MATL202 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS L T P C

3 0 2 4
Pre-requisite NIL
Course Content
The course introduces the fundamental concepts of statistics, including data collection, types of variables,
and data visualization, along with measures of central tendency, dispersion, skewness, and kurtosis. It
covers correlation and regression techniques such as Karl Pearson’s correlation, rank correlation, simple
and multiple linear regression, and basic logistic regression, along with curve fitting using the principle of
least squares. The course also develops probability concepts, including conditional probability and Bayes’
theorem, and introduces discrete and continuous random variables with their distributions, expectation, and
variance. Important probability distributions such as binomial, Poisson, uniform, and normal distributions
are studied, along with their approximations. Further, the course explains sampling distributions, the Cen-
tral Limit Theorem, estimation through confidence intervals, and the fundamentals of hypothesis testing.
Finally, it covers statistical tests such as Z-test, t-test, F-test, Chi-square test, and Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) for decision-making and data analysis.
Course Objectives
1. To understand statistical concepts, data types, visualization methods, and compute measures of central
tendency and dispersion.
2. To analyse relationships between variables using correlation and develop predictive models through
regression techniques.
3. To apply probability rules and study random variables along with their distributions, expectation, and
variance.
4. To understand and apply standard discrete and continuous probability distributions in real-life situations.
5. To learn sampling distributions, estimation methods, and the fundamentals of statistical inference and
hypothesis testing.
6. To perform and interpret various statistical tests such as Z-test, t-test, F-test, Chi-square test, and ANOVA
for decision-making.
Course Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

• CO1: Understand statistical methods for data analysis.

• CO2: Analyse relationships using correlation and regression.

• CO3: Apply probability concepts and random variables.

• CO4: Apply standard probability distributions.

• CO5: Use confidence intervals and estimation techniques.

• CO6: Perform hypothesis testing and statistical analysis.

Module:1 Descriptive Statistics 7 hours

Introduction to Statistics – Applications, Advantages & Limitations – Collection of Data (Primary & Sec-
ondary) – Types of Variables (Dependent & Independent, Categorical & Continuous) – Data Visualization–
Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode) – Measures of Dispersion (Quartile Deviation, Stan-
dard Deviation, Variance), Coefficient of Variation– Skewness and Kurtosis.
Module:2 Correlation & Regression 8 hours
Correlation – Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation – Rank Correlation (with and without ties). Simple
Linear Regression – Regression Coefficients and their Properties. Curvilinear Regression – Applications on
Fitting of straight line, second-degree parabola and exponential curve (y = abx ) using least squares method,
Multiple Linear Regression model (with two independent variables). Logistic Regression – Introduction,
Sigmoid function to estimate probability and classification of outcomes 0 or 1.

1
Module:3 Probability and Random variables 8 hours
Basic concepts of probability –Conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem (simple applications). Random
variables (discrete and continuous) – Probability distribution function – Mathematical expectation and
variance. Joint and marginal probability functions – Covariance and correlation of random variables.
Module:4 Probability Distributions 7 hours
Discrete Probability Distributions: Introduction, Applications of Binomial Distribution, Poisson Distribu-
tion, and Poisson approximation to the Binomial distribution. Continuous Probability Distributions: Intro-
duction, properties, and applications of Uniform Distribution, Normal Distribution, Normal approximation
to Binomial distribution.
Module:5 Sampling and Statistical Inference 7 hours
Introduction – Population and Sample – Sampling distribution of Means – Central limit theorem (without
proof) – Estimation- Point Estimation – confidence intervals for Population mean and Proportion. Hypoth-
esis: Introduction – Null and Alternative Hypothesis – One tail and two-tail tests– Type I and Type II errors,
Level of significance.
Module:6 Tests of Hypothesis 8hours
Z-test for Single Mean and Difference of Means – Z-test for Proportions. Student’s t-test for Single Mean
and Difference of Means – F-test for Equality of Variances. Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit and
Independence of Attributes. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) – Concept of one-way and two-way models.
Total Lecture hours 45 hours
Text Book(s)
1. Miller and Freund’s, Probability and Statistics for Engineers, 9/e, Pearson, 2018.
2. S. C. Gupta and V.K. Kapoor, Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics, 12/e, Sultan Chand & Sons
Publications, 2020.
Reference Books
1. Shron L. Myers, Keying Ye, Ronald E Walpole, Probability and Statistics Engineers and the Scien-
tists,8th Edition, Pearson 2007.
2. Jay L Devore, Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences, 8th Edition, Cengage.
3. Dr. T.K.V. Iyengar, Dr. M.V.S.S.N. Prasad, S. Ranganatham & Dr. B. Krishna Gandhi, Probability and
Statistics (JNTUK), S Chand and Company Ltd., 2022.
4. The art of R programming, UC Davis-2009-Norman Matloff.
Web Resources
1. [Link]
2. [Link] Statistics 7th [Link]
3. [Link]

2
Indicative Laboratory Experiments
Introductory sessions
1. Installation of R and RStudio and Familiarization with R Environment, Data Types, Operators and
Expressions
2. Data Structures and Data Handling in R (Vectors, Matrices, Data Frames)
Module-1
3. Data Visualization (Bar Chart, Histogram, Boxplot)
4. Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion, Skewness and Kurtosis
Module-2
5. Correlation Analysis using Karl Pearson and Spearman Rank Methods
6. Simple Linear Regression, Curvilinear Regression models
7. Multiple Linear Regression and Logistic Regression
Module-3
8. Simulation of Random Variables and Empirical Probability
9. Expectation, Variance, Covariance and Correlation
Module-4
10. Discrete Probability Distributions (Binomial and Poisson)
11. Continuous Probability Distributions (Normal and Uniform)
Module-5
12. Confidence intervals for Mean and Proportions
Module-6
13. Statistical Inference: Z-test, t-tests
14. Statistical Inference: χ 2 tests
15. F-test for Variances and ANOVA (One-way and Two-way models)
Total hours 30 hours
Mode of Evaluation: Continuous Assessment Tests/ Surprise Tests/ Presentations/ Laboratory/ Compre-
hensive Examination.
Recommended by Board of Studies

Approved by Academic Council Date

Course Articulation Matrix

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11
CO1 3 2 2 3 - - - - - - 2
CO2 3 2 2 3 - - - - - - 2
CO3 3 3 2 3 - - - - - - 2
CO4 3 3 2 3 - - - - - - 2
CO5 3 3 2 3 - - - - - - 2
CO6 3 3 2 3 - - - - - - 2
Correlation levels: 1: Slight(Low), 2: Moderate(Medium), 3: Substantial(High)

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