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CHAPTER 4 : THERMODYNAMICS
1. Introduction Indicator Diagram : It is the graph of Pressure v/s
Volume
(i) The branch of science in which the macroscopic Thermodynamic process :
properties such as Pressure, volume temperature A process under which thermodynamics
lof a system are studied is defined as variable vary is called thermodynamics process.
thermodynamics. 1) Isothermal process : ( T = 0)
(ii) The branch of science in which the conversion of It is the process in which temperature remain
heat into mechanical work and vice versa is Constant.
studied is known as thermodynamics. Example – melting of ice 0o C of ice converts to water of
2. Thermodynamic system 0o C
Boiling of water – water of 100o C converts to vapours of
Piston
100o C.
2) Adiabatic process ( = 0) :
It’s the process in which change in heat is
zero i.e heat is constant.
Example – Bursting of tyre. Its is so fast that heat cannot
1mole gas exchange with surrounding. Propagation of sound in air.
3) Isobaric process : ( P = 0)
It is the process in which pressure
(i) The system which can be represented in of remains constant. Example – heating of water under
pressure (P), volume (V) and temperature (T), is atmospheric pressure.
known as thermodynamic system. 4) Isochoric pressure ( V = 0)
(ii) 1 mol of gas contained in a cylinder with It is a process in which volume remain
frictionless piston as shown in fig. is known as constant. Example- pressure cooker
thermodynamic system. 5) Cyclic process :
(iii) Thermodynamic systems are of three types on the When intial condition and final condition is
basis of mass and energy transfer - same its is know as cyclic process. e.g. Refrigerator
(a) Open system (b) Closed system 6) Reversible process :
(c) Isolated system. When the original state of a body is regain as
(a) Open system - The system in which both heat and it is then is called reversible process.
matter can be exchanged, is defined as open There is no process which is perfectly reversible. It is
system, an ideal process but some process are near is reversible
(b) Closed system -The system in which only heat is and are termed as Quasi static process.
exchanged is defined as closed system. Quasi Static process : It is a process which occurs
(c) Isolated system -The system in which neither heat very slowly
can be exchanged nor work can be done, is defined 7) Irreversible process : It is a naturally occurring
as isolated systems, phenomenon which does not go back to its original
(i) The change in internal energy in this system is state.
zero i.e. dU = 0 Thermodynamics equilibrium : In thermodynamics
(ii) Any thermodynamic process happening in this equation 2 types of equation is necessary.
system can not change its internal energy. i) Mechanical equilibrium : In this equilibrium there
Thermodynamics Variable :The variable of the system should not be any unbalanced force. Σ f = 0
which can vary with the surroundings are ii) Chemical equilibrium : In this equilibrium chemical
calledthermodynamics variables. These variable are as composition of system and surrounding must remain
follows same.
1) Pressure 2) volume 3) Temperature iii) Thermal equilibrium : If the temperature of system
4) no. of moles 5) Internal energy & surrounding is same, it is termed as thermal equilibrium.
These are easily measurable macroscopic quantiles
used to describe the state of thermodynamics system. Heat
is not thermodynamic variable as it is made of transfer of
3. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
energy According to it if two systems A and B are, separately
Intensive variable: These variables are independent of the in thermal equilibrium with a third system C, then the
size of the system. e.g. Temperature, pressure. systems A and B when brought into thermal contact
Extensive variable: These variables are dependent of the will also be in thermal equilibrium.
size of the system. e.g. volume, internal energy, no. of
C
moles.
Equation of State :
A B
The equation which contain the thermodynamics Thermal contact
variable is called the equation of state we can term the
ideal gas equation as equation of state PV = nRT Thermal Insulator
This law indicates that for systems in thermal
equilibrium there must exist a common property which

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remains the [Link] property is the "temperature". (iv) The shaded area represents work done which is
Thus Zeroth law, defines temperature. positive. So we can say that,
For two bodies or systems in contact, heat flows from Work done = Area bounded by PV curve and V
higher temperature to lower temperature. Temperature axis
gives a measure of the hotness or coldness of a body. W.D is the area under the curve on Indicator diagram or
area enclosed by the curve.
4. Heat W.D for Isochoric process :
From above examples we come to know that W,D
It is the amount of hotness or coldness of a body.
depends on the path followed. Hence, W.D is a path
Heat always flows from higher temperature to lower
function.
temperature irrespective of the mass of the body.
Sign convention :
As shown in figure gaas is contained in a sealed
W.D by gas (expansion) is taken (+ve)
container in which volume is constant so heat given is
W.D on the gas (compression is taken as (-ve)
used to increase the temperature of gas by T then
Cyclic process
Qv = n C v T
If cyclic process is clockwise its W.D is +ve and vice versa
Where Cv is the specific heat at constant volume.
As shown in figure gas is placed in a
container under the atom pressure which is constant
when gas is heated to change its temperature by T
then, amount of heat given is equal to
Qp = n Cp T
From kinetic theory of gases we know that Cp>Cv
∴ Q p> Q v
From this we come to know that heat is path dependent
because is depends on the way for heating.

5. State of thermal equilibrium

(i) The state of two bodies or systems, in which their
temperatures become equal and consequently no
net heat flows between them, is known as state of
thermal equilibrium,
(ii) In this state all parts of the system are at the same
temperature. W = (P2 – P1) (V2 – V1)

6. Work
(i) In thermodynamics work is actually done due to
pressure of the gas.

dx

W = (V2 – V1) (P2 – P1)

PA
(ii) If a gas is allowed to expand from the state A to
the state B when pressure and volume are P and V.
During expansion, piston moves by small distance
dx so that work done is –
dW = PA (dx) = PdV
V2


W = PdV
V1
W = r1 r2
(iii) If V increases then work done by the gas is
positive. If V decreases then work done by the gas = ( )( )
is negative. ∴W= (V2 – V1) (P2 – P1)

7. Internal energy
P The energy associated with configuration and random
motion of the atoms and molecules with in a body is
V
called internal energy. It is the property of the system
which depends on the equilibrium state of a system.

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The internal energy of gas is defined as the sum of mechanical equivalent of heat. i.e, if Q = 1,
kinetic energy and intermolecular potential energy of then J = W.
the molecules of [Link] an ideal gas the (b) J is neither a constant nor a physical quantity,
intermolecular forces acting between the molecules is rather it is a conversion factor which used to
negligible. So internal energy of an ideal gas is wholly convert Joule or erg into calorie or Kilocalorie
kinetic in nature. If f is degrees of freedom of a gas and vice versa.
molecule than (c) Values of J = 4.2 joule/calorie
fKT = 4.2 × 107 erg/calorie
Total kinetic energy of each molecule = = 4.2 × 103 Joule/Kilocalorie
2
fRT (d) The units of J are Joule/calorie or erg calorie.
Total kinetic energy of one mole =
2
Therefore internal energy of n moles of a gas at 9. Specific heat capacity of gas
temperature TK is,
(1) There are many processes possible to give heat to
nfRT
U= a gas. A specific heat can be associated to each
2 such process which depends on the nature of
Internal energy depends only on the temperature. process.
Therefore it is a point property. (2) The number of possible specific heats for a gas is
If temperature of a gas changes from T1 to T2. Change infinite and the value of specific heats can very
in its internal energy is from zero (0) to infinity (∞).
nfR (3) Generally two types of specific heat are mentioned
dU = (T2 – T1) for a gas -
2
From kinetic theory of gases the formula of internal energy (a) specific heat at constant volume (Cv)
is given as, (b) specific heat at constant pressure (Cp)
U = n Cv T (4) These specific heats can be molar or gram,
Where U = change in U depending on the amount of gas considered to
n = no, of moles define it
Cv = specific heat at constant volume (5) The molar heat capacities of a gas are defined as
T = change in temperature = Σ Tf = Ti the heat given per mole of the gas per unit rise in
By mayers formula , the temperature
Cp – Cv = R (6) The molar heat capacity at constant volume,
- =  ∆Q 
denoted by Cv is Cv =  
∴r–1-  n ∆T 
(7) If , at absolute temperature T , total energy of a gas
∴ Cv = E , degree of freedom of gas = f
Put this value in equation 1, fRT ∆E
U=  E= and Cv =
2 ∆T
( )
= Rf
 CV =
=
( ) 2
(8) Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature
( )
∴ U= of n moles of gas by dT at constant volume is
From this we come to know that internal energy only dQ = ncvdT.
depends upon initial & final & state. U is a state function (9) Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature
or point function. It does not depend on path. of 1gm of gas by 1ºC at constant volume is called
Sign convetion : gram specific heat at constant volume.
U is +ve when temperature increases and U (C v ) molar
is -ve when temperature decreases. (10) (Cv)gram =
M
or (Cv) molar = M(Cv)gram
8. Joule's Law where M = molecules wt . of gas
(i) Whenever heat is converted into mechanical (11) Amount of heat needed to increases temperature of
work or mechanical work is converted into heat, then 'm' gm of gas by dT at constant volume is
the ratio of work done to heat produced always remains m
dQ = m (Cv)gram dT = (Cv)molar dT
constant. i.e. W ∝ Q M
W (12) Amount of heat needed to increase temperature
or = J This is Joule's law of 1mole of gas by 1ºC at constant pressure is
Q
called molar specific heat at constant pressure.
Here J = Joule's constant
(13) Cp = Cv + R, for one mole.
(ii) Mechanical equivalent of heat -
(a) The amount of work done necessary to where R = universal gas constant
produce unit amount of heat is defined as the (14) Amount of heat needed to increase temperature of
n moles of gas by dT is at constant pressure

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dQ = nCp dT (ii) It is valid for a given mass of a gas.

Note : If gas is heated at constant pressure, then Cv can be (iii) Process equation is,
replaced by Cp in above discussion. Hence P
= Constant
CP T
(a) (Cp)gram = (iv) If a system undergoes change from A to B such
M that volume remains constant i.e. under the
or Cp = M (Cp)gram isochoric process then,
(15) Specific heat for other processes
A Isochoric
→ B
 Q  Pr ocess
S =  (P1,V,T1) (P2,V,T2)
 m∆T 
(a) adiabatic s = 0, as Q = 0 but ∆T has some ∴
P1 P
= 2
value T1 T2
(b) isothermal s = ∞ , as ∆T = 0 but Q has some (v) Slope , =
"
=∞
value ! #
" "
(vi) Bulk modulus, B = = = ∞
# %
&
10. First Law of Thermodynamics (vii) Specific heat, Cv =
1. This law is based on law of conservation of (viii) W.D = P dv
energy. = P (0)
=0
2. If δQ = Heat supplied to a thermodynamical
In an isochoric process, work done by a gas is zero
system
δW = Work done by thermodynamical system
(ix) The change in internal energy is given by,
dU = Change in internal energy
dU = nCV.(T2 – T1)
Then if there is no energy loss, the first law of
thermodynamics gives. (x) FLOT : Heat supplied to a gas by first law of
δQ = δW + dU thermodynamics becomes,
Note : dQ = dU
(i) δQ, δW and dU must be in the same units. = nCV (T2 – T1)
(ii) Sign conventions =n (Tf – TI)
'
Heat supplied to the system = (+)ve
Heat rejected to the system = (–)ve =
'
Work done by the system = (+)ve Hence for an isochoric process, heat supplied to
Work done on the system = (–)ve the system is completely utilized to increase the
If temperature increases dU = (+)ve internal energy.
If temperature decreases dU= (–)ve (viii) A graph is plotted between pressure versus
(3) Heat is the energy which is transferred between a volume and pressure versus temperature which is,
system and its environment because of the
temperature difference between them. It is given ↑ ↑
by, P P
δQ = nCdT θ
where C is molar specific heat P T→
V→
(4) Work is defined as the energy that is transferred
from one body to the other owing to the force that 11.2 Isobaric process
acts between them. Pressure of a gas remains constant.
It is given by, 1) Isobaric Heating T ↑→ V ↑ ( expansion )
δW = PdV Q = + ve
U = + ve
W = + ve
11. Application of first law of thermodynamics 2) Isobaric Cooling T ↓→ V ↓ ( compression)
Q = -ve
11.1 Isochoric process U = - ve
W = - ve
3) Equation of state
V∝T
= = constant
4) Indicator diagram
" ,
5) Slope = = = = 0
! # #
6) Bulk modulus :
" ×%
B= = =0
# #
Isochoric Cooling Isochoric Heating 7) specific heat :
&
(i) Volume of a gas remains constant. Cv=

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& & (i) Heat supplied or taken by the system is zero i.e.
Cp = Cv + R = + R = R ( + 1)
the system is well insulated so that no heat enters
8) In an isobaric process, work done by a gas is,
or leaves the system.
W = P(V2 – V1)
= nR (T2 – T1) (ii) Process equation is,
9) The change in internal energy is given by PVγ = Constant
dU = nCV (T2 – T1) nRT
Using PV = nRT and P = we have,
10)Heat supplied to a gas, M
dQ = nCP (T2 – T1) (a) TV γ–1 = Constant (b)P1–γ Tγ= Constant
11) From first law of thermodynamics (c) d1–γ T = Constant (d) Pd–γ = Constant
δQ = δW + ∆U (iii) If a system undergoes change from A to B in an
nCP (T2 – T1) = nR (T2 – T1) + nCV (T2 – T1) adiabatic process, then
CP – CV = R A Adiabatic
→ B
11.3 Isothermal process Pr ocess
(i) In this process, temperature remains constant. (P1,V1,T1) (P2,V2,T2)
(ii) Process equation is, P1V1 P2 V2
PV = Constant = = nR
T1 T2
(iii) If a system undergoes change from A to B, such
that temperature remains constant i.e. in and P1V1γ= P2V2γ
isothermal surface then, (iv) Heat supplied to a gas is zero i.e.
A Isothermal
 → B δQ = 0
Pr ocess (v) The change in internal energy
(P1,V1,T) (P2,V2,T) nR (T2 − T1 )
dU = nCV(T2 – T1) =
P1V1 = P2V2 = nRT γ −1
(iv) Work done by the gas is given by, (vi) Work done by the gas is
V2 dW = –dU
δW =  PdV
V1
(from Ist law of thermodynamics)
 nR (T2 − T1 ) 
=– 
K  γ −1 
But,PV = K (constant) , P= (vii) Specific heat for an adiabatic process is zero.
V
V2 (viii) Bulk modulus of adiabatic process = γ P
K (ix) The equation of first law of thermodynamics is,
∴ δW =  V dV
V1
nCdT = nCVdT + PdV
for adiabatic process dQ = nCdT = 0
V2 ∴ nCVdT + PdV = 0 ...(1)
= K ln
V1 Now PV = nRT (gives)
V2 nRT
= nRT ln P =
V1 V
(v) The change in internal energy of a gas is zero i.e. Substitute the value of P in eqn. (1)
dU = 0 nRT
(vi) By first law of thermodynamics, nCVdT + dV = 0
V
δQ = δW + dU
dT dV
δQ = δW nCV + nR =0
Hence heat supplied in an isothermal process is T V
used to do work against external surroundings. R
But CV=
(vii) Specific heat of isothermal process is infinity γ −1
(viii) Bulk modulus of isothermal process,
nR dT dV
Since PV = K ∴ . + nR =0
On differentiating γ −1 T V
PdV + VdP = 0 dT dV
PdV = – VdP nR + ( γ − 1)nR =0
T V
−dP dT dV
P = nR = (1 – γ)nR
dV / V T V
−dP On integrating the above expression
∴ Bulk modulus B =
dV / V dT dV
(ix) Compressibility is given by,  nR
T
= (1 – γ) nR
V
1 1 ln T = (1 – γ) ln V + C
= =
B P = ln V1–γ + C
11.4 Adiabatic process

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T adiabatic process i.e. isothermal process is in

ln 1− γ
=C between both of them,
V
ln TVγ–1 = C P Isobaric
Vγ–1T = Constant Isothermal
or PVγ = Constant Adiabatic
v2
V
(x) Work done is given by W =  PdV
v1
(ii) For same compression in volume, work done by
the gas is maximum in adiabatic
But, PVγ = K
Adiabatic
K P
P=
Vγ
Isothermal

v2
K Isobaric
∴ W= V
v1
γ
dV
V
v
(iii) Two isothermal curve for given mass never
 V1− γ  2 intersect each other.
=K  
 1 − γ  v
1

K T2 T2 > T1
= [V21–γ – V11–γ] P
1− γ T1
As P1V1γ = P2V2γ = K
V
P V −P V P V −P V
∴ W= 2 2 1 1 = 1 1 2 2 (iv) For a given mass, isothermal curve and adiabatic
1− γ γ −1 curve intersect each other.
(xi) Slope of adiabatic Process
P . ' = constant
P A
/ P. ' dv = - 0 ' dp
" ' 1 Isothermal
∴ = 1
# Adiabatic
= -/ P. ' '
V
= -/ P V-1
" ' At A,Slope of isothermal curve = γ(slope of adiabatic
∴ =
# P
∴
"
=/( ) curve) ∴ Slope of isothermal curve = –
# V
∴ Slopeadiabetic =/ Slopeisothermal γP
Slope of adiabatic curve = –
V
∴Slopeadiabetic>Slopeisothermal
Note : Adiabatic process is the fastest process
11.5Cyclic process
(i) In cyclic process, 13. Heat Engine
Final state of gas = Initial state of gas
It is an engine which converts heat energy into
(ii) For one complete cycle in cyclic process.
mechanical energy, it performs some work done
dU = 0
on surrounding. Example petrol engine of vehicle,
(iii) Work done by the gas is equal to the area enclosed
diesel engine, steam engine.
by the curve on P–V chart
Stages of Heat Engine

P W =(+)ve P W =(–)ve
(iv)

V V
(v) Here net heat in the process is given by,
Net heat = Total heat supply +
total heat rejected (with sign)
(vi) Efficiency of cyclic process
Total work done in cycle
η= × 100%
Total heat supplied
12. General Results for different process
Effeciency of heat engine is the fraction of the heat
(i) For same volume expansion, work done by the gas absorbed that is converted into work.
is maximum in isobaric process and least in

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Coefficient of performance of AC is 2.5 to 3.

Limitation of FLOT,
1) It does not geve the direction of change
2) FLOT gives no idea about source of heat.
3) It gives no idea about extent of change

15. Second law of Thermodynamics

hermodynamics
1) Kelvin Planks statement : It is impossible to construct
W = Q1 – Q2
%23"23 a heat engine which would absorb heat from reservoir and
η= × 100 convert 100% of heat into work.
work
4 "23
5 2) Clausius Statement :It is impossible to design a self
η= × 100
6 acting machine unaided by external agency which transfers
6 6
= ( ) × 100 heat from cold body to hot body.
6
6 3) Carnot heat engine :
∴ η = (1 8 ) × 100
6
To have 100 % effeciency heat ejected to eink, Q2 must be
zero but practically this is not possible. Hence, we can say
that no engine can have 100% efficiency.
Working Substance :
It is a substance which takes heat from source
performs some work done and release heat at to the sink.
Example – In petrol engine it is petrol and air. In deisel
engine, it is diesel and air. In steam engine, it is
steam Step 1
Types : Consider an ideal gas field in a cylinder having
1) External combustion engine : it is a type of engine in insulated coating to the walls and conducting coating at the
which fuel burns outside the engine. bottom. Assume their the source and gas filled in the
Example- Steam engine cylinder are at the same temperature T1. Put the cylinder on
Ideal efficiency of steam engine is 32% practically the source then the whole amount
amoun of heat absorbed by the
efficiency is 12-16% cylinder is utilized for expansion of gas where temperature
is constant. Hence, it is called isothermal expansion whose
2) Internal combustion engine: It in a type of engine in W.D is given as
which fuel burns inside the engine
Example : Petrol or diesel engine W = RT, ln ----------- (n = 1)
Theoratically efficiency is 52% practically for petrol 26% Step 2 :
& diesel is 40% Now put the cylinder on the insulating pad so that no
heat can go ut and hence this is called adiabatic expansion.
As no heat is received internal energy is utilized for the
14. Refrigerator or Heat pump
expansion hence temperature of cylinder decreases to T2.
It is a system which takes heat from lower W.D in adiabatic expansion
temperature and rejects to higher temperature source i.e ( )
environment. W2 =
'
Stages of Refrigerator Step 3 :
Noww put he cylinder on the sink having temperature T2
, how sink will absorb heat is constant temperature so that
gas is compressed. This is isothermal compression in which
W.D is
<
W3 = -RT2 ln
=
=
W3 = RT2 ln
<
Step 4 :
Now put the cylinder on insulating pad again so that no
heat is enchanged between cylinder and surrounding. Here
compression is continued and this compression is called
adiabatic compression. The W.D here is
Coefficient of Performance (9) : ( )
It is the ratio of heat absorbed from the sink to the W.D W4 =
'
)
6
:= ( )
;
6
=
'
:=
6 6
Coefficient of performance of refrigerator is approx 5

Science th& 12th Physics NEET/JEE/CET

9th & 10th Science11 Mo 7304017115
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Here W.D is adiabatic expansion i.e W2 and W.D in Questions

Temperature scale
adiabatic compression i.e W4 is same. based on
But W.D of expansion is +ve whereas W.D of Q.1 A temperature different of 5ºC on Celsius scale
compression is -ve. Hence addition of W2& W4 is 0. So the corresponds to the following temperature
total W.D iscarnot cycle is W1 + W3 difference in the Fahrenheit scale
Efficiency of carnot heat engine : (A) 9º (B) 41º (C) 2.8º (D) 15º
During isothermal expansion there is no change of Q.2 In a temperature scale called Z the boiling point of
temperature and hence no change in internal energy, so water is at 65º Z and the freezing point is at – 14º
total heat energy absorbed perform W.D Z. Then the temperature T = – 98º Z corresponds
Therefore, during step 1, Q1 = W1& during step 3, heat on the Fahrenheit scale to –
released Q2 = W3 (A) – 191 ºF (B) – 159 ºF
But the efficiency of heat engine is give as (C) 79ºF (D) none of the above
5 6 6 6 Q.3 Suppose that on a temperature scale X, water boils
η = = =1-
6 6 6 at – 53.5ºX and freezes at – 170ºX. What would
5= =
η=1- = 1 - RT2 ln / RT1 ln be temperature of 340K be on the X scale ?
5 <
=
(A) 544º (B) –103º
η = 1- T2 ln / -T1 ln (C) –91.9º (D) –120.5º
<
1) Isothermal expansion Q.4 0ºC is equivalent to the following :
P1V1 = P2 V2 -------------2 (A) 273.15 K (B) 273 K
2) Adiabatic expansion, (C) 0 K (D) 32 K
' '
P2. = P3.> --------------3 Q.5 The temperature of a substance rises by 27ºC. The
3) Isothermal compression rise is temperature in Kelvin scale will be
P3 V3 = P4 V4 ------------- 4 (A) 300 K (B) 2.46 K
4) Adiabatic compression (C) 27 K (D) 7 K
' '
P4. = P1. ------------- 5
Multiply equation, 2,3,4& 5 Questions
' ' '
P1V1 P2. P3 V3 P4. = P2 V2 P3.> P4 V4 P1.
' based on Mechanical equivalent of heat
1 1 1 1 Q.6 A water fall is 84 m high. Assuming that half the
< =
= kinetic energy of the falling water gets converted
< =
∴ (V2 V4)γ-1 = (V3V1)γ-1 to heat, the rise in temperature of water is -
Taking (γ – 1)th root, (A) 0.098ºC (B) 0.98ºC
V2 V4 = V3 V1 (C) 9.8ºC (D) 0.0098ºC
= Q.7 Two bullets of same metal and mass 10gm and
∴ = --------------- 6
< 5gm respectively collide against a target with the
Put equation 6 in equation 7 same velocity. If the whole energy of the bullets is
η=1- used up in increasing their temperatures then
greater increase of temperature will be in :
Compare with (A) first bullet (B) second bullet
6
η=1-6 (C) equal in both bullets (D) none of these
6 Q.8 An object of 5kg mass falls from a height of 30m.
∴ =6 If the whole amount of mechanical energy is
converted into heat, the number of calories
Coeffecient of performance of refrigerator generated is :
6 6 (A) 150 (B) 60
β= = (C) 350 (D) 6
; 6 6
? @ Q.9 A lead sphere of mass one kg falls from a height of
? @
= ? ? = @ 126m. If the whole kinetic energy is converted
? @ into heat, then increase in its temperature will be:
∴ β= (specific heat of lead is 30 calorie/kgºC and g =
Relation between η & β 9.8 m/sec2)
? (A) 9.8ºC (B) 4.2ºC
?
β= ? η=1- (C) 4.7 ºC (D) 37ºC
@
? Q.10 A body of 10 kg mass falls from a height of 25m
@ and gets rebound to 0.50m. If the loss in energy is
= @ =1–η
@
converted to heat the body, then rise in
–B temperature will be :
= (sp. heat of material is 25.2 J/kgºK)
B
–B (A) 9.8 K (B) 0.095 K
∴ β =
B (C) 0.0095 K (D) none of these

Level 1 Questions Work done in different thermodynamic

based on
process

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 [SPARK ACADEMY]

Q.11 A thermodynamical system goes from one state to Q.17 As shown in the diagram, for a closed path ABCA
another state (as shown in fig) the external work –
done is given by–
B (2P1V) A
P2
P
P1 B C
P A (P1V)

V V1 V2
V
(A) PV (B) 2PV (C) zero (D) 2P2V2
(A) the amount of work done by the system is zero
Q.12 A thermodynamical system goes from state A to
(B) the amount of work done by the system is
state B (as shown figure), the work done is given
1
by - =– (P2 – P1) (V2 – V1)
2
(C) the amount of work done on the system is
= (P2 – P1) (V1 – V2)
A B 1
P
(P, V) (P, 2V) (D) the amount of work done by the system is=
2
V (P2 – P1 ) ( V2 – V1)
(A) PV (B) 2PV (C) zero (D) 2P2V2 Q.18 A gas of given mass, is brought from stage
Q.13 A system changes from the state (P1, V1) to A to B along three paths 1, 2 and 3, as shown in
(P2 , V2) as shown in the figure below. What is the the figure. If the amount of work done in these
work done by the system – three processes is respectively equal to W1, W2
N/m2 and W3, then –
6 × 105 A
(P2, V2)

2 × 105 3
(P1, V1) P 2
1
(m3) B
1 4
(A) 7.5 × 105 joule (B) 7.5 × 104erg V
5
(C) 12 × 10 joule (D) 6 × 105 joule (A) W1> W2> W3 (B) W1< W2< W3
Q.14 An ideal gas is transformed from state (C) W1 = W2 = W3(D) W1< W2, W3< W2
A(P1, V1) to the state B(P2, V2) through path AB. Q.19 The indicator diagrams representing minimum and
In this process the work done by the gas is – maximum amounts of work done are respectively.
(P1, V1)
F
A
(A) P (B) P
P B
F G V
(P2, V2) V
D
O V C
(A) W = area ABCDA (C) P (D) P
(B) W = area ABEFA
(C) W = area ABGA V
V
(D) W = area ABCOFA (A) c and a (B) a and c
Q.15 An ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle (C) b and a (D) d and b
ABCDA as shown P-V diagram. The work-done Q.20 In the indicator diagram shown, the work done
during the cycle is – along path AB is -
P
(2P, V) (2P, 2V)
B C C
P 40
A D
(P, V) (P, 2V) 30

V 20 A
(N/m2) B
(A) PV (B) 2PV (C) PV/2 (D) zero 10
Q.16 An ideal gas is taken through series of changes
ABCA. The amount of work involved in the cycle O 1.0 2.0 3.0 V
is – (A) Zero (B) 20 Joule (C) – 20 Joule (D) 60 Joule
P
4P1 A
Q.21 In the above problem work done along path BC is-
(A) Zero (B) (40 – 20) = 20 Joule
(C) 40 Joule (D) 60 Joule
P1 C B Q.22 In the above question, the work done along path
V
O V1 3V1 CA is –
(A) 12P1V1 (B) 6P1V1 (C) 3P1V1 (D) P1V1 (A) 20 Joule (B) 30 Joule (C) – 30 Joule (D) Zero

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Q.30 In the above problem, if the work done along path

ac is 20 calorie then the heat given to the system
along path acb will be.
A) 20 Cal. B) 10 Cal. C) 30 Cal. D) – 10 Cal.
Q.31 A gas is compressed from 10 m3 volume to 4m3
volume at constant pressure of 50 N/m2. Then the
gas is heated by giving it 100 Joules of energy.
The internal energy of the gas will
Questions (A) Increase by 100 J (B) increase by 200 J
based on First law of thermodynamics
(C) increases by 400 J (D) decrease by 200 J
Q.23 A thermodynamic system is taken through the Q.32 The pressure of given mass of a gas in a
cycle abcda, find the total heat rejected by the gas thermodynamic system is changed in such a way
during the process – that 20 joule of heat is released from the gas and 8
joule of work is done on the gas. If the initial
d c internal energy of the gas was 30 joule then final
200Kpa
internal energy will be
100Kpa a b A) 2 Joule B) 42 Joule C) 18 Joule D) 58 Joule
100 cm3 300 cm3 Q.33 In the diagram, the graph between volume and
(A) – 10J (B) – 20J(C) – 30J (D) – 40J pressure for a thermodynamical process in shown.
Q.24 An ideal system can be brought from stage If UA = 0, UB = 20J and the energy given from B
A to B through four paths as shown in the figure. to C is 30J, then at the stage of C, the internal
The energy given to the system is minimum in : energy of the system is –
A C
C
P 50
P
40
E D (N/m2)
30
F B 20 B
A
O V 10

(A) path ACB (B) path ADB 1 2

V(m3)
3 V

(C) path AEB (D) path AFB

Q.25 A system is given 400 calories of heat and 1000 (A) 50J (B) 60J (C) 30J (D) 10J
Joule of work is done by the system, then the Q.34 In the foregoing question, the amount of energy
change in internal energy of the system will be - given to the system from A to B is :
(A) 680 Joule (B) 680 erg (A) 50J (B) 60J (C) 30J (D) 10J
(C) 860 Joule (D) – 860 Joule Q.35 In the foregoing question, work done in the
Q.26 For a thermodynamic process δQ = – 50 calorie process A → B → C → A is :
and W = – 20 calorie. If the initial internal energy (A) 50J (B) 60J (C) 30J (D) zero
is – 30 calorie then final internal energy will be - Q.36 A system does 30 joule work after absorbing 32
(A) 191.20 Calorie (B) – 60 Calorie cal heat. The change in the internal energy of the
(C) 100 Calorie (D) – 100 Calorie system will be -
Q.27 The differential form of first law of (A) 92J (B) 104.4J (C) 2J (D) 164.4J
thermodynamics is - Q.37 Among of work done in changing the state of a
system is –15J. If the internal energy and change
(A) δQ = δW + δU (B) δQ = δW – δU
in internal energy 60J and + 15J, then
(C) δQ = δU – δW (D) δQ + δU + δW = 0
(A) ∆Q = 30 J, Uf = 45 J (B) ∆Q = 0, Uf = 75 J
Q.28 When an ideal diatomic gas is heated at constant
pressure then what fraction of heat given is used to (C) ∆Q = 30 J, Uf = 75 J (D) ∆Q = 0, Uf = 45 J
increase internal energy of gas ? Q.38 The change in internal energy during the adiabatic
5 3 3 2 expansion of 2 mole gas is found to be ( – ) 100 J.
(A) (B) (C) (D) The work done during the process will be –
7 7 5 5
(A) zero (B) – 100J (C) 200J (D) 100J
Q.29 In the adjoined figure the indicator diagram of an
ideal thermodynamic gas system is represented. If
Questions
the change in internal energy along the path acb is based on Thermodynamic process
10 calorie then change in internal energy along the
Q.39 Four curves A, B, C and D are drawn in the figure
path bda will be – for a given amount of a gas. The curves
P
d b representing adiabatic and isothermal process are –

a c B C
V P A D
(A) 10 Calorie (B) – 10 Calorie V
(C) more than 10 Calorie (A) C and D respectively (B) D and C respectively
(D) less than 10 Calorie (C) A and B respectively (D) B and A respectively

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Q.40 In reference of above figure, no heat exchange (C) the volume of the system remains constant
between the gas and the surrounding will take (D) heat energy stored in it remains constant
place if the gas is taken along - Q.51 In an adiabatic expansion of a gas, its temperature
(A) curve A (B) curve B (C) curve C (D) curve D (A) always increases(B) always diminishes
Q.41 During the adiabatic change of ideal gas, the (C) remains constant
relation between the pressure and density will be (D) diminishes initially and then increases
P1 Q.52 In an adiabatic process, n moles of a perfect gas
(A) =( )1/γ (B) P1dγ1 = P2d2γ expand from temperature T1 to T2. The amount of
P2
P1 work done by the gas will be :
(C) P1d1–γ = P2d2–γ (D) = ( )γ (A) Cp(T1 – T2)/n (B) Cv(T1 – T2)/n
P2
Q.42 The pressure of the gas filled in thermally (C) nCp(T1 – T2) (D) nCv(T1 – T2)
insulated container is P and temperature is T. If Q.53 A perfect gas is compressed adiabatically. In that
the ratio of specific heats of the gas is γ, which of state the value of ∆P/P will be :
∆V ∆V ∆V
(A) . ∆V (B) –
the following will be constant - 1 (C) – γ (D) + γ
(A) PTγ–1 (B) Pγ T1 – γ (C) P1– γ Tγ (D) P–γTγ–1 γ V V V V
Q.43 The slope of indicator curve in adiabatic change Q.54 In an adiabatic expansion of 2 moles of a gas,
relative to volume axis is - change in its internal energy was found to be
P –100J. The work done in this process is :
(A) P/Vγ (B) Pγ/Vγ–1 (C) (D) – γ( )
γ (V) (A) zero (B) –1000 J (C) 200 J (D) 100 J
Q.44 The ratio of slopes of adiabatic and isotherm is - Q.55 The pressure and volume of a gas are P and V. If
(A) 1 :γ (B) 1 : 1 (C) γ : 1 (D) 1 : 4 its pressure is reduced to P/2, by (A) isothermal
Q.45 Two curves are given at temperatures T1 and T2 in process (B) by adiabatic process then the final
an isothermal process, then - volume will be :
(A) more in A (B) more in B
(C) equal in A and B
P T2 (D) depends on the nature of gas
T1

Questions
V based on Second law of thermodynamics
(A) T1> T2 (B) T1 = T2 Q.56 An ideal heat engine exhausting heat at 77ºC is to
(C) T1< T2 (D) no knowledge have a 30% efficiency. It must take heat at -
Q.46 The initial volume and pressure of a gas are (A) 127ºC (B) 227ºC (C) 327ºC (D) 673ºC
V and P respectively. It is expand by two different Q.57 A Carnot engine, whose sink is at 300 K, has an
processes such that in each process the final efficiency of 40%. By how much the source
volume becomes 2V. If the work done in temperature should be changed so as to increase
isothermal change is W1 and the amount of work the efficiency to 60% ?
done in adiabatic change is W2, then - (A) 250K increase (B) 250 K decrease
(C) 325K increase (D) 325 K decrease
(A) W1> W2(B) W1< W2
Q.58 Two steam engine A and B, have their sources
(C) W1 = W2(D) nothing can be said respectively at 700 K and 650 K and their sinks at
Q.47 Dry air at one atmospheric pressure is suddenly 350 K and 300 K. Then –
compressed so that its volume becomes one- (A) A is more efficient than B
fourth. Its pressure will become –(γ = 1.5) (B) B is more efficient than A
(A) 4 atm (B) 8 atm (C) 16 atm (D) 32 atm (C) both are equally efficient
Q.48 Three curves are shown in the P-V diagram. (D) depends on the fuels used in A & B
P, Q and R represent the processes respectively
P
Level 2
Q.1 If 41.8 k cal heat is produced by applying the
Q
P brakes to stop a car of mass 800 kg. The speed of
R
the car before the brakes were applied, was -
V
(A) 15 m/s (B) 20.9 m/s (C) 25 m/s (D) 30 m/s
(A) isothermal, adiabatic, isometric Q.2 An ideal gas expands from state (P1, V1) to state
(B) isobaric, isothermal, isometric (P2, V2), where P2 = 2P1 and V2 = 2V1. The path
(C) isometric, isobaric, adiabatic of the gas is expressed by the following relation,
(D) isometric, isobaric, isothermal P = P1 [1 + ( )2] Work done is -
Q.49 If 1 Kg air (g = 1.4) is heated adiabatically from
0ºC to 10ºC then increase in its internal energy (A) P1 V1 (B) 4/3 P1V1 (C) 2P1 V1 (D) 4P1 V1
will be- (Cv = 0.172 Cal/gmºC) Q.3 A piece of ice (at 0ºC) of initial mass 50 kg starts
(A) 1720 J (B) 7224 J (C) 172 Cal (D) 7224 Cal slipping on a horizontal surface with a initial speed
Q.50 In an adiabatic process : of 5.38 m/s and stops after travelling distance
(A) the internal energy of the system remains 28.3m. The mass of ice melted due to friction
constant between ice and surface is
(B) the pressure of the system remains constant (A) 1.1 gm (B) 2.2. gm (C) 4.4 gm (D) 22 gm

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Q.4 One mole of monatomic gas is brought from state heat given to the system will be minimum for the
A to state B. The initial temperature at path -
A is T0. The temperature at B will be – A C

P
P B E D
2P0 F B
A O V
P0 C (A) ACB (B) ADB (C) AEB (D) AFB
Q.12 When a system is taken from state to state f along
O V0 2V0 V the path i a f, it is found that Q = 50 cal and W =
(A) T0 (B) 2T0 (C) 3T0 (D) 4T0 20cal. Along the path i b f. Q = 36 cal. W along
Q.5 In the above question, heat absorbed along the path i b f is –
P
path ACB is - a
f
11 9 7 5
(A) RT0 (B) RT0 (C) RT0 (D) RT0
2 2 2 2 i b
Q.6 In question, the heat absorbed in going from
A to B is - O V
(A) 2RT0 (B) 6RT0 (C) 4RT0 (D) 8RT0 (A) 30 cal (B) 16 cal (C) 6 cal (D) 14 cal
Q.7 Consider the two process on a system as shown in Q.13 A cyclic process for 1 mole of an ideal gas is
figure. The volumes in the initial state and in the shown in figure in the V-T. diagram. The work
final state are the same in the two process A dna done in AB, BC and CA respectively -
B. If W1 and W2 be the work done by the system C
V2
in the processes A and B respectively -
V
P B
A V1 A B

T1 T2
T T
(A) W1> W2(B) W1 = W2(C) W1< W2 V 
(D) Nothing can be said about the relation (A) 0, RT2ln  1  , R ( T1 - T2 )
between W1 and W2  V2 
V
Q.8 A sample of an ideal gas expanded to twice its (B) R ( T1 - T2 ), 0, RT1ln 1
original, volume of 1 m3 in a process for which P V2
= KV2 where K is a constant whose value is 5 atm V 
/ m6. The work done by the expanding gas is (C) 0 , RT2ln  2  , R ( T1 - T2 )
(A) 11.78 J (B) 1178 J
 V1 
(C) 11.78 × 105 J (D) 11.78 × 103 J V 
(D) 0, RT2ln  2  , R ( T2 - T1)
Q.9 A gas expands in a piston - cylinder device from  V1 
V1 to V2, the process being described by
Q.14 An ideal gas is taken through cyclic thermodynamic
a process through four steps. The amount of heat
P= + b. Where P : Pressure and V : Volume
V involved is these steps are
The work done in process is - Q1 = 5960J, Q2 = –5585J, Q3 = –2980J and
V1 Q4 = 3645J respectively. The corresponding
(A) a ln + b (V2 – V1)
V2 quantities of work involved are W1 = 2200J, W2 =
V2
(B) – a ln – b (V2 – V1) –825J, W3 = –1100J, and W4 respectively. Then,
V1 the value of W4 is –
V1
(C) – a ln – b (V2 – V1) (A) Zero (B) 275J (C) 765J (D) 1040J
V2 Q.15 A bullet travelling with velocity 100 m/sec hits a
V2 concrete wall. All its kinetic energy is converted
(D) a ln + b (V2 – V1) into heat energy in the bullet with the result that
V1
there is an increase of 50ºC in the temperature of
Q.10 Two samples (A) and (B) of gas initially of the
the bullet. What will be the increase in temperature
same temperature and pressure are compressed
if the bullet were travelling with a velocity 200
from a volume (V) to a volume V/2. One
meters/sec ?
isothermally and the other adiabatically
(A) 100ºC (B) 50ºC (C) 200ºC (D) 400ºC
respectively. The final pressure of -
Q.16 The amount of heat required to raise the
(A) A is greater than that of B
temperature of a diatomic gas by 1ºC at constant
(B) A is equal to that of B
pressure is Qp and at constant volume is Qv. The
(C) A is less than that of B
(D) A is twice the pressure of B amount of heat which goes as internal energy of
Q.11 A system can be taken from state A to the state B the gas in the two cases is nearly
by any of the four path shown in the diagram. The (A) Qp and Qv (B) 0.71 Qp and 0.71 Qv

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(C) 0.71 Qp and Qv (D) 0.7 Qp and 0.9 Qv Q.22 Two steam engine A and B, have their sources
Q.17 A thermodynamic process is shown in this figure. respectively at 700k and 650k and their sinks at
The pressure and volumes correspondingto some 350k and 300k. Then -
points in the figure are (A) A is more efficient than B
(B) B is more efficient than A
B C
8 × 104 (C) both are equally efficient
(D) depends on the fuels used in A and B
3 × 104
A D V in metre3
Level 3
0,0 2×10–3 5 × 10–3
Questions based on Statements: (Q.1 to Q.5)
PA = 3 × 104 Pa, VA = 2 × 10–3 m3 Each of the questions given below consist of an
“Statement I” and “Statement II”. Use the following
PB = 8 × 104
Pa, VD = 5 × 10–3 m3. Key to choose the appropriate answer.
In process AB, 600 J of heat is added to the system (A) If both Statement I and Statement II are
and in process BC 200 J of heat is added to the true, and Statement II is the correct
system. The change in internal energy of the explanation of Statement I.
system in process AC would be (B) If both Statement I and Statement II are true but
(A) 560 J (B) 800 J (C) 600 J (D) 640 J Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Q.18 Heat energy absorbed by a system in going Statement I.
through a cyclic process shown is figure is – (C) If Statement I is true but Statement II is
false.
(D) If Statement I is false but Statement II is true.
V(litre)

Q.1 Statement I : The efficiency of a Carnot cycle

depends on the nature of gas used.
10 30
P (k Pa)
Statement II :Workdone in adiabatic process
depends on nature of gas, and adiabatic is a part of
(A) 107π J (B) 104π J (C) 102π J (D) 10–3π J
Carnot cycle.
Q.19 The pressure of given mass of an ideal gas is P1 Q.2 Statement I : Work done in a cycle process as
and its volume is V1. It is compressed shown in figure. W = π (P2 – P1)(V2–V1).
isothermally and then expanded adiabatically till P
its pressure restores to initial value P1 and then the P2

gas remains its initial volume V1. The above P1

process can be correctly represented in the V1 V2 V
following indicator diagram Statement II : Magnitude work done for cyclic
P P process is equal to the area enclosed by the P-V
(A) (B) diagram.
P1 P1 Q.3 Statement I : It is possible that there is a change
in temperature of a body without giving or taking
V1 V V1 V heat from the system.
P P Statement II :Internal energy is a function of
(C) (D) temperature.
P1 P1 K
Q.4 Statement I : In the process V = , if the
V1 V V1 V T
Q.20 A gas at 105 Pascal pressure and 27ºC temperature volume of gas increases, then workdone by gas
is compressed adiabatically to decreases.
1 Statement II :Workdone in the above process is
th of its initial volume. The final temperature of dW = – nR dT
8
gas becomes 927ºC. The value of γ for the gas will Q.5 Statement I : Room will be cooled by leaving the
be - door of an electric refrigerator open.
3 4 5 5 Statement II :Refrigerator extracts heat from
(A) (B) (C) (D) freezing chamber and rejects heat into the
2 3 4 3 surrounding air.
Q.21 There are two parts of a vessel. The pressure in
Q.6 The temperature of gas increases by 10°C. What is
one part is P and its volume is V. The volume of
the equivalent increase on the Kelvin scale ?
another part is 4V and there is vacuum in it. if the
(A) 10 K (B) 0 K (C) 100 K (D) 273.90 K
intervening wall is ruptured, then work done by
Q.7 The temperature of a body on Kelvin scale is
the gas and change in its internal energy will
found to be x k. When it is measured by a
P Vacuum
Fahrenheit thermometer, it is found to be x° F.
V 4V Then x is-
(A) δW = 2PV, dU = – ve (B) δW = 3PV, dU = 0 (A) 301.25 (B) 574.25 (C) 313 (D) 40
(C) δW = 0, dU = + ve (D) δW = 0, dU = 0 Q.8 0.93 watt-hour of energy is supplied to a block of
ice weighing 10 g. It is found that
(A) half of the block melts

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 [SPARK ACADEMY]

(B) the entire block melts and the water attains a Q.11 Certain perfect gas is found to obey
temperature of 4°C. PV3/2 = constant during an adiabatic process. If
(C) the entire block just melts such a gas at initial temperature T is adiabatically
(D) the block remains unchanged. compressed to half the initial volume, its final
Q.9 The pressure and density of a diatomic gas temperature will be -
 7 (A) 2T (B) 2T (C) 2 2 T (D) 4T
 γ =  change adiabatically from (P,d) to (P',d').
 5 Q.12 An ideal gas heat engine operates Carnot cycle
d' P' between 227°C and 127°C. It absorbs
If = 32 , then should be- 6 × 104 calories at the higher temperature. The
d p
quantity of heat converted into work is equal to-
1 (A) 4.8 × 104cal (B) 3.5 × 104cal
(A) (B) 32 (C) 128 (D) None
128 4
(C) 1.6 × 10 cal (D) 1.2 × 104cal
Q.10 A gas at NTP is suddenly compressed to one- Q.13 For a gas, γ = 1.286. What is the number of
fourth of its original volume. If γ is supposed to be degrees of freedom of the molecules of this gas?
3/2, then final pressure is- (A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7
(A) 4 atmosphere (B) 0.75 atmosphere
(C) 8 atmosphere (D) 0.25 atmosphere

Answer key
Level 1

[Link]. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans A B C A C A C C A A C A C A A
[Link]. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans C B B B B A C B D A B A A B C
[Link]. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans C C A B C B B D C A C C D C C
[Link]. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
Ans A B B B D B D C D A B A B

Level 2
[Link]. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans B B B D A B C C D C D C C C C
[Link]. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Ans C A C C D D B

Level 3
[Link]. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Ans D D B D D A B C C C A D D

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