelled = ……………………………………..

2. For the graph above, the distance traveled in the first 20 seconds is

= …………………………………… = ……………………………..

3. The distance travelled in the last 10 seconds = ………………………………………………..

= …………………….…………………………..

∴ Total distance travelled = …………………………………………

4. Average speed of the motion above =

Note : The total distance travelled above can also be calculated using the area formula

of a trapezium =

Example : Calculate the total distance travelled and the average speed shown by the
graph below.
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Calculating Acceleration From Speed-time Graph

1. From speed-time graph, the acceleration/ deceleration is equal to the …………………

2. Using the graph above, calculate the acceleration from:

a) KL : acceleration, a =

b) LM : acceleration a =

c) MN : deceleration, a =

Acceleration of Free Fall ( without air resistance)

1. Any falling object will ……………………… Why ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The magnitude (value ) of this acceleration is ……… m/s2 ( if there is no air resistance )

It is called the ………………………………………………………,  g .

3. The graph for a falling object ( without air resistance ) is shown below :

gradient of graph = ………………..

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Falling with Air Resistance

1. In reality, a falling object on earth will always experience ……… resistance. The air

resistance acts against the falling motion and reduces the initial …………………………….

[ Note : As speed increases, air resitance ………………………………………… ]

2. After some time, the speed of a falling object reaches a constant/ maximum value.

This speed is called …………………………………………….

3. The diagram shows an object falling in air .

The forces acting on it are ………………………….., ……………………. and ……………..

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2. Resultant force  ……………………………………… = ma

Stage (i) KL  ………………………. > ……………….. Therefore, resultant force ( = ma )

is …………………………………….

(ii) LM  air resistance increases with speed . Hence,

= resultant force ( = ma ) …………………………  gradient ………………

(iii) MN  upward force ( ) = downward force ( )

 resultant force = ………………..( no acceleration )  ………..gradient

Speed-time Graph of a Parachutist

1. 2 stages 

i) before parachute is opened  …………………………………. graph

ii) after parachute is opened  …………………………………………………………..

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CHAPTER 3 : FORCE
Force
1. A force is something that :-

i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

iii) .……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………

2. The S.I. unit of force  ……………………………….

3. Examples of forces  ……………………… , ………………………. and …………………..

Effect of Force on Spring Extension-Load Graph

1. When a load is suspended at one end of a vertical spring, its length will be increased.

The increased in length is called ........................................

2. When the load is increased regularly, the extension ………………….. ……………………..

This property is only true as long as the load ( force ) does not exceeds the limit of

……………………………….. of the spring.

4. The diagram below shows an extension-load graph for a spring.

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From O to A  ………………………………………………………………………………………

Point A marks the limit of ............................................. of the spring.

4. Hooke's Law  ……………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Literally, it means that if a load of 20 g causes an extension of 3 cm, then a load

of 60 g ( 3 times ) will cause an extension of ....................................

6. Example:

The diagrams show a spring before and after a load of 30g is hung at its end.

Calculate the total length of the spring L, when a mass of 120 g is suspended.

Ans: 30 g → ............. cm extension

∴ 90 g → ................... cm extension

Total length of spring L = ...................... + ..................... = .................. cm #

Question :
A stretching force of 50 N on a spring produces an extension of 5 cm.
Assuming that the limit of proportionality has not been exceeded, find
a) the extension produced if a force of 40 N is applied.
b) the force required to stretch the spring by 8 cm.

7. Example of an apparatus that uses the elastic property of springs is a ……….................

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Force and Motion

1. A force can start and also stop motion. Examples  ……………………………………………

2. If two or more forces act on a body, the sum of the forces is called the

……..……....................... force.

3. The diagram below shows 2 forces with different directions acting on an object.

The net / resultant ) force = ..............................= …………………….N to the ..................

The object will move to the ……………………………………..

4. If both forces are equal in magnitude ( strength ), the object will ………………………

Force and Acceleration

1. Force F, acceleration a, and mass m is related by the equation

Units  F in ……………………..( N ); m in ……………………..( );

a in …………………………………..( )

Example:

a) The diagram shows three forces acting on a 3 kg body. Calculate the acceleration
of the body.

Ans : Net force =

∴ a = F =
m
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b) A horizontal force of 5 N was applied to a block of mass 2 kg resting on a rough surface.
If the frictional force acting on the block is 0. 5 N, calculate the acceleration of the block.

Turning Effect of Forces ( Moment )

1. Examples of turning effect of forces are :

i. .............................................................................................................................................

ii. .............................................................................................................................................

iii. .............................................................................................................................................

2. The turning effect of force is called the ..................................................... ( twisting effect ).

3. The moment of a force is defined as

where d = ……………………………………………………………………………………………

SI unit  ..............................................

4. The equation shows that if d is increased, moment ( = F x d ) will also …………………………

i. e. the turning effect will be …………………………….That is why it is ……………………………

. to open the lid of a container with a spoon than a coin.

5. Four rings are screwed into a door as shown. The door can be opened by putting a hook
into one of the rings and pulling. Which ring should be used if the least force is to be used
to open the door?

Answer: Ring …………………………because …………………

…………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………