01 Production of Vowels , /i/ AS IN MEET , /I/ AS IN SIT 001

02 Phrases for Estimating & Guessing 003

03 GRAMMAR RULES (Question , Q tags, Indirect questions) 004
04 VOCABULARY BUILDER (Studying, Speaking a foreign language) 005
Which skill do you think is more important in foreign language learning? 008
05 Production of Vowels , /eɪ/ AS IN TAKE and /ɛ/ AS IN GET 009
06 Phrases for Decisions Phrases for Talking about Statistics 010
07 VOCABULARY BUILDER (Communication and beliefs , Crime and law) 011
How do we ensure security in MADAGASCAR? 014
08 GRAMMAR RULES (Conditionals or if clauses ) 014
09 Production of Vowels , /æ/ AS IN FAT , /ɑ/ AS IN FATHER and /ə/ AS IN FUN 015
10 VOCABULARY BUILDER (Meat, fish, dairy, and snacks) 016
11 Phrases for Good Luck & Bad Luck and Worries & Relief 018
12 GRAMMAR : Modal verbs 019
SNACKS 020
13 Production of Vowels , /ɔ/ AS IN SAW and /oʊ/ AS IN BOAT 020
14 Phrases for Talking about the Future 022
15 VOCABULARY BUILDER: Fruit and Nuts 022
16 GRAMMAR RULES: the passive, the causative, direct and indirect object 024
Would you prefer to eat fruit or snack? 026
17 Production of Vowels , /ʊ/ AS IN GOOD and /u/ AS IN TOO 026
18 Phrases for Compliments 027
19 VOCABULARY BUILDER: Vegetables, Bread, desserts, and condiments 028
VEGETABLES AND FRUITS 031
20 Production of Vowels , /ər/ AS IN BIRD , /aɪ/ AS IN TIME, /aʊ/ AS IN HOUSE, /ɔɪ/ AS IN 031
BOY
21 VOCABULARY BUILDER: Drinking and eating 032
22 GRAMMAR : -ing form or infinitive , prefer/would rather/had better, infinitives of 034
purpose
23 Phrases for Certainty & Probability 036
What is your favorite food and beverage? 036
24 Vowels in detail: Review of /I/ and /i/ Sounds , /ɛ/ and /æ/ Sounds 037
25 Ways to Say Something is Interesting/Boring and Phrases for Cheering Someone Up 038
26 VOCABULARY BUILDER: Eating in and eating out 038
Would you prefer to eat in or out? 040
27 Vowels in detail: Neutral Sounds /ə/ and /ʊ/ 041
28 VOCABULARY BUILDER: Jobs 042
29 Phrases for Asking/Talking about Jobs and Phrases for Disappointment 044
30 GRAMMAR RULES: Reported speech and Reported question 044
WHAT DO YOU DO FOR LIVING ? 046
31 FORMING AMERICAN CONSONANTS: Voiceless and Voiced Consonant Pairs 046
32 Ways to Say You Don’t Believe Someone 048
33 Working conditions 049
 WOULD YOU RATHER EARN A LOT OF MONEY WORKING IN A JOB THAT YOU DON'T 050
LIKE OR EARN LESS MONEY DOING SOMETHING YOU ENJOY ?
34 PROBLEMATIC CONSONANTS: The Various /t/ Sounds of American English 050
35 Expressions for Bad People 052
36 VOCABULARY BUILDER: Industries and departments and Office equipment. 053
Is a church a business ? 056
37 GRAMMAR RULES: Relative clause / participles. 057
38 The duand and tuand sound /dʒ/ & /tʃ/ The American /r/ , The American /l/ 058
39 Words for Describing Speaking and Phrases for Facial Expressions 059
40 Money & finance and work 060
41 Unreal past, wishes/contrast 063
TEAMWORK 065
42 The /ŋ/ Sound: Pronouncing ng AND Consonant Clusters 065
43 Phrases to Describe Offending or Upsetting People & Phrases for Bad Travel 066
Experiences
44 Meeting and presenting & Work and business idioms 067
45 GRAMMAR RULES: Inversion and Possessives 070
TRAVELLING 071
46 Applying for a job , Workplace skills and abilities 072
47 SYLLABLE STRESS & GENERAL RULES FOR STRESS PLACEMENT 074
48 Phrases for Drinking (Alcohol) 076
Should students consult their parents about their majors and careers? 077
49 Words Ending in -tion and –ate , Stressed Suffixes and prefixes 077
50 Comparative Idioms 080
51 WORD STRESS (6 tips) 080
52 Most common phrasal verbs (A) 083
53 Word Stress Within a Sentence 084
READING 086
54 Reducing Vowels in Unstressed Words 087
55 Most common phrasal verbs (B) 088
56 Thought Groups and Focus Words 090
BEING IN A HURRY 091
57 INTONATION 091
58 Most common phrasal verbs (C,D,F) 095
59 SOUND LIKE A TRUE NATIVE SPEAKER 096
PHOTOGRAPHY 098
60 CASUAL VERSUS FORMAL SPEECH 099
61 Most common phrasal verbs (G,H,J,K) 102
62 MEMORIZING THE EXCEPTIONS 102
63 Most common phrasal verbs (L,M,N,O,P) & Tips for answering questions fluently 106

1
-

01
Production of Vowels , /i/ AS IN MEET ,
/I/ AS IN SIT

Please eat the meat and the cheese before you

1. /i/ read, heat, meet, seat, seen, feet
leave.

2. /ɪ/ in, bit, this, give, sister, will, city My sister Linda will live in the big city.

Jane’s face looks great for her age of eighty-

3. /eɪ/ late, gate, bait, fail, main, braid, wait
eight.

4. /ɛ/ let, get, end, any, fell, bread, men, said I went to Texas for my friend’s wedding.

The handsome man lost his baggage after his

5. /æ/ last, apple, add, can, answer, class
travels.

stop, lock, farm, want, army, possible, John is positive that his car was parked in that
6. /ɑ/
got lot.

come, up, jump, but, does, love, Your younger brother doesn’t trust us, does
7. /ə/
money, about he?

all, fall, author, also, applaud,

8. /ɔ/ Paula was doing laundry all day long.
thought, fought

go, slow, so, those, post, moment,

9. /oʊ/ Oh, no! Don’t open the window; it’s cold.
drove

10. /ʊ/ look, took, put, foot, full, wolf, cookie He would read the good book if he could.

cool, soup, moon, boot, tooth, move,

11. /u/ Sue knew about the food in the room.
true

her, work, sure, first, early, were,

12. /ər/ What were the first words that girl learned?
earn, occur

13. /aɪ/ time, nine, dry, high, style, five, China I advise you to ride a bicycle in China.

14. /aʊ/ south, house, cow, found, down, town He went out of the house for about an hour.

15. /ɔɪ/ oil, choice, moist, enjoy, avoid, voice Let’s avoid the annoying noise.

2
Main Vowel Sounds of American English
FRONT MIDDLE BACK

i I eɪ e ər ə u Ʊ ɑ
æ ɑ

1. /i/ AS IN MEET A thief believes everybody steals.

Common Spelling Patterns for / i /
1. ee meet, feel, see, free
2. ea team, reach, mean, sea
3. ie and ei belief, piece, neither, receive
4. final e me, we, she, he
5. e + consonant + e these, Chinese, Peter
6. final y city, duty, country, ability
7. endings with ique unique, boutique, critique

2. /I/ AS IN SIT In the middle of a difficulty lies opportunity.

Common Spelling Patterns for / I /

1. i (most common) sit, give, this, dinner
2. ui build, quit, quick, guilty
3. y between two consonants system, gym, symbol, hymn

exceptions:
been in American English been is pronounced the same
as “bin,” but in British English been sounds like
bean.”
women sounds like “wimin” (the o is an /I/ sound)
busy sounds like “bizzy”

 QUICK REVIEW: word contrasts for /i/ versus /I/

Make sure you don't pronounce these pairs of words the same.

3
 /i/ /I/ /i/ /I/
1. leave live 7. beat bit
2. feel fill 8. steal still
3. least list 9. each itch
4. he’s his 10. seek sick
5. sleep slip 11. feet fit
6. cheap chip 12. sheep ship

02
Phrases for Estimating & Guessing

If I had to take a guess, I’d say… Si je devais deviner, je Raha tsy maintsy maminavina
[she’s about 35 years old]. dirais… aho dia hoy aho hoe ...

It’s difficult to say, but I think… C'est difficile à dire, mais je Sarotra ny milaza azy,
[our customers are more satisfied]. pense… saingy heveriko fa...

Off the top of my head, I’d say… De mémoire, je dirais… Raha tsiahivina, hoy aho...
[the company has 500 employees].
(= what I remember/estimate,
without checking the actual
statistics)

It’s about… [10 miles away]. C'est à environ… Momba ny…

It’s around… [three hours long]. C'est environ… Manodidina ny…

I wouldn’t be surprised if… Je ne serais pas surpris si…

Tsy ho gaga aho raha...
[Peter asks Jill to marry him].

There’s a good chance… [it’ll Il y a de fortes chances… Misy vintana tsara…

rain tomorrow].

I have a feeling/hunch… [the J'ai un sentiment/une Manana

boss won’t be happy about this]. intuition…
(hunch = an instinctive feeling) fahatsapana/intuition aho...

I bet… [he’ll be late]. Je parie… Miloka aho…

Your guess is as good as mine. Votre supposition est aussi

(= I don’t know) Tsara tahaka ny ahy ny
bonne que la mienne. vinavinao.

4
 03
GRAMMAR RULES (Question , Q tags,
Indirect questions)
QUESTIONS:

FORM Auxiliary + Subject + Verb + O + ?

With be as a Am/was I on time?
main verb Are/were you/we/they tired?
Is/was he /she/it cold?
Am/was I interrupting you?
Are/were you /we /they going on a picnic?
Is/was he/she/it finished?
With the have as Have/had I/you/we/they got any money?
an auxiliary verb Has/had he/she/it finished
With have as a Do/did I/you/we/they/ have enough time?
main verb and Does/did he/she/it need anything?
with all other
verbs
With modals Should I wait?
Could you help me?
Will she be here soon?
Might they be lost?
With Who is taking the trash out? (olona “qui”)
who,whose,who Whose backpack is this? (olona”à qui” )
m,what,which, To whom did you speak? (olona “avec qui”)
where What is the weather like? (zavatra “quoi”)
When,why,and Which do you want? (mapisafidy”lequel,laquelle”)
how. Where did you go on holiday? (toerana”où”)
How much,how When is terry starting work? (fotoana”quand”)
many, how long Why did they leave? (antony”pourqoui”)
,how far, how How do you spell environnement? (“comment”)
often ,how old How much milk do you want? (fatrany , na isany “combien”au singulier)
,what…like? How many workers demonstrated yesterday? (isany “combine” au pluriel)
What…….for? How long does it take to go to the station? (hafiriana/duration)
How far is it? (alavirana/distance)
How often do you visit your mother? (pour interroger sur la fréquence)
How old are you ? (manontany taona )
What is it/he/she like? (manontany bikan’olona “à qoui il ressemble?”)
What did you go to the station for? (antony”pourqoui”)
QUESTIONS TAGS:

FORM Positive statement , auxiliary + not + S +

Negative statement, auxiliary + S + ?
With be as a main verb You are canadian, aren’t you ?
She is beautiful, isn’t she?
I am the best student in the class, aren’t I?
I’m not very tall, am I?
With auxiliary verbs and modals You haven’t lost my CD, have you ?
We are having the lesson early tomorrow, aren’t we?
People should recycle things tomorrow,shouldn’t they?
There will be lots of people there , won’t there?
With have as a main verb Tom has a lovely voice,hasn’t/doesn’t he ?

5
 With other verbs You play the guitar, don’t you ?
Frank lives in germany now,doesn’t he?
Your friends really enjoyed themselves a the party,didn’t
they?

With let’s Let’s get a DVD tonight , shall we?

With imperatives Pass me that book , will/would/could/you?

Don’t forget tonight,will you?

INDIRECT QUESTIONS: Introductory phrase or question + clause with normal word order

Some Introductory phrase and Example

question
Can/could you tell me…? Could you tell me what time it is?
Could you let me know…? Could you let me know when it starts?
Do you know..? Do you know who that woman is?
I wonder if you could tell me … I wonder if you could tell me how much this cost.
I wonder if you know… I wonder if you know what the starting salary is.
I would like to know… I would like to know what your company is going to do about it.

04
VOCABULARY BUILDER (Studying
,Speaking a foreign language)
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

to have a year away from education or work to register to start something

someone studying for a first study carried out following graduation

degree at college or university from a first degree

a student in their first year at college a period of time in an academic calendar,

or university during which classes are held

RELATIVE CLAUSES: WHO , WHICH , THAT (qui , que => IZAY)

=> She invited lots of friends who brought gifts. => I saw the car which the criminal stole.
=> He is the actor that we saw last week. => I need a Television that works.
6
 to be awarded a diploma /
qualification after college or university to go to lessons or lectures

to answer questions or perform

actions to show how much you to provide comments and advice on
know about something how somebody is doing something

to finish something within a given to fail to finish something within a

time given time

grading based on work done

over a long period to perform excellently on a test

to consider and describe the similarities

a first, rough version of a piece of written
and differences between things
work

completely different an obvious difference

surprisingly not alike a significant level of difference

7
 USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

language that is not technically the way in which people from a

perfect, but clear enough for basic country or region pronounce a
communication] word

able to use a language easily,

without making many mistakes the way a specific word is spoken

a person who speaks a language as their the way in which you make sentences
first language from separate words

able to speak two languages fluently

the set of words that make up a language

not as fluent in a language as you the ability to understand spoken

used to be language

the ability to communicate using difficulty communicating with

spoken language someone who speaks another language

to be able to express basic information

the ability to understand written materials and ideas to people

8
 the ability to communicate using
written words to speak without making mistakes

a shared language that allows people

from various countries to understand to be able to learn something in little
each other time

a piece of writing that has been changed to be able to understand languages

from one language to another without difficulty

Which skill do you think is more important

in foreign language learning?

The most important skill in foreign language learning is

reading. Reading allows us to do many things on our own, so
it can help us to be independent. For example, when I am at a
restaurant, I can't have the waiter read off a menu to me;
that would be rude. We just have to know how to read to do
these kinds of simple tasks. However, we can always ask
someone to write something down like directions to the zoo
or instructions on how to do something. In addition, reading
is usually easier. Sometimes it's hard to speak because the
sounds are difficult to make. However, we shouldn't have
any trouble writing things down. Because of these two
reasons, I think reading is the most important skill when
learning a foreign language.

9
 05
Production of Vowels , /eɪ/ AS IN TAKE
and /ɛ/ AS IN GET

3. /eɪ/ AS IN TAKE: Take time for all things: great haste makes
great waste.

Common Spelling Patterns for / eɪ/

1. a + consonant + e late, came, take, save

2. ai rain, wait, pain, aim
3. ay say, away, play, Monday
4. ey they, survey, obey
5. eigh weigh, eight, neighbor, freight
6. a
less common:
April, alien, angel

4. /ɛ/ AS IN GET: Every exit is an entry somewhere.

Common Spelling Patterns for / ɛ/

1. e get, end, next, general /eɪ/ /ɛ/

2. ea heavy, head, read, measure I say I said
!
He says
exceptions: said, says, again, against, any,
many

 Quick Review: Word Contrasts for /ɛ/ Versus /eɪ/

/ɛ/ and /eɪ/ /ɛ/ and /eɪ/
1. pen pain 5. tell tail
2. sell sail 6. Ed aid
3. wet wait 7. test taste
4. west waste 8. men main

10
 06
Phrases for Decisions
Phrases for Talking about Statistics
I’m debating between… Je débats entre… Miady hevitra momba ny…
[option A and option B]
I can’t make up my mind.
I’m on the fence. (= I’m in the Je n’arrive pas à me décider. Tsy afaka manapa-kevitra
middle, I don’t know what to decide) aho.
I’ll take that into Je vais en tenir compte. Horaisiko an-tsaina izany.
consideration.
On the other hand… D'autre part… Etsy ankilany…
I’m having second J'ai des doutes. Misalasala aho
thoughts. (= I’m reconsidering
my decision)
I changed my mind. J'ai changé d'avis. Niova hevitra aho.
He convinced/persuaded Il m'a convaincu/persuadé Nandresy lahatra/nandresy
me to… de… lahatra ahy izy mba…
Looking back, I know it Avec le recul, je sais que Rehefa manao jery todika
was the right decision. c’était la bonne décision. aho dia fantatro fa mety ny
fanapahan-kevitra.
It’s up to you. (= You can Vous pouvez décider. Arakaraka anao ihany io.
decide)
The crime rate rose. Le taux de criminalité a Nitombo ny tahan’ny heloka
The crime rate went up. augmenté. bevava.
There was a sharp Il y a eu une forte Nitombo be ny asan-jiolahy.
increase in crime. (sharp = augmentation de la
sudden and large) criminalité.
There was a gradual rise Il y a eu une augmentation Nitombo tsikelikely ny asan-
in crime. progressive de la criminalité. jiolahy.

There was a spike in Il y a eu une hausse de la Nitombo ny asan-jiolahy.

crime. (spike = a sudden criminalité.
increase and then decrease)
The crime rate reached its Le taux de criminalité a Nahatratra ny fara tampony
peak. (peak = the highest point) atteint son apogée. ny tahan’ny heloka bevava.

The crime rate plateaued. Le taux de criminalité a Tsy mihetsika fa ambony

(plateaued = stayed at the plafonné. fona ny tahan’ny heloka
same level) bevava.
There was a slight La criminalité a légèrement Nihena kely ny asan-jiolahy.
decrease in crime. diminué.
The crime rate dropped. Le taux de criminalité a Nihena ny tahan’ny heloka
The crime rate chuté. bevava.
plummeted. (= decreased a
lot, very quickly)

11
07
VOCABULARY BUILDER (Communication
and beliefs , Crime and law)

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

to say something that is not true to

avoid upsetting someone to say something indirectly

to talk about other people, often

to say things that may not be true
in a negative way]

to have an idea about to think that something exists or is true

something with little evidence

to wish for good luck, or avoid bad luck to hope for something to happen

somebody who tells an authority

to have a strong feeling that something is
figure when another person has
not right
done

information or news a traditional story with magic,

transmitted by people telling usually written for children
other people

a modern story that is untrue, a positive / negative sign about

but believed by many something that will happen

12
 good fortune the first time
a single piece of good fortune you do something

stories, sayings, and traditions

good fortune with no skill involved from a certain area or culture

a group of values a firm and unchangeable

conviction

CRIME

PUNISHMENT AND THE LAW

13
 USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

to break the law to spend time in prison

to use the power of the law to take

and question somebody to make people obey a rule or a law

to come to a decision about a lot of crimes happening suddenly in

somebody’s guilt or innocence] the same area

to decide officially that someone

crime committed in a public place
has (not) broken the law

to decide on a punishment in
accordance with the law financial, nonviolent crime

14
 How do we ensure security in MADAGASCAR?
Alright, so keeping things secure here in Madagascar, it’s all about a
mix of stuff. You’ve got the cops out there doing their things, busting
bad guys and keeping the streets safe but it’s not just about catching
the folks after they’ve done something wrong , you know? We’ve
gotta be proactive too. That means getting the community involved,
spreading the word about how to stay safe, and looking out for each
other.

Plus, teamwork is key [Link]’s not just up to the cops everyone’s

gotta pitch [Link] means local leaders,businesses,and regular folks
all working together to keep things on lock. And hey, let’s not forget
about giving the cops the tools they need to get the job done right
like training,equipment,you name it.

But it’s not just about fighting crime on the [Link]’ve gotta
tackle the root causes [Link] as dealing with stuff like poverty ;
lack of education , and inequality. When people have better
opportunities, they’re less likely to turn to crime in the first place.

So yah,ensuring security in MADAGASCAR? it’s a whole team effort,

from the cops on the beat to everyone in the community looking out
for each other.
Sam

RELATIVE CLAUSE: WHOM ( formal than who) , Quantifier + OF WHOM , Q + OF WHICH

=> The man whom you saw in the car is very dangerous.
=> My brother and sister both of whom live in the Unites States, are coming to visit.
=> Tommy has many pets some of which are cats.

GRAMMAR RULES (Conditionals or if

08 clauses )

FORM USE EXAMPLES

Zero conditional: - If you have a faith in something ,
If + Present simple , Present simple General or you believe in something you
scientific fact , cannot prove
definitions
- If you heat water, it boils

15
 First conditional: - If you have a birthday party, you
If + Present tense , will Real or likely will get loads of cool present.
(may,might,can,could,shall,should,ought,to,have conditions in the-We will have dinner at about
to/must) P&F and their eight if you are working till half
results in the P&Fpast six
-If you have revised properly, you
won’t have any problems in the
test next week.
Second conditional: Impossible,unlikely - If you had a beard, you would
If + Past simple or continuous , would or hypothetical look just like your father.
(might,could) conditions in the - If you were flying to Majunga,
P&F and their would you get there much
results in the P&F, quicker?
Giving advice - If I were you, I could go on
vacation by my own.
Third conditional: - If you had worn a fake beard , no
If + Past prefect , would have Hypothetical one would have known who you
(might,could,should + have) conditions in the were
past and their - I might have noticed her if she
results in the past had been wearing her glasses at
the Airport.
Mixed conditional: (1st form) Hypothetical If I had a mobile , I would have
If + past simple/continuous , would have present condition called you last night (=I don’t have a
and a past result mobile so I didn’t call you last night)
Mixed conditional: (2 form)
nd Hypothetical past If I had listened to my parents, I
If + past perfect , would condition and a wouldn’t be in so much trouble
present result now

09
Production of Vowels , /æ/ AS IN FAT , /ɑ/
AS IN FATHER and /ə/ AS IN FUN

5. /æ/ AS IN FAT: He who laughs last laughs best.

8

Common Spelling Patterns for /æ/

a hat, apple, man, answer

6. /ɑ/ AS IN FATHER: Never go to a doctor whose office plants 9

have died.
Common Spelling Patterns for /ɑ/

o hot, stop, modern, job

a father, watch, dark, want

16
 7. /ə/ AS IN FUN*: Love all, trust a few, do wrong to none.
Common Spelling Patterns for /ə/
u but, fun, summer, drunk
o love, done, come, son
ou cousin, country, enough

 Quick Review: Word Contrasts for /æ/ Versus /ɑ/

and /ɑ/ Versus /ə/

/æ/ /ɑ/ /æ/ /ɑ/

1. hat hot 5. cap cop
2. lack lock 6. add odd
3. sack sock 7. rack rock
4. sang song 8. tap top

/ɑ/ /ə/ /ɑ/ /ə/

1. Don Done 5. Lock Luck
2. Shot Shut 6. Non None
3. Fond Fund 7. Robber Rubber
4. Got Gut 8. Doll dull

10
VOCABULARY BUILDER (Meat, fish,
dairy, and snacks)

MEAT

17
FISH AND SEAFOOD

DAIRY

FAST FOOD AND LIGHT SNACKS

18
 Phrases for Good Luck & Bad Luck and
11 Worries & Relief
Good luck! Bonne chance! Mirary soa e!
Break a leg!
Better luck next time. Plus de chance la prochaine Mbola ho Tsara vintana
fois. amin'ny manaraka.
Just my luck! (this is a Juste pas de chance! Tsy androko androany!
sarcastic phrase meaning
that something UNLUCKY
happened)
Lucky you! Quel chanceux êtes-vous! Tsara vintana ianao!
That was a stroke of luck. C'était un coup de chance. Vintana ihany izany.
(= a sudden event of good luck)
Some people have all the Certains ont de la chance Lasan’ny sasany ny vintana
luck. (say this when someone rehetra.
else is constantly lucky, and
you feel like you’re not lucky)
As luck would have it… (= Comme par hasard… Raha ny vintana dia ho…
by chance)
He’s down on his luck. (= Il n’a pas de chance. Tsy manana vintana izy
he’s having a long period of
bad luck or difficulty)
No such luck. (= something Pas de chance. Tsy misy vintana
good that could have
happened, didn’t happen)
What rotten luck! Quelle malchance ! Tena ratsy vintana!
I’m scared that… J'ai peur que… Matahotra aho fa…
I can’t help thinking that… Je ne peux pas m'empêcher Tsy mety afaka ao andohako
(use this for thoughts that you de penser ça… fa…
try to avoid, but they keep
coming into your mind)
It’s been keeping me up at Cela m'empêche de dormir Tsy mapahitatory ahy
night. (use this when you’re la nuit. amin'ny alina izany.
so worried about something
that you can’t sleep)
What if… ? Et si… ? Ary raha… ?
Whew! Ouf! -
Thank goodness! Dieu merci! Misaotra
AN'ANDRIAMANITRA!
What a relief! Quel soulagement! -
You had me worried for a Tu m'as inquiété pendant un Napanahy ahy elaela ianao.
moment. moment.
You have no idea what a Vous n’avez aucune idée à Tsy hainao hoe inona izany
relief it is. quel point c’est un fanamaivanana izany.
soulagement.

19
 That’s a huge load off my C'est un soulagement Fanamaivanana lehibe ho
mind. énorme pour moi. ahy izany.

12
GRAMMAR : Modal verbs

Modals Use Example

Can -Ability now or -I can run a kilometer in 4h.
generally -We can meet at the gym tomorrow
-Decision made now if you like.
ABILITY about future ability
Could Ability in the past I could do fifty press-ups with one
hand when I was younger.
Could+perfect Ability in the past I could have roasted the potatoes,but
infinitive hypothetical situation I decided that boiling them was
healthier.
May Asking for and giving
PERMISSON Could permission now ,for the May/could/can I see the
Can future or generally. doctor,please?
ADVICE Should Asking for and giving You ought to/should cut down on
Ought to advice now ,for the the amount of red meat you eat.
future or generally.
CRITICISM Should /Ought to Criticising past He ought to/should have made more
+ perfect infinitive bihaviour of an effort with his deit.
Must/have Obligation or necessity I must/have to/need to pick up that
to/need to prescription from the chemist on the
way home.
Needn’t/don’t Lack of Obligation or You need’nt/don’t have to/don’t
OBLIGATION have to/don’t necessity need to pick up that prescription
& need to from the chemist as I will get it while
NECESSITY I am in town.
Had to Past obligation I had to take the pills three times a
day for two weeks.
Needn’t(+PI) / Lack of Past obligation I needn’t have gone /didn’t have to
didn’t have to , go /didn’t need to go to the doctor.
didn’t need to
DEGREES OF Must Certainty or near -That must be the district nurse at
CERTAINTY ,can’t,couldn’t certainty about now or the door.
generally -These can’t/couldn’t be the pills,
they’re the wrong color.
Must Certainty or near She must have been in a lot of pain
,can’t,couldn’t + PI certainty about past His leg can’t/couldn’t have been in
plaster for two years!
Should, ought to Probability about now , You ought to/should feel better in a
the future or generally few days,as long as you get lots of
rest.
Should, ought to Probability about the The bruise ought to /should have
+ PI past disappeared days ago,I wonder why
It didn’t.

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 Could , may , Possibility about now, You should talk to your doctor first
might the future or generally because that diet could/may/might
be dangerous.
Could , may , Possibility about the That could/may/might have been
might + PI real past the doctor who rang earlier while we
were out.
Could,might + PI Possibility about the It’s a good thing you were to the
hypothetical past doctor or you could/might have
become quite ill.

SNACKS
1. Do you like snacks?
2. What kinds of snacks are popular in your Area?
3. Do you think eating snacks is good for your health?

No, not really. I generally prefer to eat at meal times rather than graze between meals.
Yes, I do. Around mid morning I usually have some fruit and then at about 3pm I have
some biscuits or something like that.
Well, I guess that most people eat junk food like ships, chocolate and biscuits for their
snacks.
I suppose office workers mainly eat junk food like biscuits but other people sometimes
eat fruit or something healthier.
I think that if you’re hungry, it’s perfectly fine to have some fruit but if people eat junk
food between meals, then it’s really unhealthy.
I think all kind of snacking between main meals is bad for your health. If people
avoided snacking, they would be much healthier and less over weight.

WHERE (place => "ou,izay") , WHEN(time => "quand") ,WHEREBY(process => "par lequel")
=> that is the place where the judge sits.
=> he is looking forward to the day when he'll be released from prison.
=> She developed a strategy whereby she could efficiently manage her time..
=> Tommy has many pets some of which are cats.
Production of Vowels , /ɔ/ AS IN SAW and
13 /oʊ/ AS IN BOAT
8. /ɔ/ AS IN SAW: Courage is the first of human qualities because
it is the quality which guarantees all the others.

21
 Common Spelling Patterns for /ɔ/
aw saw, law, awful, awesome
au author, August, applaud, audition
al small, walk, tall, always
ought bought, thought, fought
aught daughter, caught
o gone, off, long
9. /oʊ/ AS IN BOAT: No bird soars too high if he soars with his
own wings.
Common Spelling Patterns for /oʊ/
o no, don’t, home, only

oa road, coat, boat

ow own, slow, window

ough though, although

 Quick Review: Word Contrasts for /ə/ Versus /ɔ/

and /ɑ, ɔ/ Versus /oʊ/

/ə/ /ɔ/ /ə/ /ɔ/

cut caught but bought
hull hall sung song
done dawn cuff cough
dug dog flood flawed

/ɑ, ɔ/ /oʊ/ /ɑ, ɔ/ /oʊ/

bought boat caught coat
law low walk woke
clause close not note
odd owed got goat
want won’t non known

22
 14
Phrases for Talking about the Future

It’ll happen any day now. Cela arrivera d’un jour à l’autre Hitranga izany na oviana na oviana.
désormais.
It’s right around the corner. Efa akaiky kely.
C'est juste au coin de la rue.
…in the near future. …dans le futur proche. Ato ho ato.
It will/won’t happen in our Cela n’arrivera/n’arrivera Izany dia tsy hitranga
lifetime. (= in the next 40-50 pas de notre vivant. amin'ny androm-
years) piainantsika
It’s a sign/taste of things to C’est un signe/avant-goût Famantarana mialoha ny
come. (= it indicates how des choses à venir. zavatra ho avy izany.
things will be in the future)
I’m counting down the days Je compte les jours Manisa andro aho mandra-
until… (= I’m excited about the jusqu'à… pahatongan'ny...
future event, I can’t wait for it
to happen)
Sooner or later… / It’s Tôt ou tard… / Cela finira Na ho ela na ho haingana... /
bound to happen eventually. forcément par arriver. Tsy maintsy hitranga
(= it will definitely happen amin'ny farany.
sometime in the future)
I’ll get around to it. (= I’ll do it je le ferai dans le futur. Izaho dia hanao izany
sometime in the future, but I amin'ny ho avy.
don’t know exactly when)
I’ll do it right away. / I’ll get Je vais le faire tout de Ataoko avy hatrany
right on it. (= I’ll do it suite
immediately)
Time will tell. (in the future, Le temps nous le dira Ny fotoana no hilaza
we will know if something is amintsika
true/false or good/bad)

15
VOCABULARY BUILDER: Fruit and Nuts

FRUIT

23
NUTS AND DRIED FRUIT

24
 16
GRAMMAR RULES: the passive, the
causative, direct and indirect object
PASSIVE :
Form : Noun + be in the correct form + past participle (+by/with + noun)
ACTIVE PASSSIVE
Present Simple They grow bannas in tropical Am , is , are + PP
areas. Bannas are grown in tropical
areas
Present Conitinuous They are redecorating the café Am , is , are + being + PP
The café is being redecorated
Present Perfect Has anyone peeled the carrots ? Has , have ++ been + PP
Simple Have the carrots been peeled ?
Past simple They served the meal in an was,were + PP
elegant dining room. the meal was sereved in an
elegant dining room.
Past continuous We asked for coffee while they Was , were + being + PP
were preparing the check/bill. We asked for coffee while the
check /bill was beeing prepared.
Past perfect simple Someone had eaten all the food Had + been + PP
by the time I got there All the food had been eaten by
the time I got there
Will (future) We will deliver your pizza in Will + be + PP
forty minutes. Your pizza will be delivered in
forty minutes.
To be going to Overweight customer are going Is, are going to + be + PP
(future) to sue Burgerland. Burgerland is going to be sued
by overweight customer.
Future perfect They will have harvested all the Will + have + been+ PP
simple grapes by the end of september All the grapes will have been
harevested by the end of
September.
Modal You should brush the chicken Modal + be + PP
breast with oil and then fry it. The chicken breast should be
brushed with oil and then fried.
Modal + perfect They should have selivered the Modal + have + been + PP
infinitive groceries by now The groceries should have been
delivered by now
-ing (gerund) I don’t like people telling me being+PP
what to do in the kitchen I don’t like being told what to do
in the kitchen.
USE EXAMPLE
Rehefa tsy fantatra hoe iza no nanao/manao My groceries have been stolen!
ilay zavatra
Rehefa fantatra , na tsy vaovao @ olona ilay A boy was arrested in town yesterday for
mpanao ilay zavatra dia tsy mila tenenina stealing an apple
intsony.
Rehefa tsy tena manan-danja ilay nanao azy The French bistro is being knocked down
Rehefa tina hiavaka ilay “new information” n The potato was brought to Europe by Sir
ate hampiasa teny mihaja kokoa (formal) walter Raleigh.

25
THE IMPERSONAL PASSIVE : Ampiasaina rehefa milaza ny hevitrin’ny olona
@ fomba mihaja. Afaka apesaina daholo ireto : Say,believe , think,claim,esstimate
Form : - Noun + is/are said to + infinitive/perfect infinitive
- It is said that + clause
ACTIVE PASSSIVE
People think he is great He is thought to be a great chef.
chef. It is thought that he is a great chef
People believe he was a He is believed to have been a great chief
great chef. It is believed that he was a great chief
People claim he has had He is claimed to have had an influence on many mother chefs.
an influence on many It is claimed that he has had an influence on many other chefs.
other chefs
People say he has had an He is said to have been making the best cheese in the area for
influence on many other over thirty years.
chefs. It is said that he has been making the best cheese in the area
for over thirty years.
People estimated that his His restaurant was estimated to be/to have been worth over
restaurant was worth $10 million
over $10 million. It was estimated that his restaurant was worth over $10
million.
People have suggested It has been suggested that he is a great chef.
that he is a great chef.
THE CAUSATIVE:
Form : Noun + have/get in the correct form + noun + PP (+by/with + noun)
USE EXAMPLE
To show that someone I have my groceries delivered by the supermarket once a week
arranges for someone We are having a new cooker put in tomorrow
else to do something for We had a large wedding cake made
them. Have you had your living room decorated?
We are going to have the food for the party made by Bomartin.
To refer to an
unpleasant situation We had our herb garden vandalized while we were away.
which hasn’t been The Smiths have had their new microwave stolen
arranged
DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS:
Ny verb sasany dia afaka arahana direct na indirect object(matetika olona).Ex:
bring,buy,get,give,lend,make,offer,owe,pass,promise,send,show,take,tell,…
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Afaka atao atao aorinan’ny verb ilay IO na Ny Subject @ ilay fehezan-teny dia mety ho IO na DO
any @ faran’ny sentence miaraka @ an’ilay active voice.
preposition : For/to…

A friend gave my sister this cookery book. My sister was given this cookery book by a friend

A friend gave this cookery book to my sister This cookery book was given to my sister by a friend

26
 Would you prefer to eat fruit or snack?
Alright, let's really dig into this topic! So, when we're talking about
choosing between fruit and snacks, there's a lot to think about. First
off, you've got fruit, right? Think apples, bananas, berries – all those
good-for-you goodies. They're chock-full of vitamins, fiber, and
natural sugars that can give you a nice little pick-me-up without any
of that crash you might get from, say, a candy bar.

But then there are snacks. Oh boy, snacks. Chips, cookies, pretzels –
you name it. They're convenient, they're tasty, and they're oh-so-
easy to grab when you're on the move. Plus, there's just something
about that satisfying crunch or that sweet, sugary goodness that's
hard to resist.

Now, let's talk about the reality of it all. We're living in a fast-paced
world, right? We're busy, we're constantly on the go, and
sometimes, convenience wins out over everything else. And let's be
real, snacks are everywhere. They're in the vending machines at
work, they're staring at you from the grocery store shelves – they're
practically calling your name.

But here's the deal: it's all about finding that balance. Sure, snacks
are great, but so is fruit. And incorporating more fruit into your diet
can really make a difference in how you feel – more energy, better
digestion, you name it. So, maybe it's worth taking a second look at
that fruit bowl sitting on your kitchen counter.

In the end, whether you're team fruit or team snacks, it's all about
making choices that work for you. Maybe it's grabbing an apple
instead of a bag of chips for your afternoon snack, or maybe it's
treating yourself to a cookie every now and then. Whatever it is, just
remember to listen to your body, enjoy what you eat, and find that
sweet spot of balance.

WHOSE (possession,relationship => "dont"), WHAT (something => "ce que / qui "), HOW TO
(methode => "comment,ahoana ny fomba") , WHY (reason => "pourquoi")
=> this is the lawyer whose client lied in court.
=> I need to learn how to get self-confident.
=> she didn't say why she was late.

Production of Vowels , /ʊ/ AS IN GOOD and

17 /u/ AS IN TOO
27
10. /ʊ/ AS IN GOOD: Without words, without writing and
without books there would be no history, there could be no concept
of humanity.
Common Spelling Patterns for /ʊ/
oo good, look, childhood, understood
u push, full, pull, sugar
ould would, could, should
exception: woman sounds like “wumun”

11. /u/ AS IN TOO: If you could choose one characteristic that

would get you through life, choose a sense of humor.

Common Spelling Patterns for /u/

oo too, food, school, tool
ue true, blue, avenue
o do, who, lose, prove
ew new, blew, drew
u super, rule, duty, student

 Quick Review: Word Contrasts for /ʊ/ Versus /u/

/ʊ/ /u/ /ʊ/ /u/

full fool pull pool
look Luke stood stewed

18 Phrases for Compliments

You look nice. / You look Tu as l'air sympa. / Tu es Mahafinaritra ianao.

amazing! superbe !
What a beautiful Quel beau…..! Tsara izany ….izany
[necklace/dress/etc.]!
I like your J'aime ta tiako ny ….anao
[shirt/shoes/haircut/etc.]
The lasagna is delicious. Les lasagnes sont délicieuses. Ny lasagna dia matsiro.
You’re a fantastic cook. Tu es un cuisinier fantastique. Mpahandro mahafinaritra ianao.
My compliments to the chef! Mes félicitations au chef! Deraina manokana ny sefo mpahandro!

28
 What a nice apartment! Quel bel appartement ! Tsara izany trano izany!
Vous avez une belle maison. Manana trano mahafinaritra ianao.
You have a beautiful
home.
He’s/She’s so cute! Il est/Elle est si mignon ! Tena mahafatifaty izy!
Your kids are a lot of fun. Vos enfants sont très amusants Mahafinaritra be ny zanakao

VOCABULARY BUILDER: Vegetables,

19 Bread, desserts, and condiments
VEGETABLES

29
BREAD, PASTA, AND DESSERTS

30
 FLAVORINGS AND CONDIMENTS

31
 VEGETABLES AND FRUITS

1. What's your favorite vegetable and fruit?

2. How often do you eat fruits?
3. Are there any special fruits in your hometown?
4. Should we eat vegetables every day?

My top three favorite fruits and vegetables are broccoli, celery and grapes
because all of them are both nutritious and delicious. Also, I want to give
mushrooms an honorable mention as they are one of my favorite things to cook
with, although they are a fungus.
I eat fruit at home on a daily basis. I always buy a lot of different types of fruit in
the shopping mall at the weekends for my whole family.
Oh yes, there are loquat trees everywhere in my hometown. Loquat is very
sweet and has lots of nutrition and is actually medicinal too.
Yes, we do. We really need to eat vegetables every day because you simply
cannot find another food group that is as perfectly matched to our everyday
human needs. There are various proteins, fiber and vitamin that cannot be
found in other foods such as meat.

Production of Vowels , /ər/ AS IN BIRD , /aɪ/ AS

20 IN TIME, /aʊ/ AS IN HOUSE, /ɔɪ/ AS IN BOY

12. /ər/ AS IN BIRD: Life is uncertain. Eat dessert first.

Common Spelling Patterns for /ər/

er her, mercy, mother, winner

ear heard, learn, earth
ir first, girl, firm
or doctor, word, worry
ur occur, curtain, jury
ure insecure, culture
ar grammar, collar

32
 13. /aɪ/ AS IN TIME: We must use time wisely and forever
realize that the time is always ripe to do right.
Common Spelling Patterns for /aɪ/

y fly, sky, apply, style

i nice, kind, fine, sign
igh light, fight, sight, night
ie lie, tie, tried

14. /aʊ/ AS IN HOUSE: It is better to keep your mouth closed

and let people think you are a fool than to open it and remove all
doubt.
Common Spelling Patterns for /aʊ/

ou found, loud, around, thousand

ow now, down, crowd, vowel

15. /ɔɪ/ AS IN BOY: Don’t worry about avoiding temptation. As

you get older, it will avoid you.
Common Spelling Patterns for / ɔɪ/

oi avoid, oil, moist, join

oy enjoy, toy, employ, royal

21
VOCABULARY BUILDER: Drinking and
eating

DRINKS

33
 FOOD AND DRINK CONTAINERS

FOOD AND DRINK: ADJECTIVES

34
 EATING AND DRINKING

22
GRAMMAR RULES: -ing form or
infinitive , prefer/would rather/had better,
infinitives of purpose
VERB/NOUN/ADJECTIVE PHRASE + ING FORM:
Admit Delay Dislike Fancy Involve Miss Resist
Appreciate Deny Enjoy Feel like Keep(on) Postpone Risk
Avoid Detest Escape Finish Mention Practice Suggest
Can’t help discuss Face Give up Mind Put off understand
I can’t stand people cheating in exams
Example I’m interested in hearing more about that English course at ETTC Madagascar.
I’ve finished writing my essay

VERB/NOUN/ADJECTIVE PHRASE + FULL INFINITIVE:

Able Arrange Choose Fail Manage Prepare Seem
Afford Ask Decide Happen Offer Pretend Tend
Agree Attempt Encourage Help Plan Promise Want
Appear Beg Expect Hope Pleased Refuse wish
Your answer appears to be wrong
Example I didn’t want to take the exam
My mum didn’t want me to take the exam

VERB + BARE INFINITIVE:

Misy karazana verbs afaka arahina OBJECT + BARE INFINITIVE toy ireto ambany ireto:
Feel Hear Let Make Notice See Watch

35
 I heard Miss Nivo tell Julie not to do that.(= I heard all of it)
Example I heard Miss Nivo telling Julie not to do that (=I heard part of it)
The teacher made me stand in the corner
I was made to stand in the corner

VERB + FULL INFINITIVE OR ING FORM (with a little or

no change in the meaning):
Beging Can’t bear/stand Continue Hate Intend Love prefer start
Example We continued to do experiments in the lab all afternoon
We continued doing experiments in the lab all afternoon

VERB + FULL INFINITIVE OR ING FORM (with a change

in the meaning):
Learn Remember Go on Mean Teach Consider
Like Stop Imagine Regret try Forget
I remember teachers at my school hitting children when they were naughty!
Example Did you remember to do your homework?

PREFER, WOULD RATHER, HAD BETTER :

FORM USE EXAMPLE
Prefer + noun/-ing + to Expressiong general preference I prefer biology to history
+ noun/-ing I prefer reading English texts to
speaking in English
Would prefer + full Expressing specific I’d prefer to have the lesson on
infinitive + rather than preference(on this occasion) Wednesday rather than ([to]have
(+ bare/full inf) it) on Tuesday
Would rather + bare inf Expressin general or specific I’d rather have lesson on
+ than(+bare inf) preference Wednesday than(have it)on tuesday
Would rather+ Sb+ Epressing general or specific I’d rather you didn’t sit next to Sam.
Past simple/past preference( about someone else)
continuous
Had better +bare Giving advice You’d better ask your parent if you
infinitive can come on the school trip

INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE: Entina ilazana ny antony anaovan’ny olona zavatra

iray (tanjona)

FORM EXAMPLE
The full infinitive I went to university to avoid getting a job
In order + full infinitive I went to university in order to avoid getting a job
So as + full infinitive I went to university so as to avoid getting a job

36
 23
Phrases for Certainty & Probability

I’m absolutely sure. J'en suis absolument sûr. Tena azoko antoka izany.
I’m positive that… Je suis sûr que… Azoko antoka fa…
Je n'en doute pas… Tsy manana ahiahy momba
I have no doubt that…
izany aho…
I’m a hundred percent J’en suis sûr à cent pour Matoky zato isan-jato aho.
certain. cent.
I’m convinced that… Je suis convaincue que… Resy lahatra aho fa…
Chances are that… (= this
will probably happen) Il y a de fortes chances que… Mety ho…
Odds are that… (= this will
probably happen)
I seriously doubt it. J'en doute sérieusement. Tena misalasala aho izany.
I don’t think so. Je ne pense pas. Ataoko angamba fa tsy izany.
Probably not. Probablement pas. Angamba tsy izany.
It’s not very likely. Ce n’est pas très probable. Tsy dia azo inoana loatra izany.
There’s not much chance Il n’y a pas beaucoup de Tsy dia misy firy ny mety
of that. chance que cela se produise hitrangan'izany
I’d be very surprised if Je serais très surpris si cela Tena gaga aho raha izany no
that happened. se produisait. mitranga.
I wouldn’t bet on it. (= Je ne parierais pas là- Tsy hatoky amin'izany aho.
there’s a small chance it dessus.
could happen… but it
probably won’t happen)
That’ll never happen. Cela n’arrivera jamais. Tsy hitranga mihitsy izany.

What is your favorite food and beverage?

Well partner , if there’s one thing I can talk about all day,it’s gotta be my favorite
grub and drink combo. Picture this: a sizzling hot summer day,the sun’s beating
down, and what do I crave? A big juicy cheeseburger, cooked just right on the grill,
with that crispy char on the outside and the melt in your mouth goodness on the
inside. Topped off with some crisp lettuce , juicy tomatoes, may be a slice or two of
pickles , and a generous slather of tangy mayo and ketchup now that’s what I call
perfection on a bun!
But hold up we ain’t done [Link] can’t have a burger without a cold one to wash it
down , am I right? I’m talking about cracking open a frosty beer, hearing that
satisfying hiss as the cap comes off,and taking that first refreshing [Link] it’s
a crisp lager,a hoppy IPA , or a smooth stout , there’s just something about that ice
cold brew that hits the spot like nothing else.
So there you have it,friend my all time favorite food and drink [Link]’t nothing
fancy,but it sure does hit the spot every single time.

37
 24
Vowels in detail: Review of /I/ and /i/ Sounds , /ɛ/
and /æ/ Sounds

Review of /I/ and /i/ Sounds:

DO NOT

SAY Warning: Dangerous Mistake

Guilty or Innocent?
Let’s be realistic. It’s not that difficult to see that he’s guilty. He
steals, drinks, and cheats. He has cheated his victims, and he needs
to be in prison. He did these terrible things, yet he insists that he’s
innocent. Who is he kidding? In the beginning, many people did
believe that he was innocent. But now we have the evidence that we
need. Even though he won’t admit his guilt, I foresee him being in
prison for at least fifteen years. Don’t you agree with me?

Review of /ɛ/ and / æ/ Sounds:

A Trip to France
Next January I’m planning to visit my friends in France. Last time I
went there, I was only ten or eleven. I would love to go back again. I
am taking a class called “French for Travelers.” We are memorizing
vocabulary and learning the present and past tenses. I want my
French to get better, and I am practicing every chance I get. I
watched a French film, and I felt so bad because I didn’t understand a
word they said. I guess I will have to make an extra effort. I want to
learn the language and have a better accent so that people can
understand me when I am asking for directions and ordering in
restaurants.

38
 25
Ways to Say Something is Interesting/Boring and
Phrases for Cheering Someone Up
It’s fascinating. C'est fascinant. Mahavariana izany.
It’s intriguing. C’est intriguant. Manitikitika ny saiko.
I couldn’t tear myself away. Je ne pouvais pas m'arracher. Tsy afaka nanala ny tenako aho.
I couldn’t put it down. (this Je ne pouvais pas le laisser Tsy afaka manajanona ity
phrase is used for en tomber. aho.
extremely interesting book)
I was so into it, I lost track J'étais tellement dedans que Tena nankafiziko izany ka tsy
of time. j'ai perdu la notion du temps. arako intsony ny hora.
It does nothing for me. Cela ne me fait rien. Tsy misy dikany amiko izany.
I was bored to tears. Je m'ennuyais jusqu'aux larmes. Tena mahakamo.
I was bored to death. Je m'ennuyais à mourir. Tena leo aho.
I was dying of boredom. Je mourais d'ennui. Maty noho ny fahasorenana aho.
It’s about as exciting as c'est très ennuyeux tena mankaleo
watching paint dry. (= it’s
very boring)
What’s the matter? Quel est le problème? Inona no olana?
What’s wrong? Qu'est-ce qui ne va pas? Inona no olana?
Are you all right? Est-ce que vous allez bien? Tsy maninona ve ianao?
You look a bit down. (= a Vous avez l'air un peu Otrany maloka ny tavanao.
little sad) baissé.
Is there anything I can do Puis-je faire quelque chose Misy zavatra azoko atao
to help? pour vous aider ? hanampiana anao ve?
Cheer up! / Chin up! Remonter le moral! / Tête haute! Aza kivy! / atrakao ny loha!
It’s not so bad. Ce n'est pas si grave. Tsy dia maninona izany.
Everything will be OK. Tout va bien se passer Hilamina ny zava-drehetra
Look on the bright side. (= Regarder le bon côté des Jereo ny lafin-tsarany.
consider the positive aspects) choses.
It’s not the end of the Ce n'est pas la fin du monde. Tsy izao no farandro.
world. (this phrase is used
when someone is upset about
something small and trivial)

26
VOCABULARY BUILDER: Eating in and eating out

MEALS

39
FOOD PREPARATION

EATING OUT: NOUNS

40
 EATING OUT: VERBS

Would you prefer to eat in or out?

Alright, y'all, let's chat about eating in or eating out. It's like a never-ending
debate, but each side has its own [Link] this: it's Sunday morning,
you're still in your PJs, and the smell of bacon is filling up your kitchen.
That's eating in at its finest. There's something cozy about cooking up a big
brunch spread at home, flipping pancakes, frying eggs, you name it.

But then there's the excitement of eating out. Like, who doesn't love
grabbing a snack from a food stall while you're out running errands? Or
hitting up your favorite lunch spot with friends for a juicy burger or a fresh
salad?and let's not forget about the joy of baking. I mean, is there anything
better than pulling a batch of warm cookies out of the oven and devouring
them with a glass of milk?

On the flip side, eating out means you get to try all sorts of different dishes
without lifting a finger in the kitchen. Plus, there's no cleanup involved,
which is always a win in my [Link] when it comes to dessert, whether
you're whipping something up at home or treating yourself to a decadent
treat at a restaurant, it's all about satisfying those sweet cravings.

So, whether you're cooking up a storm at home or sampling your way

through a restaurant menu, there's no wrong way to do it. It's all about
what you're in the mood for and what fits your vibe at the moment. So go
ahead, indulge a little, and enjoy every bite!

41
 27
Vowels in detail:
Neutral Sounds /ə/ and /ʊ/

DO NOT c
SAY Warning: Dangerous Mistake
cup, cop, cap, and cope.
ə ɑ ɔ
/ə/, /ɔ/ , /ɑ/ , /ou/

/ə/ /ɔ/

 c

Memorizing the Exceptions

Words spelled with o but pronounced as /ə/.

above cover dove Monday none one something tongue

another come from money nothing other somewhere won

brother does gonna month of oven son wonderful

done
color love mother once some ton

Words spelled with ou and pronounced as /ə/.

double couple Douglas enough rough country tough cousin touch southern

Words spelled with oo and pronounced as /ə/.

blood flood

Words spelled with a and pronounced as /ə/.

what was

42
 
Memorize these Words
Most common words with the /ʊ/ sound spelled with “oo.”

adulthood cook football hook shook understood

c
book cookie good look stood wood
childhood foot hood neighborhood took wool

Most common words with the /ʊ/ sound spelled with “u.”
bull bush full push sugar c
bullet butcher pull put

Words with the /ʊ/ sound spelled with “ould.”

c
could should would

Words with the /ʊ/ sound spelled with “o.”

c
wolf woman

28
VOCABULARY BUILDER: Jobs

JOBS

43
44
 29
Phrases for Asking/Talking about Jobs and
Phrases for Disappointment

Where do you work? Où travaillez-vous? Aiza ianao no miasa?

What do you do? / What Que fais-tu? / Que fais-tu Manao inona ianao? /Inona
do you do for a living? dans la vie? ny asa ivelomanao?
I work at… [Microsoft]. Je travaille chez… Miasa ao amin'ny…
I’m a/an… [accountant]. je suis un/un Izaho dia….
I’m unemployed. / I’m Je suis au chômage. Tsy an'asa aho.
between jobs at the
moment.
I’m looking for work. Je cherche du travail Mitady asa aho
I’m a stay-at-home Je suis une maman/un papa Mikarakara tokatrano aho
mom/dad. au foyer.
I run my own business. Je dirige ma propre entreprise. Izaho manokana no mitantana ny orinasako.

I’m a freelance… Je suis indépendant… …mahaleo tena aho

[writer/designer/etc.]
I’m retired. Je suis à la retraite. Efa misotro ronono aho.
What a pity! Quel dommage! Mahaontsa!
What a shame. Quelle honte. Mahamenatra.
How disappointing. Quel dommage. Mahaontsa.
That’s too bad. C'est dommage. Mahamenatra.
Bummer. Déception. Fahadisoam-panantenana.
It was a real letdown. Ce fut une véritable déception. Tena fahadisoam-panantenana izany.

It didn’t live up to my Cela n’a pas répondu à mes Tsy araka ny nantenaiko
expectations. attentes. izany.

30
GRAMMAR RULES: Reported speech and
Reported question

 Apesaina ny “reported speech” rehefa te hiteny zavatra efa avy noteninina olona
iray. Ex: Jason said he was going to buy a new pair of sneakers.
 Rehefa “past” ilay “reporting verb” (ex: said) dia matetika hovaina foana ny “tense”
an’ilay phrase notenenin’ilay olona
 Mila ovaina ihany koa ny “Ponouns” sy ny “determiners” rehefa manao “reported
speech”
 Mila ovaina ihany koa ny “phrase” mifandray @ ”Time” sy “place “

45
 [Link] [Link] EXAMPLE
Present simple Past simple “I need a credit card” said Tim. ⇰Tim said he needed a credit card.
Present Past continuous “I’m taking lizzie shopping “ said Tom. ⇰Tom said he was taking
continuous Lizzie shopping
Present Perfect Past Perfect Tim said:“I’ve bought Tom a present”. ⇰ Tim said he’d bought
Simple Simple Tom a present
Present Perfect Past perfect “I’ve been thinking about buying a car”said John. ⇰John said he’d
continuous continuous been thinking about buying a car
Past Simple Past perfect “I spent six dollars”said Sam. ⇰ Sam said he had spent six dollars.
simple
Past continuous Past perfect “I was hoping to find a new top”said Dave. ⇰Dave said he had
continuous been hoping to find a new top.
Past Perfect “I’d looked everywhere for my credit card before I found it”said
Simple ∞ Luke. ⇰Luke said he had looked everywhere for his credit card
before he found it.
Past perfect “I’d been looking for that book for weeks before I found it”said
continuous ∞ Sarah. ⇰Sarah said he’d been looking for that book for weeks
before she found it.
Am/is/are going Was/were going “I’m going to go shopping “said Anna. ⇰ Anna said she was going
to to to go shopping.
Will Would “I’ll need a credit card” said Jane. ⇰ Jane said she would need a
credit card.
Can Could “I can take ken shopping”said Sam. ⇰ Sam said he could take ken
shopping
Must/have to Had to “I must go to the shop”said Tim. ⇰Tim said he had to go to the shop
May Might “I may go shopping later”said Amy. ⇰ Amy said she might go
shopping later
my His/her “I’ve lost my Keys” said Samuel. ⇰Samuel said he had lost his keys
This/that+noun The/that “I love this sweater”said Emma. ⇰Emma said she loved that sweater
This/that+verb It “this is a lovely jeans”said Tom. ⇰Tom said it was a lovely jeans
These/those The/those “I love those sweaters”said tom. ⇰Tom said he loved the/those
+noun sweater
These/those+no They “these are lovely puppies” said Sam. ⇰Sam said they were lovely
un puppies
Verb+these/ Them “I am going to buy these”said Sam. ⇰Sam said he was going to buy
those them.
Here There “I usually shop here”said Maria . ⇰Maria said she usually shopped
there.
Now/at the Then/at that “I am shopping at the moment”said Lucie. ⇰ Lucie said she was
moment moment shopping then/at that moment
Tomorrow The next/Following “I’m going shopping tomorrow”said Samuel. ⇰Samuel said he was
day going shopping the next /following day
Tonight That night “I’m going to eat out tonight”said Tim. ⇰Tim said he is going to
eat out that night
Next The following “I’m going to swim next week”said Jay. ⇰Jay said he was going to
week/month/year week/month/year swim the following week.
Yesterday The day before “I went shopping yesterday” said Tom. ⇰Tom said he had gone
/the previous day shopping the previous day.
Last The week before, “I went to my cousin last month” said Laura. ⇰Laura said she had
week/month/year the previous week gone to her cousin the month before
Ago Before/previously “I played video game two hours ago”said Billy. ⇰Billy said he had
played video game two hours previously.

46
 REPORTED QUESTION: Apesaina rehefa te hamerina fanontaniana napetrak’olonkafa
ary mitovy ny etsy ambony ihany ny “rules” arahina.
[Link] [Link] EXAMPLE
Have,do,be or modal Use If or “Can you get me on ice cream,tom? Asked Tim. ⇰Tim
(yes or no questions) whether asked Tom if /whether he could get him an ice cream
What,who,which,when What “Why did you buy these shoes?”asked Tim. ⇰ Tim
,where,why and how ,who..how asked me why I had bought those shoes.

WHAT DO YOU DO FOR LIVING ?

Well,You know, life's been pretty busy lately. I'm knee-deep in the whole
college scene, trying to navigate my way through the maze of lectures,
assignments, and late-night study sessions. Yep, I am still a student,
chasing that elusive degree in computer science. It's a trip, man, let me tell
you.

Every day is a new adventure, diving into algorithms, wrestling with code,
and trying to wrap my head around all those mind-boggling concepts. But
hey, I'm loving every minute of it. There's something exhilarating about
unraveling the mysteries of the digital universe, you know?

So, what do I see myself doing once I finally toss that cap in the air and
graduate? Well, I've got my sights set on becoming a software engineer.
Picture me, hunched over a keyboard, tapping away at lines of code,
bringing ideas to life one program at a time. It's like being a digital
architect, crafting the blueprints for tomorrow's innovations.

Maybe I'll end up at a big-name tech company, rubbing elbows with the
industry's best and brightest. Or perhaps I'll carve out my own path,
diving headfirst into the startup world, chasing that entrepreneurial
dream. Who knows? The possibilities are endless, and that's what makes
it all so exciting.

But for now, it's all about embracing the grind, soaking up knowledge like
a sponge, and keeping my eyes on the prize. Because in the end, it's not
just about getting a job—it's about finding my passion and making a
difference in the world, one line of code at a time.

ELLIPSIS: phrase izay ampifandraisin'ny AND, BUT ,OR dia ajanona izay teny miverina.
=> I'd love to be a boxer, but I am not strong enough [to be a boxer]
=> she loved the original and [she loved] the sequel
=> I can't decide if I want a burger or [I want] a hotdog

FORMING AMERICAN CONSONANTS:

31 Voiceless and Voiced Consonant Pairs

47
 Gum Ridge
Nasal Cavity
Hard Palate
Upper Teeth
Soft Palate
Upper Lip
Nasal Passage
Lower Lip
Lower Teeth Tongue:
back
Jaw middle
Vocal Cords front
tip
Throat
Breath Stream
from Lungs

Voiceless Voiced
Consonants Consonants
How to Produce the Sound
(vocal cords do (vocal cords
not vibrate) vibrate)
/p/ pet /b/ bet Lips start fully together, then part quickly to produce
rope robe a small release of air.
/t/ ten /d/ den Tip of the tongue is slightly tense as it firmly touches
seat seed and then releases the gum ridge.
/k/ class /g/ glass Back of tongue presses up against soft
back bag palate (back of mouth) and releases.
/f/ /v/
fault vault Lower lips lightly touch upper teeth; vibration occurs
leaf leave on the lips from the flow of air created.

/θ/ /ð/ Tip of the tongue touches back of front teeth or

thank this
edges of front teeth. Air flows out between tongue
breath breathe
and teeth.
/s/ /z/ Sides of tongue touch middle and back upper teeth.
sink zinc
Tip of tongue is lowered a bit. Air flows out of middle
price prize
part of the tongue.
/ʃ/ /ʒ/ Tip of tongue is down, sides of tongue are against
pressure pleasure
upper teeth on sides of mouth. Air flows out through
wish massage
middle of tongue.
/tʃ/ /ʤ/ Tip of tongue is down, sides of tongue are against
choke joke
upper teeth on the side of mouth. Tip of tongue
rich ridge
quickly touches gum ridge and then releases.
/tʃ/ /ʤ/ Tip of tongue is down, sides of tongue are against
choke joke
upper teeth on the side of mouth. Tip of tongue
rich ridge
quickly touches gum ridge and then releases.
/m/ mom
from Lips together. Air flows out of the nose.
lemon

48
 /n/ non fun Tip of tongue touches gum ridge, and the sides of the
any tongue touch upper teeth; air any flows out of the
nose.
/ŋ/ going
Back of the tongue touches the soft palate; air flows
spring
out of the nose.
king
/l/ love will Tip of tongue touches upper gum ridge. Tongue is
yellow tense. Air comes out on the sides of the tongue, at
the corners of the mouth.
/r/ red four There are two ways to produce this sound:
card 1: Tip of tongue curls a bit and then is pulled back
slightly.
2: Tip of tongue is down; center of the tongue
touches hard palate.
/w/ win Rounded lips as for the vowel /u/ in moon. Air flows
lower out through the lips. Tongue is in position for the
quiet vowel sound that follows the /w/.
/y/ yes
Tip of tongue touches lower front teeth. Front of
mayor
tongue is raised near the hard palate.
young
/h/ happy Vocal cords are tense and restricted, back of tongue
behave is pushed against the throat to create friction as the
who air flows out from the back of the mouth.

Ways to Say You Don’t Believe Someone

32
Yeah, right. Oui , ok. eny ary.
You're kidding. Vous plaisantez. Mivazivazy ianao.
You're pulling my leg.
That's a bit of an C'est un peu exagéré. -
exaggeration.
He’s stretching the truth. Il n'est pas complètement honnête Tsy marina tanteraka.
He’s not telling the whole Il ne dit pas toute la vérité. Tsy milaza ny marina
truth. rehetra izy.
She’s being economical Elle est économe avec la Tsy miteny ny marina
with the truth. (= she’s lying vérité. rehetra izy.
or not telling the entire
truth)
His story is fishy. Son histoire est louche. Mampiahiahy ny tantarany.
That's an outright lie. C'est un mensonge pur et simple. Lainga madio sy tsotra izany.
That's a pack of lies. C'est un tas de mensonges. Lainga be io.

49
 33
Working conditions

EMPLOYMENT VERBS

PAY AND CONDITIONS

extras given to employees in

an amount of money paid per hour addition to their usual pay

an amount of money paid

a reduction in pay per week or month
50
 a fixed, regular payment, often
expressed as an annual sum
an increase in pay

money added to a person’s salary a new job at the same company that is
as a reward for good performance more senior or better paid]

to lose your job because it is no

additional pay for extra hours worked longer necessary

WOULD YOU RATHER EARN A LOT OF MONEY WORKING IN A JOB THAT YOU
DON'T LIKE OR EARN LESS MONEY DOING SOMETHING YOU ENJOY ?

I would prefer to work in a job that pays me more money though I don’t like
it. I have two reasons to support my idea. First, nobody really likes their job.
Even though many people say they really enjoy the job, a job means that it's
something you have to do out of duty. And I hate it when people tell me to
do something. Second, I want to earn a lot of money because I want to own a
big, beautiful mansion. If I get my mansion with a swimming pool and all, I
would be the happiest person in the world. For these reasons, I would take
the job that I don't like, but pays well.

34
PROBLEMATIC CONSONANTS: The Various
/t/ Sounds of American English
Held t + Consonant c

A. Always hold the final t when the next word begins with a consonant.
1. it was 3. can’t go 5. didn’t like 7. eight weeks

51
 2. might do 4. at work 6. won’t need 8. budget cut

B. Always hold the t when the next letter within the same word is a
consonant.
1. football 3. lately 5. atmosphere 7. Atlanta
2. outside 4. nightmare 6. atlas 8. butler

Held t Before /n/ Sound c

Words for Practice

1. certain 3. mountain 5. cotton 7. eaten 9. forgotten
2. gotten 4. lighten 6. Britain 8. written 10. frighten

Silent t After n c

Words for Practice

1. interview 5. dentist 9. International 13. Santa Monica
2. twenty 6. intellectual 10. center 14. Atlanta
3. disappointing 7. quantity 11. cantaloupe 15. Orange County
4. accountable 8. advantages 12. plenty 16. Sacramento

When t Is Between Two Vowels

A t becomes a “fast /d/” in the following cases: c

A. Between two vowels: We don’t say: We say:

better bedder

B. Before an “l”: We don’t say: We say:

little liddle

C. After an “r” and a vowel: We don’t say: We say:

party pardy
forty fordy
Note: A t does not change to a “fast /d/” sound if it’s within a stressed syllable. We don’t say:

“adack,” we say “attack.”

The th Sound: Practice Words for /θ/ (voiceless th) c

anything earth nothing Thursday

author ninth thank wealthy
both health thing with

52
 Warning: Common Mistake

/θ/ /t/

correct

Practice Words for /ð/ (Voiced th) c

although father this they

breathe mother the those
clothing rather then weather

35
Expressions for Bad People

He’s a creep. (= unpleasant, C'est un sale type. Lehilahy ratsy fanahy izy.
suspicious, makes you
afraid/uneasy)
He’s a pervert. (= someone C'est un pervers. Sain-dratsy izy.
with disgusting sexual
tendencies)
He’s a sicko. C'est un malade. -
He’s a scumbag. C'est un salopard. -
He’s an asshole. C'est un connard. -
-
He’s a jerk. Il est idiot ou abruti.
-
He’s a bastard. C'est un salaud. -
C'est une garce.

53
She’s a bitch. (= she’s -
irritating and unpleasant)
She’s a psycho. (= crazy, C'est une psychopathe. -
irrational)
She’s a slut. (= she has sex C'est une salope. -
with a lot of people)

36
VOCABULARY BUILDER: Industries and
departments and Office equipment.
INDUSTRIES

54
 DEPARTMENTS

deals with organization and internal ensures that all manufacturing

and external communication stages run smoothly

buys goods and raw materials

researches and develops for manufacturers and
future products for a company other companies

sells products to buyers

deals with employee relations
and outside markets
and matters such as hiring staff

deals with money matters, from carries out cleaning, maintenance, and
paying bills to projecting sales building operation services

promotes products for ensures that all contracts and

companies to the market company activities are legal

sets up and maintains all

presents and maintains a positive technological systems
public image for a company in an organization

SUBSTITUTION: ONE: manolo " singular noun" ONES: manolo "plural noun" SOME:
manolo "unspecified plural noun"
- Does anyone have a copy of the book? - Are there any boostores near here?
=>Yes , I have one. => yes, there are some on Main street
=> there are a few great ones across tows
there are a few great ones across tows

55
IN THE OFFICE

EQUIPMENT

STATIONERY

56
 Is a church a business ?

As well as I know churches serve as centers of spiritual life, providing spaces for prayer,
worship, and community gatherings. They rely on financial contributions from members
through tithes, offerings and donations to sustain their operations , support clergy ,
maintain facilities , and fund varous community outreach programs.
In some instances churches may also engage in entrepreneurial activities such as
running businesses or selling goods to generate additional revenue. This aspect can
sometimes lead to perceptions of churches having business-like characteristics,
particularly in their financial management and resource allocation practices. However,
it’s important to note that the primary mission of churches is often centered around
spiritual guidance,community service and providing support to their congregations.
The perception of churches as businesses can vary depending on cultural norms ,
individual experiences and legal [Link] people may view certain church
activities through a business lens due to their financial operations, while others
emphasize the social and spiritual roles that churches play within their communities.
Ultimately , understanding the roles of churches in Madagascar requires considering
their multifaceted contributions to both spiritual and practical aspects of community
life.

57
 36
GRAMMAR RULES: Relative clause / participles.

Relative clause: Ampesaina mba hanapiana information momban’ny zavatra

iray na olona iray. Na afahana mamatatra hoe inona ilay zavatra na ilay olona resahina.

Use Example
Which ( for things and animal) Did you see the film which was on TV last night?
Who ( for people or pet) Samuel Ran, who is the founder of ETTC , is with my here in Dubai
When ( for times) Do you remember the day when we met?
Where ( for place) This is the place where they filmed Malaso
Why ( for reasons) That’s the reason why he’s popular
Whom ( for P as object of the RC) Is that the man whom we saw at the cinema Yesterday?
Whose (for possession) My next guest on the show is J. Mckey , whose business goes higher
NON-defining Relative clause: Ampesaina mba hanapiana information
momban’ny zavatra iray tsy voatery misy relative clause nefa azo foana.

Use Example
To give extra information about Ray Waston, who starred in bandits, is considering
something/someone making a film based on the life of Einstein
Defining Relative clause: Ampesaina mba hafatarana hoe iza @ zavatra
maro ilay resahina , matetika miaraka @ relative clause foana.

Use Example
To tell us which one of a groupe of The book which I’ve read was the best of all.
things/people we are talking about The one who is wearing a blue shirt is my crush.
Participle:
Use Example
To follow prepositions By appearing in that cigarette advert, he damaged his acting career.
and conjuctions After playing / having played video games all morning , I was really
(present & perfect Part.) tired.
To explain the reason for Being quite good looking, Ralph decided to make a career as a model.
smth (present & perfect P.) Having seen the film before , I knew what was going to happen
To talk about actions happening at Waiting for the show to begin , I felt really nervous.
the same time (present participle)
To replace some relative Imagine being the person directing a big budget film(= imagine
clauses (present and past being the person who is directing a big budget film)
Participles) The person chosen for the part will be contacted by phone.(=the
person who is chosen for the part will be contacted by phone)
To talk about past actions happening Having finished my homework, I decided to go to the
in sequence(perfect part.) cinema.
As an alternative passive Made to wait, the actor began to get very annoyed
form ( past participle)

58
 38 The duand and tuand sound /dʒ/ & /tʃ/
The American /r/ , The American /l/
/dʒ/ /tʃ/
Graduate ,Schedule, graduation, Actually,situation,rituall,advanture,virtual,
education,procedure,individual fortunate ,statue,nature,punctual,picture

The American /r/: Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you
were to live forever.

The American /l/: the tip of the tongue touches the gum ridge behind the
upper teeth, just the same as when creating the /t/ and /d/ sounds

Long
vowel /i/ + əl /eɪ/ + əl /aɪ/ + əl /ɔɪ/ + əl /u/ + əl

1 feel sale mile oil tool

2 steal mail while toil school

3 deal whale style spoil rule

4 real pale smile foil fool

5 wheel fail file boil cool

6 heal exhale trial soil pool

59
 Warning: Common Mistake

ə/

39 Words for Describing Speaking and Phrases for

Facial Expressions
He yelled. Il a crié. Nitabataba be izy
She screamed. Nikikika mafy be izy
I whispered. J'ai chuchoté. Nibitsibitsika aho.
We chatted. Nous avons bavardé. Niresaka izahay.
He mumbled. Il a marmonné. Nimonomonona izy.
My kids whined. (= Mes enfants se sont plaints. Nitaraina ny zanako.
complained)
He rambled. / He went on Il a divagué. / Il n'arrêtait Niteny foana izy.
and on. (= talked too much pas de parler.
without stopping)
She stammered. Elle a bégayé. Niakanakam-piteny izy.
I snapped at my husband. J'ai lancé une remarque Nanao teny mafy tamin’ny
(= said a quick and angry cinglante à mon mari. vadiko aho.
remark)
He muttered. (= spoke in a Il a murmuré. Nibitsibitsika izy.
low voice, usually making
complaints or negative
comments)
She was beaming. (= she Elle rayonnait. Mitsiky be izy.
had a big, radiant smile)
The kids were smiling Les enfants souriaient de Nitsiky tamin’ny nify
from ear to ear. toutes leurs dents. rehetra ny ankizy.
He looked puzzled. Il avait l'air perplexe. Toa very hevitra izy.
(=confused)
She grinned. (= had a small Elle souriait en coin. Nitsiky izy.
smile)
He winced when the Il a grimacé quand le Niferotr’aina izy rehefa
doctor gave him an médecin lui a fait une nomen’ny dokotera
injection. (= had a quick piqûre. tsindrona.
expression of pain)

60
 She gave me a dirty look. Elle m'a lancé un regard Nibanjina ahy izy.
(= looked at me angrily) noir.
She blushed. (= her face Elle a rougi. Menatra izy.
turned red because she was
embarrassed)
His eyes were glazed over. Ses yeux étaient vitreux. Namirapiratra ny masony.
(= he appeared )
Why the long face? (an Pourquoi cette mine ? / Fa misy inona no
informal expression to ask Pourquoi cette tête ? motimotitra /
why someone looks sad or mitanondrika ?
upset)
Her expression was Son expression était Tsy azo vakina ny fiteniny.
unreadable. (= you can’t indéchiffrable.
know what she is feeling)

40 Money & finance and work

MONEY

61
 FINANCE

to get into a situation where

money coming into a business you owe people money

the amount of money that is available to to lose money by spending more than
spend on something you earn

extra money the bank allows you to spend the amount of one currency that you get
when you change it for another

to earn just enough to cover the to no longer be able to exist as a

costs of producing a product business

an amount of money spent a major decline in economic activity

62
 USEFUL EXPRESSIONS ABOUT WORK

a job with regular hours the conditions in which you work

knowledge and skill gained through doing progression within a profession, in a

something yourself job, or through a series of jobs

to suddenly become more successful to have a job

a position with the lowest level of a position without many

responsibility or pay prospects for promotion

to be forced to leave your job for to lose your job because the company
doing something wrong can no longer give you work

to stop doing a job voluntarily to deal with something directly

to aim to achieve a particular goal to make more progress than others

63
 to employ someone very busy with too much work

to be busy with a task or many

tasks extremely busy

to do more than you are required to do compromise

41 Unreal past, wishes/contrast

Unreal past: ny “past tense” dia tsy voatery milaza zavatra tany @ lasa satria ny
“verb” na “phrase “sasany dia atao “past” mihintsy mba afahana milaza zavatra
ankehitriny na @ hoavy. Ireto avy izany:
STRUCTURE EXAMPLE
A second conditional I’d buy that top if I had cash on me
Suppose /what if / imagine I know it’s probably not going to happen but suppose became a
famous super model!
I know it’s probably not going to happen but what if I became a
famous super model?
Would rather + you/he/she/ we/they I’d rather you didn’t come with me to the fashion show tomorrow.
It’s (high/about)time It’s (high/about) time that hats came back in fashion
Polite questions Did you want me to send you our new catalogue when it comes out?
Wish/if only If only/ I wish I had something to wear tonight.

What if you are accepted into art college? ( more likely to happen)
! What if you were accepted into art college? ( less likely to happen)

64
 Wishes: afaka mapiasa « if only » ihany koa, izay midika hoe « si seulement ».Izany hoe
arakaraka ilay zavatra tianao hotenenina no ampesaina ny iray amin’izy ireo.
USE STRUCTURE EXAMPLE
Expressing wishes about the Wish/if only + past I wish I was studying history of
present ,future or generally simple/continuous fashion instead of biology.
Expressing wishes about the Wish/if only + past perfect If only I’d known Katanay’s
past simple /continuous was having a sale last week.
Criticizing other people or Wish / if only + would If only Henry would get a
complaining about a situation haircut
now, in the future or generally
Expressing hypothetical ability Wish / if only + could I wish I could fit into these
or permission now, in the jeans.
future or generally
Expressing disires in a formal Wish + full infinitive I wish to try on this ball gown
way

To express desires in the future we often use hope:

! I hope I will have enough money to buy these shoes next week.

Although/though/even though: apesaina hilazana fifanoherana.

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE
Although / though / even though + subject + Although / though / even though I wore a hat, I
verb, subject + verb got sunburn.
Subject + verb, although/though/even though I got a sunburn, Although / though / even
+ subject + verb though I wore a hat

In spite of / despite: Apesaina hilazana fifanoherana.

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE
In spite of / despite + -ing form, subject + verb In spite of / dispite wearing a hat , I got
sunburn
In spite of / despite + the fact (that) + subject + In spite of / dispite the fact that I wore a hat , I
verb, subject + verb got a sunburn
In spite of /despite + noun , subject + verb In spite of / despite my hat, I got sunburn

However /neverthless: used to express contrast

The fashion show was expensive to put on. However/nevertheless , It did make a profit
The fashion show was expensive to put on. It did make a profit ,however/nevertheless
The fashion show was expensive to put on. It did, however/neverthless make a profit

While/ whereas : used to contrast different facts or ideas.

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE
While / whereas + subject + verb, subject + While/whereas jeans are worn by both men and
verb women, blouse are worn only by women
Subject + verb, while / whereas + subject + Blouse are worn only by women, while / whereas
verb jeans are worn by both men and women.

65
 TEAMWORK

1. When was your last time worked with a team? 3. What's the most important thing for teamwork?
2. Do you like to work with others or just by yourself? 4. Do you like to be a leader?

The last time I worked in a team was a project I did during the second year of my
graduate school. Our tutor gave us an assignment to review the server log of an
international trade website and give a brief analysis using data warehouse and data
mining technology.
Personally, I would like to work in a team because I'd have partner to share the
responsibility with and we could solve problems better, as the saying goes “Many hands
make light work"

I think the most important thing for teamwork is deciding who does what. Every
member of team should be assigned specific tasks and he or she should stick to that.
Also team spirit is equally important

Honestly, I would like to be a leader. Being a leader would reflect the hard work I’ve put
into the job. I can win other peoples respect as well

42 The /ŋ/ Sound: Pronouncing ng AND Consonant

Clusters

The /ŋ/ Sound: There’s as much risk in doing nothing as in doing

something.

Remember, for /n/ as

in thin, the tip of the
tongue touches the gum
ridge, just behind the
teeth. For the /ŋ/
sound as in thing the
tip of the tongue is
down, not touching
anywhere.
The back of the tongue
is up, touching the soft
palate which is located /n/ /ŋ/
in the back of your
mouth.

66
 Consonant Clusters: Hold yourself responsible for a higher standard than
anybody expects of you. Never excuse yourself.

Word Contrasts for Practice:

/s/ /ks/ /s/ /ks/

nest next aspect expect
test text contest context
session section mass max

/s/ or /z/ /ts/ /s/ or /z/ /ts/

is its was what’s
stay states pains paints
less lets knees needs
fax facts lies lights

/z/ /dz/ /z/ /dz/

fines finds rise rides
cars cards lens lends
fees feeds bills builds

43 Phrases to Describe Offending or Upsetting People

& Phrases for Bad Travel Experiences

They got off on the wrong foot. ils ne s'entendaient pas tsy mifankahazo izy ireo
(= when they first met, they didn’t
get along)
He got on the teacher’s bad side. - Mandala mpampianatra
She took offense at his comment. Elle fut offensée par son Nanafintohina azy ny
commentaire. fanehoan-keviny.
He has a chip on his shoulder. (= il est facilement offensé mora tezitra izy
he is easily offended)
She got bent out of shape. Elle s'est mise en colère. Tezitra izy.
He left in a huff. Il est parti en bougonnant. Nimenomenona izy.
She got her panties in a wad. Elle s'est mise dans tous ses états.

He has a short fuse. (= he gets il se met facilement en colère Mora tezitra izy
angry easily)
She dissed my mother. (= she elle a insulté ma mère nanevateva ny reniko izy
insulted/disrespected my mother)

He got his nose out of joint. Il a eu le nez froissé. Mivonto Orina be izy.

67
My flight was overbooked. Mon vol était surréservé. Nihoatra ny famandrihana
(overbooked = there were too many ilay sidina.
passengers and not enough seats)

My flight was delayed/canceled. Mon vol a été retardé/annulé. Nihemotra/nafona ny

sidinako.
My luggage was lost. Mes bagages ont été perdus. Very ny entako.
I was jet-lagged. (= I felt tired J'avais le décalage horaire. Vizana aho.
because of the time zone difference
between my origin and destination

My hotel was in a seedy area. Mon hôtel était situé dans un Tao amin'ny faritra tsy dia
(seedy = possibly unsafe) quartier louche. tsara no nisy ilay hotely.

I was mugged. (= I was robbed on J'ai été agressé. Voatafika aho.

the street)
The weather was miserable. Le temps était misérable. Ratsy be ilay toetr’andro.
I got the runs. (= diarrhea) J'ai eu la diarrhée. Nivalana aho.
The place was a tourist trap. (= L'endroit était un piège à Fandrika mpizahatany ilay
made only for tourists; not touristes. toerana.
authentic)
I couldn’t wait to get back home. J'avais hâte de rentrer chez Tsy andriko ny hody
moi.

44 Meeting and presenting & Work and business

idioms

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

to present a formal talk to an

to go to a meeting audience

included in a list of things to discuss not present

a telephone call with a number a group of people who manage

of people at the same time a business or organization

68
 a vote made by raising hands in the
air to show agreement when everyone agrees

to write a record of what is said

to answer questions during a meeting

to come to an agreement
about an issue to give a brief summary

any matter discussed in a meeting to look again at the written

that is not on the agenda record of a past meeting

the primary aim to conclude or finish something

to disturb a meeting or say

something before someone
a plan for achieving a particular goal else has finished speaking

proposals for specific

action to be taken to have no time left for something

69
 WORKPLACE IDIOMS

the normal daily routine at a company to waste money

administration, paperwork, a situation with no negative

or rules and regulations outcome

to think about something in an

owing money or making a loss original way

it is your turn to do or
say something to change the desired end result

to start work on something that

to start something needs doing

BUSINESS IDIOMS

ahead of your competitors a rough estimate

in a certain field

in agreement
about something to dominate a particular market

70
 to do something strictly according an increase or decrease in speed
to the rules from what is normal

to talk to someone briefly in order

to catch up or get an update a strategy worked out beforehand

to confirm or settle an
agreement or contract simply and quickly

45 GRAMMAR RULES: Inversion and Possessives

Inversion with negative adverbial words and phrase : tsy dia

tena apesaina anaty conversation ito satria tena formal be.
Form: negative adverbial word/phrase + Question form
Never Never have I worked so hard in my life
Rarely Rarely have I worked so hard in all my life
Seldom Seldom have I worked so hard in my life
No sooner(…than) No sooner had Matt started work than he resigned
Hardly(…when) Hardly had Matt started work when he resigned
Not only(…but also/too) Not only were you late for work, but you had also forgotten
the report.
Under no circumstances Under no circumstances are employees allowed to leave
the building without permission
At no time/point At no time/point was I told what the job involved
Little Little did I realize that I would become managing director
just two years later
Not until Not until the next day did I hear that I had got the job
Only Only at the end of the interview did I think I had a chance
of getting the job

Ny “little “dia apesaina @ verb of thought( realize , know,suspect,ect..) izay midika hoe I
did not realize , ect..
!

71
 Other Inversions:
Use Example
In short answer and “I’m a plumber”
other similar structure “Really?So am I!”
using so neither and nor My sister doesn’t like getting ready for work and neither do I / nor do I.
After: as, so and such The manager was nervous about the director’s visit, as were the rest of the staff.
So late was it that there was no one in the office
Such a hot day was it that no one wanted to work
In conditional sentences Were our staff better trained, we might make a larger profit (=if our staff were
better trained …)
Had I known about the vacancy, I would have applied(=If I had known..)

Possessive ‘s and s’:

Use Example
We use ‘s with singular nouns , including That the manager’s car, over there
names , and with irregular plurals which do We are still waiting for Sarah’s decision about who to take on.
not end in -s I think that women’s rights should be protected by w
We just add an apostrophe to regular plural The workers’ pas was increased by ten percent
nouns ending in –s
We use ‘s or s’ in some time expressions After an hour’s wait, I finally got to see the manager
I will be at the factory in about ten minutes’ time
We usually use ‘s or s’ with people (or Is this, John’s briefcase?
groups composed od people) and animal. We held a meeting to discuss the company’s finances
For other things, we normaly use of The vet had a close look a the cat’s paw.
the/my/etc.. The technician had a close look at the back of my
computer(not….at my computer’s back)

TRAVELLING
1. Do you like travelling?
2. In which seasons do you prefer to travel?
3. Would you say your country welcomes travellers? (or tourists)?
4. Would you say your country is a good place for travellers to visit?

You bet! I am a big fan of travelling. I spend many months each year travelling. It's not
only an indispensable part of my life, but also helps me to know and learn new things
and have new experiences.
I think autumn is the best time to travel. As it is neither too hot nor too cold, people
feel comfortable enough to go out. Also, the foliage of trees will turn yellow or red so
you will see the beautiful colours of the trees all around you. Wherever you go, you will
have a memorable trip.
Yes, Chinese people are renowned for their hospitality to visitors. There are numerous
tourist attractions around the country. For instance, you can visit the countryside to
see the picturesque views, or you can visit historical relics to get to know about the
events that have shaped Chinas long history, or you can just stay in the cities to
experience how the local people live.

72
 46 Applying for a job , Workplace skills and abilities

RÉSUMÉ HEADINGS

VERBS

73
 USEFUL EXPRESSIONS

a long list of achievements highly skilled at something

having a lot of contact with customers taught how to do something

an expert understanding of something having control over someone or something

PROFESSIONAL ATTRIBUTES

74
 FOR THE WORKPLACE

47 SYLLABLE STRESS & GENERAL RULES FOR

STRESS PLACEMENT

Ny “syllable” dia simngam-peo ao anaty teny iray. Amin’ny teny Anglisy dia tena mila atao eo @
toerana tokony misy azy ny tsindrim-peo mba tsy hiteraka tsy fifankazoana.
Example: ba na na (The second syllable is stressed.)

75
Ilay “vowel” izay ao anatin’ilay “syllable stress” dia somary lavalava kokoa , no mafy kokoa ary
maranitra kokoa, Ireo vowel afa tsy ao anatin’ilay “syllable stress” kosa dia miova ho “schwa
sound /ə/” ny famakiana azy. Phonetically, banana looks like this: /bə ʹnænə/.

Stressed and Reduced Vowels:

full vowel reduced vowel full reduced vowel
vowel
unstressed
unstressed
one syllable second stressed first syllable
syllable
/æ/ /ə/ /ɑ/ /ə/
1. 1.
man salesman con control

/oʊ/ /ə/ /æ/ /ə/

2. 2.
purpose
pose ad advice
/ɛɪ/ /ə/ /æ/ /ə/
3. 3.
race terrace lag lagoon
/ɛɪ/ /ə/ / ɔ/ /ə/
4. 4.
late chocolate ball balloon
/ ɔ/ /ə/ /ɛ/ /ə/
5. 5.
cord record red reduce
/ɛɪ/ /ə/ / ɔ/ /ə/
6. 6.
rage courage off offend
/æ/ /ə/ /æ/ /ə/
7. 7.
fast mat material
breakfast
/æ/ /ə/ /æ/ /ə/
8. 8.
land England mad Madrid

General Rules for Stress Placement

tadidio fa ireto dia
TWO-SYLLABLE WORDS entina anononana teny
NOUNS VERBS @ ankapobeany fa tsy
hoe ny teny rehetra
Stress the first syllable Stress the second syllable dia otran’io avokoa ny
fanononana azy. Misy
1. action produce
foana ny Miavaka @
2. paper achieve teny Anglisy
3. building apply

76
 4. concert succeed (irregular). Mila
5. teacher attach manana ny fahazarana
mijery “dictionary” @
6. father employ
zay tsy very , na atao
7. window include tonon’ny olona
8. garden destroy tompon-teny.

Noun and Verb Pairs

NOUNS VERBS NOUNS VERBS
1. addict addict 11. object object
2. conduct conduct 12. present present
3. conflict conflict 13. produce produce
4. contest contest 14. progress progress
5. convert convert 15. rebel rebel
6. convict convict 16. record record
7. defect defect 17. research research
8. desert desert 18. subject subject
9. increase increase 19. suspect suspect
10. insult insult

48 Phrases for Drinking (Alcohol)

It’s on me. (= I’ll buy you a drink) Je vous offre un verre Ividianako ianao.

I’d like to make a toast. (= I’d like Je voudrais honorer une Te hanome voninahitra
to honor a person/event/idea) personne olona aho
Here’s to… (your health / the New À... (votre santé / la nouvelle Ho an’ny. (fahasalamanao
Year / our success)! année… / taona vaovao
Another round of drinks, please. Un autre tour de boissons, s'il Apivo toaka ihany azafady
vous plaît.
Put it on my tab. (tab = bill to pay Mettez-le sur mon compte Ataovy ao amin'ny
later, before you leave) kaontiko
He’s a bit tipsy. (= a little bit drunk) Il est un peu ivre Mamo kely izy
He’s completely sloshed/wasted/ Il est complètement bourré / Mamo be , mamo
plastered. (= completely drunk) saoul / ivre mort. tanteraka
She’s trying to drown her Elle essaie de noyer son chagrin. Miezaka mandrendrika ny
sorrows. (= drinking alcohol for alahelony izy.
relief from pain/sadness)
I’m the designated driver. (= I’m Je suis le conducteur désigné Izaho no mpamily
not drinking alcohol because I will voatendry. Dia tsy misotro
drive other people home later)
I had a hangover. / I was hung J'avais la gueule de bois. Nakafoka aho.
over. (= the bad feeling you have the
morning after drinking too much)

77
 Should students consult their parents about their majors and
careers?

I think students should consult their parents about their majors and careers. To start
with, parents are very knowledgeable about life. They have lived a lot longer than us and
have more experience. If we as students consult them, we are sure to get expert advice
about what to do, and we will definitely go in the right direction. Also, parents are great
resources whom are very different. Some people prefer to consult just their friends, but
our friends are just way too similar to us. We should get different perspectives about our
majors and careers from different people, including our parents. For these reasons, I think
students should consult their parents when deciding their majors and careers.

49 Words Ending in -tion and –ate , Stressed Suffixes

and prefixes

Verbs that end in -ate Nouns ending in -tion

Stress is on the syllable that

Stress is on the first syllable
precedes the suffix -tion

1. activate activation

2. celebrate celebration

3. congratulate congratulation

4. demonstrate demonstration

5. donate donation

6. frustrate frustration

7. imitate imitation

8. locate location

-ate Ending of verbs and nouns: tononina tsara ilay –ate rehefa verb, fa atao
“reduced “ kosa rehefa adjective na nouns.

78
 Word Pairs for Practice
1. a. separate /eIt/ (verb) They have decided to separate.
b. separate /It/ (adjective) They will live in separate houses.

2. a. alternate /eIt/ (verb) She alternates between feeling happy and sad.
b. alternate /It/ (adjective) Do you have an alternate plan?

3. a. graduate /eIt/ (verb) He will graduate next spring.

b. graduate /It/ (noun) He will be a college graduate.

4. a. estimate /eIt/ (verb) Can you estimate the cost of the repairs?
b. estimate /It/ (noun) I would like to have an estimate of the costs.

5. a. duplicate /eIt/ (verb) I will duplicate this document.

b. duplicate /It/ (noun) Please make a duplicate of it.

6. a. appropriate /eIt/ (verb) The city appropriated the money for the new park.
b. appropriate /It/ (adjective) It was an appropriate decision.

More Stressed Suffixes Look for words with the following suffixes: ee, ette, ique, ese,
eer, and ain. The suffix is always stressed in these words
1. employee 4. cassette 7. Japanese 10. volunteer
2. trainee 5. unique 8. Chinese 11. maintain
3. cigarette 6. boutique 9. engineer 12. Explain

Rules for Prefixes metimes the prefix is stressed and other times it’s not. Prefix + verb
combinations usually have second syllable stress. Here are a few examples.
oversleep understand outlive rewrite
overdo undertake outperform redo

Practice with Prefixes Practice saying the following groups of words with the same
prefixes, paying attention to the changes in stress. In the nouns, stress the prefix. In the verbs,
stress the root word.
PREFIX Prefix + root word = NOUN Prefix + root word = VERB

Stress the prefix Stress the root word

prevent, prepare, predict, precede,

pre– preview, prefix
prefer, pretend

per– permit perform, persuade, permit

79
 product, process, profit, progress, produce, protect, propose, project,
pro–
project, program prolong, profess, promote
mis– mischief, misprint, misfit misplace, misquote, misread
concert, contest, conflict, congress, confess, control, conduct, confuse,
con–
concept, content, confirm, consent, console
compete, complain, compare, compose,
com– complex, compound
compute
observe, obtain, obsess, obscure,
ob– object
obstruct
sub– subject, suburb, subway subtract, submit, subscribe
explain, extract, exhale, excuse,
ex– expert, exile, excerpt
exchange, exceed, exclude, excite
de– detail, defect, decrease deny, demand, defend
dis– discount, discourse, district discuss, distrust, disturb
agree, apply, admit, adore, afford, alert,
a– access, addict, anchor
applaud, approve, arrange, attack

Syllable Stress ChangesWhen a word changes from a noun to a verb or to an adjective

or adverb, frequently the stress placement changes as well.
1. politics political politician
2. photograph photographic photography
3. compete competitive competition
4. economy economical economize
5. democrat democracy democratic
6. family familiar familiarity
7. necessary necessarily necessity
8. hospital hospitality hospitable
9. origin originality original
10. mechanic mechanism mechanical
11. define definition definitely
12. vary variety variation
13. courage courageous

14. probably probability

15. geography geographic

16. memory memorial

17. Canada Canadian

18. ignore ignorance

Practice Paragraph
Underline the stressed syllables in the highlighted words. Check your answers by looking in the
dictionary.

80
 American Declaration of Independence
When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the
political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers
of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God
entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare
the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are
endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty
and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among
Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.

50 Comparative Idioms

It’s as light as a feather. C'est léger comme une plume.

It’s as dry as a bone. C'est sec comme un os.
It’s as flat as a pancake. C'est plat comme une crêpe.
He’s as mad as a hornet. Il est fou comme une guêpe.
It’s as old as the hills. C'est vieux comme les collines.
It’s as quick as lightning. C'est rapide comme l'éclair.
She’s as sick as a dog. Elle est malade comme un chien.
He’s as strong as an ox. Il est fort comme un bœuf.
They’re as different as night and day. Ils sont différents comme la nuit et le jour.
She’s as stubborn as a mule. Elle est têtue comme une mule.
He’s as proud as a peacock. Il est fier comme un paon.
She’s as white as a sheet. (usually used Elle est blanche comme un linge
when someone is very afraid or very
sick)
It’s as solid as a rock. C'est solide comme un roche.
It’s as good as new. (used after C'est aussi bon que neuf.
something broken has been repaired)
It’s as clear as mud. (= it’s not clear at C'est clair comme de la boue.
all)

51 WORD STRESS (6 tips)

1- Compound Nouns dia teny anakiroa mety mitambatra na misaraka ny

fanoratra azy fa kosa midika zavatra iray , ny teny voalohany foana no asina
stress ary tononona miaraka izy.

81
Compound Nouns for Practice

1. parking lot 5. book shelf 9. credit card 13. football

2. parking ticket 6. book cover 10. postcard 14. baseball
3. parking meter 7. bookstore 11. report card 15. ballpark
4. parking space 8. bookmark 12. green card 16. ballroom

2- Proper Stress with Adjectives When an adjective is followed by a noun, the

noun is stressed.

nice day small room blue eyes old man

big house long time good job first grade
When two adjectives precede a noun, stress the first adjective and the noun. The noun
gets the most stress.

big blue bus nice old man

really nice day cute little girl
short black hair big brown eyes
Word Pairs for Practice
Practice saying the word pairs while stressing the words in bold letters.

Compound Noun Adjective + Noun

1. swimming pool deep pool
2. drug store large store
3. newspaper new paper
4. credit card plastic card
5. sunglasses nice glasses
6. postman tall man
7. bus driver fast driver
8. textbook good book
9. palm tree tall tree
10. fingernails long nails
11. girlfriend great friend

82
 3- Phrasal Verbs fitambaran’ny verb sy preposition izay manana dikany manokana
fa tsy afaka atao dikateny “word for word” , ny teny farany @ ilay phrasal verb no
asina “stress” rehefa miteny azy io.
phrasal verb synonym
He picked up the box. He lifted the box.
He put out his cigarette. He extinguished his cigarette.
He looked over the material He reviewed the material.

4- Noun Forms of Phrasal Verbs: misy ihany koa ny phrasal verb izay manana
“noun equivalent”, izay atsoina hoe “phrasal noun. « work out » Vs « workout ».

Sentence Pairs for Practice

A. B.
Phrasal verbs Nouns
(stress on second word) (stress on first word)
1. The car was tuned up. My car needed a tune-up.
2. I worked out yesterday. I had a great workout.
3. The papers were handed out. We got some interesting handouts.
4. They covered it up well. I heard about the cover-up.
5. A lot of food was left over. We ate leftovers for lunch.
6. That really turns me off! That’s such a turnoff!
7. They let me down. It was a big letdown.
8. The order was mixed up. We’re sorry about the mix-up.
9. He dropped out. He’s a high school dropout.
10. I need to sign up for the class. Where is the sign-up sheet?

5- Abbreviations and Numbers: Always stress the last letter or the last
number when pronouncing abbreviations.
Practice Sentences

1. He arrived at LAX at 8:25 AM.

2. He has a Ph.D. from UCLA.
3. My SUV was made in the USA.
4. We arrived in the USA in 2007.
5. My class starts at 9:15 and ends at 10:45.
6- Names of Places and People Ny teny farany foana no asina stress.
Place Names for Practice
1. New York 5. Las Vegas
2. Central Park 6. Palm Springs
3. South Africa 7. North Dakota
4. Venice Beach 8. Mount Everest
1. George Washington 4. John F. Kennedy
2. Bill Clinton 5. Martin Luther King
3. Tom Cruise 6. Julia Roberts

83
 Trip to LA
I am planning to visit the West Coast. I will take United Airlines flight 307. It leaves JFK at 9:00 am
and arrives at LAX at 12:15. I found out that there’s a three-hour time difference between LA and
New York. I hope I get over my jetlag pretty quickly. After I check in at the hotel, I will call a
taxicab to pick me up and take me to Universal Studios. Who knows, I might even see some
famous movie stars like Tom Cruise and Brad Pitt. Oh, I hope I don’t pass out! I also plan to visit
Palm Springs and San Diego. On my way back, I’m planning a layover in Las Vegas. I really think
it’s going to be a nice getaway.

52 Most common phrasal verbs (A)

PHRASAL VERB MEANING EXAMPLE

To take action because of something like The police were ACTING ON a tip from an informer
Act on
information received. and caught the gang red-handed.
Act out Perform something with actions and gestures.. They ACTED OUT the story on stage.
Act up Behave badly or strangely. My computer's ACTING UP; I think I might have a virus.
Add on Include in a calculation. You have to ADD the VAT ON to the price they give.
Add up To make a mathematical total. We ADDED UP the bill to check it was correct.
Affect- usually used in the negative to
I feel terrible- that food didn't AGREE WITH my
Agree with show that something has had a negative
stomach.
effect, especially is it makes you feel bad.
Aim at To target. The magazine is AIMED AT teenagers.
Allow for Include something in a plan or You should ALLOW FOR delays when planning a
calculation. journey.
Allow of Make possible, permit. The rules don't ALLOW OF any exceptions.
Try to get something indirectly, by He's been ANGLING FOR an invitation, but I don't
Angle for
hinting or suggesting. want him to come.
Her mother was shocked when she started
Answer back To reply rudely to someone in authority.
ANSWERING her BACK and refusing to help.
Argue down Beat someone in a debate, discussion or The teacher tried to ARGUE the girl DOWN, but she
argument. couldn't.
Persuade someone to drop the price of
Argue down She ARGUED him DOWN ten percent.
something they're selling.
If we can't ARGUE our differences OUT, we'll have
Argue out Argue about a problem to find a solution.
to take them to court.
Ask how someone is doing, especially
Ask about He ASKED ABOUT my father.
professionally and in terms of health.
Enquire about someone's health, how life Jenny rang earlier and ASKED AFTER you, so I told
Ask after
is going. her you were fine.
Ask a number of people for information I have no idea, but I'll ASK AROUND at work and
Ask around
of help. see if anyone can help.
Ask in To invite somebody into your house. Jon's at the door.' 'ASK him IN.'
Ask out To invite someone for a date. He wanted to ASK her OUT but was too shy.
Ask over Invite. They have ASKED us OVER for drinks on Friday.
Ask round Invite someone. We ASKED John ROUND for diner.
Auction off Sell something in an auction. They AUCTIONED OFF their property as they were
heavily in debt.

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 Word Stress Within a Sentence
53
Which Words Should I Stress?: ny “content words” no asina stress : mety ho
noun , verbs , adjectives, adverbs ary indraindray fanontaniana when, why na where. @
akampobeany dia ny content word izay any @ fanrany no asina stress.
Practice Sentences
Remember to stress the last content word in each sentence. Notice how the stress changes as more
information is added to the end. The underlined word gets the most stress.
1. I like bacon.
I like bacon and eggs.
2. It’s black.
It’s black and white.
3. Do you want salt?
Do you want salt and pepper?

4. That’s good.
That’s a good idea.
5. It’s hot.
It’s a hot day.
6. I need it.
I need to go.
I need to go home.

I need to go home at five o’clock.

7. I saw him.
I saw the man.
I saw the man you told me about.*
*Note: me and about are not stressed because they are not content words.
8. He drove it.
He drove the car.

He drove the car he bought yesterday.

He drove the car that he bought from his friend.

1- Content Words in Detail: Verbs We emphasize main verbs more than the
participles or gerunds that come before them.
Practice Sentences
1. I’ll call you.
2. I saw him.
3. I’ll wait for you.
4. I have to go.
5. It’s nice to meet you.

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 2- Stress Nouns but Not Pronouns We stress nouns like man, book, John, and
Mary. We don’t stress pronouns such as he, it, her, and myself.
Practice Sentences
stressed nouns: reduced pronouns:
1. He told John. He told him.
2. I like that car. I like it.
3. I need a job. I need it.

3- Content Words in Detail: Adjectives

Place full stress on an adjective if it’s not followed by a noun. If it is followed by a noun,
stress the noun more.

adjective alone: adjective + noun:

1. That was good. That was a good film.
2. It’s really hot. It’s a really hot day.
3. It’s long. It’s a long drive.
4. John is nice. John is a nice man.

Practice Sentences
A.
1. Wait!
2. I’ll wait for you.
3. I can wait for you.
4. I am waiting for you.
5. I’ll be waiting for you.
6. I’ve been waiting for you.
7. I could’ve waited for you.
8. I could’ve been waiting for you.
9. I’ll wait for you in the car.
10. I should’ve been waiting for you in the car.

B.
1. Tell her.
2. He’ll tell her.
3. He’ll be telling her.
4. He didn’t tell her.
5. He should have told her.
6. He should’ve been telling her.
7. He didn’t tell his wife.
8. He should’ve been telling his wife.
9. He didn’t tell his wife about the situation.
10. He should’ve been telling his wife about the situation.

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 C.
1. I bought it.
2. I bought a watch.
3. I bought a new watch.
4. I bought a new gold watch.
5. I bought a new gold watch for him.
6. I bought a new gold watch for his birthday.
7. I bought a new gold watch for his thirtieth birthday.
8. I would have bought a new gold watch for his thirtieth birthday.
D.
1. He lost it.
2. He lost the money.
3. I think he lost the money.
4. I think he lost the money again.
5. I think he lost the money that I gave him.
6. He might have lost the money that I gave him.
7. I think he might have lost the money that I gave him.

READING

1. Do you like reading books? Why or why not?

2. What (kinds of) books do you like to read? / What to you like to do apart from reading then?
3. Did you read much when you were a child? / tell us what makes that exciting than reading a book?
4. What (kinds of) books did you like reading when you were a child? / if you should read a book what it would
be?
5. Do (young) children like reading books?
6. For children, what do you think are the benefits of reading?
7. What do you think are the benefits of reading to children?
Yes, I'm really into reading because I believe that reading can be both entertaining and
educational. Reading broadens my knowledge by opening up the whole world to me.
While I'm reading, I can be visiting another country or a different time period, or
travelling through space. I can find out how people solved problems or think up new
ideas.
Oh, it's a tough question, or it should be more of what books I don't read. I have a really
open mind towards books and what genre they are. Classic literature, novels,
autobiography, historical story - whatever I love reading them all.
Yes, I remember when I was a kid, I'd like to take some historical books from my father's
bookshelf, and read the historical stories, which were really entertaining and
educational for me. As a result, I'm very familiar with our ancient Malagasy history.
It's kind of hard to say but young children that I know tend to read fairy tales to
cultivate their mental development, but maybe for others, they just want to watch TV
and play with their toys.
I believe if you want your children to be smart, they have to acquire a love for reading,
which has numerous benefits. Reading opens the door to a child's early academic
success, imparts a love of learning and leads to higher grades in every subject. Besides,
reading can help children improve linguistic skills in the form of a richer vocabulary,
correct grammar, and more articulate oral communication. On top of that, books teach
child about relationships, situations, personalities, and what is good and what is bad in
the world he/she lives in.

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 54 Reducing Vowels in Unstressed Words

Afohezina ireo “function words” izay tsy dia tena manandanja ao anaty fehezanteny , ny
function wordsna miala ary dia misy dikany foana ilay teny. Ireto avy izany:
a. pronouns - he, she, you, they, mine, his, himself, etc.
b. prepositions - to, in, for, at, by, on, with, from, etc.
c. conjunctions - and, but, or, nor, so, yet
d. auxiliary verbs - am, is, was, were, do, does, been, have, can, could, should, etc. e.
articles - a, an, the
f. indefinite pronouns - one, some, any, anywhere, somewhere, anything, something,etc.
Nefa kosa ny auxiliary verbs dia asina stress rehefa en negative:
affirmative: negative:
I can do it. I can’t do it.
He should try it. He shouldn’t try it.
I’d like it. I wouldn’t like it.

1- Weak Forms : rehefa tsy asina tsindrim-peo ilay teny dia “weak form” no apesaina.
Ny “ weak form” dia tononina aigana sy moramora. “vowel” miova ho schwa sound, /ə/. For
example, the preposition for sounds like “fur” or /fər/, and at sounds like /ət/.

Practice Sentences
to becomes /tə/ for becomes /fər/ as becomes /əz/
1. I’d like to go. 1. Let’s go for a walk. 1. It’s as big as a house.
2. I need to talk to you. 2. Wait for John. 2. I’m as hungry as a wolf.
3. I’d like to go to the park. 3. This is for Bill. 3. I’ll call you as soon as I can.
4. I’m looking for my book. 4. Keep it as long as you need it.
and becomes /n/ can becomes /kən/ or becomes /ər/
1. bacon ‘n’ eggs 1. I can do it. 1. Is it this one or that one?
2. black ‘n’ white 2. You can call me. 2. I’ll do it today or tomorrow.
3. in ‘n’ out 3. Can you swim? 3. I saw it five or six times.
4. rock ‘n’ roll 4. When can you come over? 4. I’m leaving on Monday or Tuesday.
. Reducing have . Reducing has
a. What’ve you been doing? a. What has she been doing?
b. I’ve been studying. b. She’s been watching TV.
a. What’ve you been studying? a. What has she been watching?
b. I’ve been studying English. b. She’s been watching a film.
a. How long’ve you been studying it? a. How long has she been watching it?
b. I’ve been studying it tonight for two hours. b. She’s been watching it for an hour.
. Reducing some Reducing myself, yourself
a. I’m hungry. a. I’m really ashamed of myself.
b. Would you like some chicken. b. You need to forgive yourself and tell yourself
a. I’d love some. that everyone makes mistakes.
b. How about some rice? You’re driving yourself crazy. Why do you
a. Some rice would be good. doubt yourself so much?
b. And some ice cream and some cake for dessert? a. I guess I can’t help myself.
a. No, thanks. I need to lose some weight.

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 2 - Reducing Pronouns: rehefa mitonona pronouns dia matetika tsy tononina ny
soratra voalohany. Ohatra: ny h ao @ he,her ,him,hers,his ( rehefa tsy pronouns no teny
voalohany ao @ ilay fehezan-teny) . ny th ao @ them.

sounds like:
1. I love her
/ “I lover”
2. I knew her/ “I newer”
3. stuff he
/ knows “stuffy nose”
4. did /he “didee”
5. has he
/ “hazee”

weak form reduced vowel strong form full vowel

for /fər/
I’m looking for you. Who are you looking for?
to /tə/
Would you like to go? I’d love to.
at /ət/
He’s at the bank. Are you laughing with me or at me?

55 Most common phrasal verbs (B)

PHRASAL VERB MEANING EXAMPLE

Back away Retreat or go backwards. The crowd BACKED AWAY when the man pulled a
knife.
Retract or withdraw your position or
Back down She refused to BACK DOWN and was fired.
proposal in an argument.
Back into Enter a parking area in reverse gear. He prefers to BACK his car INTO the garage.
Back off Retreat. The police told the protesters to BACK OFF.
He BACKED OUT two days before the holiday so we
Back out Fail to keep an arrangement or promise.
gave the ticket to his sister
Back out of Fail to keep an agreement, arrangement. She BACKED OUT OF the agreement at the last
minute.
You should always BACK UP important files and
Back up Make a copy of computer data. documents so that you won't lose all your work if
something goes wrong with the hardware.
Bag out Criticise. Don't bag out BAG OUT Australian English.
Ball up Confuse or make things complicated. The new project has BALLED me UP- I have no idea
what to do.
Persuade someone to drop the price of I BARGAINED her DOWN to half what she
Bargain down
something they're selling. originally wanted.
Bash about Mistreat physically. If you BASH your monitor ABOUT like that, it won't
last long.
Bash in Break, damage or injure by hitting. The burglars BASHED the door IN to enter the
house.
Bash out Write something quickly without much I BASHED the essay OUT the night before I had to
preparation. hand it in.

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 Be after Try to find or get. The police ARE AFTER him because of the theft.
The next bus should BE ALONG in the next quarter
Be along Arrive.
of an hour or so.
Be away Be elsewhere; on holiday, etc.. She's AWAY on business for three weeks.
Be cut out for Be suitable, have the necessary qualities. She's not CUT OUT FOR this kind of work.
She was very CUT UP about coming second as she
Be cut up Be upset.
thought she deserved to win.
Be down Be depressed. He's BEEN DOWN since his partner left him.
Be fed up Be bored, upset or sick of something. I AM FED UP of his complaints.
Be taken with Like something. I WAS very TAKEN WITH the performance- it was
superb.
Be up Be out of bed. She's not UP yet.
She spotted him on the other side of the room and
Bear down on Move towards.
BORE DOWN ON him.
Bear on Influence, affect. The judge's character may well BEAR ON the final
decision.
Bear out Confirm that something is correct. Statistics BEAR OUT the government's positions on
the issue.
Bear up Resist pressure. How are you BEARING UP under the strain?
Bear up under Cope with something difficult or stressful. He's BEARING UP UNDER the pressure.
Bear with Be patient. Please BEAR WITH me a moment while I finish this
email.
The sun WAS really BEATING DOWN and we
Beat down Strong sunshine.
couldn't stay outdoors.
Beat out Narrowly win in competition. The marathon runner barely BEAT OUT his rival at
the tape.
Beat up Attack violently. The mugger BEAT him UP and stole his wallet.
Be in the correct or appropriate location
Belong with Does this disc BELONG WITH those on the shelf?
with other items.
Bend down Lower the top half of your body. I BENT DOWN to pick it up off the floor.
Big up Exaggerate the importance. He BIGS himself UP all the time.
Bitch up Spoil or ruin something. I BITCHED UP the interview.
Black out Fall unconscious. He BLACKED OUT and collapsed on the floor.
Blast off Leave the ground- spaceship or rocket. The space shuttle BLASTED OFF on schedule
yesterday.
I couldn't drive here this morning because
Block in Park a car and obstruct another car.
someone had BLOCKED me IN.
Block off Obstruct an exit to prevent people from The police BLOCKED OFF the road after the
leaving. murder.
Blow away Impress greatly. Her first novel BLEW me AWAY.
Blow down When the wind forces something to fall. A tree was BLOWN DOWN in the storm.
Blow in Arrive, sometimes suddenly or He BLEW IN from Toronto early this morning.
unexpectedly.
We were going to meet last night, but she BLEW
Blow off Not keep an appointment.
me OFF at the last minute.

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 Blow up Explode. The bomb BLEW UP without any warning.
Boil up Feel a negative emotion strongly. The anger BOILED UP in me when I saw what they
had done.
Bone up on Study hard for a goal or reason. I need to BONE UP ON my French grammar for the
test.
Book in Check in at a hotel. WE took a taxi from the airport to the hotel and
BOOKED IN.

56 Thought Groups and Focus Words

Rehefa lava be ny fehezan-teny dia matetika sarahina ho “though group”, izay lasa mijanona
natoraly isika rehefa eo anelanelany. Matetika ny teny farany foana no asiana tsindrim-peo izay
antsoina hoe “ focus words” io teny io no mitondra ny hevin’ilay fehezan_teny. Tadidio fa
arakaraka ilay olona miteny ihany io ka ireo olona zavatra miteny aingana be dia somary tsy dia
mapiasa “though group”.

Practice Conversations: Telephone Messages

A. Phone Tag
Mary’s Answering Machine: Hi, this is Mary. I am sorry // I missed your call. Please leave a
message // after the beep, and I’ll call you back // as soon as I can.

Mike: Hi, Mary, this is Mike. It’s been a while // since we last spoke. I hope you’re doing well. I’m
calling to see // if you’re free tomorrow. I am going hiking // with some friends // and I wanted to
see // if you’d like to join us. It would be great to see you. Give me a call // and let me know // if
you’re available.

Mary: Hi, Mike, this is Mary, returning your call. It was great to hear from you. Sorry that we keep
missing each other. Yeah, I’d love to go hiking with you. Let me know // what time you’re thinking
of going. I’m looking forward to it. I should be home tonight // after seven, so call me // and let me
know // where we should meet.

B. Sales Call
Good afternoon, Mr. Johnson. This is Bill Jones calling. I would like to tell you about the new
product // our company is selling. I believe // it will greatly benefit your organization. We recently
conducted a study // on how your customer’s needs are changing. We are able to help you run your
business more efficiently // and at the same time, save you money. I think that people in your firm
// would be very interested in our services. I’d like to set up a time to talk with you // about how
our company can help you. I can assure you // that it will be worth your while. When would be a
good time // for us to meet?

1- Contrastive Stress: tadidio fa afaka asina stress avokoa ny teny rehetra ao anaty
fehezan-teny mba hitenenana dikany manokana na anaovana fanitsiana.

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Practice Sentences
Each of the following sentences can be stressed in four different ways, depending on the
meaning that the speaker wants to convey.
1. implied meaning:
I don’t love him. ….but she does
I don’t love him. I really don’t.
I don’t love him. But I think he’s a nice person.
I don’t love him. But I love the other guy.

2. implied meaning:
I may drive to New York. Not she.
I may drive to New York. Maybe, I’m not sure.
I may drive to New York. Not fly.
I may drive to New York. Not Boston.

2- Contrastive Stress for Clarification

Notice how the stressed words emphasize a particular meaning or a need for clarification.

1. Do you need a ticket to Paris or from Paris?

2. Did you say inside or outside?
3. I want two pieces, not one.
4. It’s under the desk, not on the desk.
5. The government is of the people, by the people, and for the people.

BEING IN A HURRY

 When was your last time you did something in a hurry?

 Do you like to finish things quickly?
 What kind of things do you never do in hurry?
 Why do people make mistakes when they are in hurry?

The last time I was in a hurry was the time I rushed to school one morning for a final exam,
because I had woken up so late

No, I don't like to do things quickly because I will not concentrate or I might make mistakes.
I guess when people are working, for example if a doctor is doing an operation a slight mistake
could be vital to the patient. Also if a person is taking a test they should concentrate or they might
make mistakes

57 INTONATION

Ny lantom-peo no anisany tena ilaina be @teny anglisy , io no afahanao mampita hafatr@ olona

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 Io no afataran’ny olona iray fa vita ny tenintsika na mbola misy zavatra tiantsika ho tenenina ,
afantaran’ny olona fa mametra fanontaniana isika na miteny fotsiny , io koa no afataran’ny olona
fa tezitra isika , na gaga ,na tsy mahazo zavatra lazaina , na misalasala , na tsy liana …Rehefa
misy” intonation” tsar any tenin_tsika dia tena tsar any miheno azy ary mahaliana.

1- Falling Intonation: Lower your voice at the end of the sentence to produce a “falling
intonation.” This intonation is used for a variety of reasons:
Statements Questions
Falling intonation is used in simple sentences Falling intonation is also used when asking questions if
that are not questions. For example: they contain interrogative words such as where, what,
why, when, how, and who. For example:
1. My name is John.
1. What’s his name?
2. It’s nice to meet you.
2. Why did you leave?
3. Have a nice day.
3. Where are you going?
4. I’m going outside.
4. What are you thinking about?
5. I’ll be back in a minute.
5. How are you doing?

6. When does it start?

7. Who told you?

2- Rising Intonation: Raise the pitch of your voice at the end of a sentence to create
“rising intonation.” Rising intonation is used in “yes/no questions.” For example, “Did you see it?”
is a “yes/no” question. It can be answered with either a “yes” or a “no.” Compare that question
with this one: “When did you see it?” this one cannot be answered by a simple “yes” or “no.”
Practice Sentences

3. Can you call me at five?

7. Really?

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3- Non-final intonation: With “non-final intonation,” the pitch rises and falls within the
sentence or word. This type of intonation is used in various situations which are outlined below.

Unfinished Thoughts:
Non-final intonation is often used to indicate that you have not ended a thought. To indicate that
you have something more to say, raise your pitch at the end of the phrase. For example, “When I
saw him...” or “If I study hard...”

Sentence Pairs for Practice

The first sentence in each pair has falling intonation which indicates that the thought has ended.
The second sentence contains rising intonation indicating that the thought has not ended.

1. I bought the book. I bought the book, but I didn’t read it.

2. I finished school. When I finished school, I moved to New York.

3. I’ll study hard. If I study hard, I’ll get an A.

4. I’m going inside. I’m going inside, to get something to drink.

Introductory Words
Non-final intonation is also used with introductory words, such as actually or by the way. Since
these types of words indicate that a thought is not finished, the non-final intonation is
appropriate.

Practice Sentences

1. As a matter of fact, I do know the answer.

2. As far as I’m concerned, you did great.

3. Actually, it was pretty good.

4. In my opinion, it’s too expensive.

5. If you don’t mind, I’d like to close the window.

6. By the way, how did you know that?

Series of Words
Non-final intonation is used in words and phrases that are listed in a series. The voice rises at
the end of each item, but falls with the final item.

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 Practice Sentences

1. I like football, basketball, tennis, and golf.

2. I’m taking math, biology, French, and history.

3. I left work, came home, and had dinner.

4. I need milk, apples, eggs, and sugar.

5. “I learned law so well, the day I graduated I sued the college, won the case, and got my

tuition back.” ~Fred Allen

Expressing Choices
Finally, non-final intonation is used when giving a choice between two or more things.

1. Do you want to eat in or eat out?

2. Is your birthday in March or in April?

3. Do you speak Cantonese or Mandarin?

4. Is his name Matthew or Michael?

5. Do you want the blue one or the black one?

4- Wavering Intonation: “Wavering intonation” is used for expressing specific emotions

or attitudes. With this type of intonation, the pitch changes within words.
Meaning 1. Thanks a lot. normal
1. You did? curious 2. Thanks a lot. very happy
2. You did? very surprised 3. Thanks a lot. sarcastic
3. You did? disappointed No! angry
4. You did? angry No? surprised
5. You did. in agreement No... hesitant
Okay. Normal No. sarcastic
Okay. hesitant or unwilling
Okay! very excited
Okay! frustrated and angry

LOSING WEIGHT
Emily: Rachel, is that you?
Rachel: Hi Emily.
Emily: I didn’t recognize you at first. Did you lose weight?
Rachel: As a matter of fact, I lost twenty pounds.
Emily: Really? How did you do it?
Rachel: Well, I stopped eating cake, ice cream, potato chips, and candy bars, and

95
 I started eating healthier foods like salads, fruit, nuts, and vegetables.
Emily: Wow! I have to say, you look amazing.
Rachel: Do you really think so?
Emily: Absolutely!

58 Most common phrasal verbs (C,D,F)

PHRASAL VERB MEANING EXAMPLE

Call up Telephone. I CALLED him UP as soon as I got to a phone to tell him the news.
Calm down Stop being angry or emotionally excited When I lose my temper, it takes ages for me to
CALM DOWN again.
Cancel out Have an opposite effect on something that has The airport taxes CANCELLED OUT the
happened, taking things back to the beginning. savings we had made on the flight tickets.
Cap off Finish or complete, often with some She CAPPED OFF the meeting with a radical
decisive action. proposal.
Care for Like. I don't CARE FOR fizzy drinks; I prefer water.
Carried away Get so emotional that you The team got CARRIED AWAY when they won the championship
lose control. and started shouting and throwing things around.
Carry forward Make something progress. They hope the new management will be able to CARRY the project
FORWARD.
Carry off Win, succeed. She CARRIED OFF the first prize in the competition.
Carry on Continue. CARRY ON quietly with your work until the
substitute teacher arrives.
Decide upon Choose, select. Jane spent a long time looking at houses before she bought one,
but eventually DECIDED UPON one near her office.
Die away Become quieter or inaudible (of a sound). The last notes DIED AWAY and the audience burst
into applause.
Die back When the parts of a plant above ground The plant DIES BACK in the winter.
die, but the roots remain alive.
Die down Decrease or become quieter. It was on the front pages of all the papers for a few
days, but the interest gradually DIED DOWN.
Die for Want something a lot. I'm DYING FOR the weekend- this week's been so hard.
Most of the elm trees in the UK DIED OFF when Dutch elm disease arrived.
Die off Become extinct.
Die out Become extinct or disappear. Some scientists say that the dinosaurs DIED OUT when a
comet hit the earth and caused a nuclear winter.
Dig in Start eating greedily. We were starving so we really DUG IN when the
food finally did arrive.
Dig into Reach inside to get something. She DUG INTO her handbag and pulled out a bunch of keys.
Fawn over Praise someone in an excessive way to She FAWNED OVER the inspectors in the hope that
get their favour or something from them. they would give her a good grade.
Feed off Eat a food as part of an animals diet. The gecko FEEDS OFF mosquitoes and other insects.
Feed on Give someone a particular food. He FEEDS his cat ON dry food.
Feed up Give someone a lot of food to restore She's been ill for a fortnight so we're FEEDING her
their health, make them bigger, etc. UP.
Feel up Touch sexually, grope. Someone FELT me UP in the club as I was trying to get to the bar.

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 59 SOUND LIKE A TRUE NATIVE SPEAKER

1- Linking Consonant to Vowel: When a word ends in a consonant and the next
word begins with a vowel, connect the final consonant to the next vowel, making it
sound as if the second word starts with a consonant. Study the examples below to make
this point clear.
sounds like: sounds like: Warning
hold on “whole Don” get up late “get a plate” An hour ( anour)
I like it “I lie kit” picked out “pick doubt” An honest ( anonest)
Deep end “depend” this guy “the sky”

2- Linking ing + Vowel: Pay special attention to how you link the ing ending of one
word with the vowel sound of the following word. Don’t skip the /g/ sound. For example, when
you link “going” and “on,” don’t say “goin’ on.” Make sure you create a quick nasal “ng” /ŋ/sound
by touching the back of your mouth with the back of your tongue.
Practice Dialogues
1. a. What are you planning on doing tonight?
b. Nothing special. Just hanging out with some friends. Are you going out?
a. No, I think I’ll be staying in and watching a movie.
2. a. I’m shopping around for a car.
b. Are you planning on buying a new car or a used car?
a. I’m thinking about getting a used car.
3. a. Why did you hang up on me?
b. I hung up because you were yelling at me.
4. a. I’m breaking up with my boyfriend.
b. You’re kidding! Are you really doing it? Why?
a. Well, it’s just not working out between us.
b. But you’ve been dating Him a long time. I thought you were planning on getting engaged.
a. We’re not getting along any more. We’ve been arguing a lot.
b. How long has this been going on?
a. As long as I can remember.

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 3- Linking Consonant to Same Consonant: When the final consonant of one
word is the same as the first consonant of the following word, pronounce the consonant only once.
Do not pause between the sounds, but just lengthen the sound a bit or say it with a little bit more
energy. See the example below.
sounds like:
1. She speaks Spanish. “She speak Spanish.” 1. big game 6. far right
2. turned down “turn down” 2. well lit 7. stop playing
3. help Paul help all 3. can never 8. Tom might
4. well lit well it 4. good day 9. book club
5. black cat black at 5. this Saturday 10. what time
6. foreign name foreign aim

4- Linking two consonants :

Word Pairs for Practice
Make sure that you hold the final consonant of the first word.
up there baked beans great day cookbook
help me fried chicken big deal dark night
drop down good music blog post break time

Words for Practice

Make sure you hold the stop sound in the middle of the word.
admit cupcake midterm
hopefully grapefruit stepmother

5- Linking vowel to vowel: If one word ends with a vowel and the next word begins
with a vowel, do not pause between the words. For a smoother transition between the sounds
and to ensure a complete pronunciation of both of the vowels, we insert a short /y/ sound after
a front vowel (such as /eɪ/, /i/, and /ai/) and a short /w/ sound after a back vowel (such as /ʊ/
and /oʊ/) .

Sounds like:

Insert a very quick /w/ sound go out “go – wout”

How are you? “how ware you”

Insert a very quick /y/ sound I am “I yam”

they are “they yare”

Practice Sentences
1. I yate out. 5. May yI come in?

2. Go won. 6. So wa wesome!

3. They yagree. 7. I’ll buy yit.

4. I know wit. 8. He yate out.

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 s ə
fun
ə

6- Linking Vowels Within a Word: When an individual word contains two vowel
sounds together, we also add a little y or w sound. We don’t say “die it” we say “die + yet.”

Words for Practice

sounds like: sounds like:

client “cli /y/ ent” cooperate “co /w/ operate”

science “sci /y/ ence” experience “experi /y/ ence”
serious quiet “seri /y/ ous” diet furious “di /y/ et”
“furi /y/ ous”
“qui /y/ et”
appreciate “appreci/y/ate” negotiate “negoci/y/ate”
museum “muse/y/um” San Diego “San Di /y/ago”

My American Accent
I’ve been practicing the yAmerican accent // for a while now. At first, // it was

kind of hard // to keep track of all the rules and exceptions. I had no widea // there

was so much to learn. I’ve been practicing // with the yaudio materials. // It’s

somewhat easier // to pronounce some of the sounds // but it’s difficult to know

// how wI sound to wothers. I think I’m getting better. One of the hardest things

for me // is to stress some syllables // and to reduce certain others. When I yask

my friends // how wI sound, they yall say // they hear a difference in my speech.

My boss said // that I am making progress // and that I sound // more and more

like a native speaker. My clients are not asking me // to repeat myself as much.

It makes it all worthwhile. I won’t stop practicing.

PHOTOGRAPHY

1. Do you like to take photographs? (Why?)

2. Do you prefer to take photos yourself or to have other people take photos? (Why?)

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3. How long have you liked taking photographs?

4. How (Why) did you become interested in photography?

5. How often do you take photographs?

6. In what situations do you take photographs?

7. What kind of photos do you like to take?

8. Do you prefer to take pictures of people or of scenery?

9. Who do you take photos of?

10. How do you keep your photos?

11. Do you keep your photographs on your computer?

12. Are there any photos on the walls of your home?

13. Do you frame (of have you framed) any of your photos? (If yes, which? & why?)

14. Do you prefer to send postcards to people or to send photos that you took yourself?

Yes, I am a big fan of doing photography in my spare time. I always travel around with
my camera. It’s a habit I’ve had for almost 8 years. The main thing is that I can capture
the most precious moments in my life, such as a graduation ceremony, or a sweet
moment with my girlfriend, and also I believe photography helps to cultivate my
thinking about the world.
If I had to choose between the two, I'll probably go with taking photos of other people
because I feel that different people have different characteristic, so each photos will be
different. Whereas, I rarely take a selfie because it makes me embarrassed.
Normally, I'll probably just go out and about to take photos because I really enjoy
natural scenery such as the seashore, sunsets and twilight, but when I take my son with
me, I take photos of him to capture his happiness.
I store my photos both on my computer disk and on the Internet for backup. Also I have
been running a photography website for 4 years, and I keep all my best photos there.
Yes, I used to print some photos of my kid to hang in his room, they help us have good
memories of the happy times we have [Link], if I had to choose between the
two, I'll probably go with my own photos because they are unique and getting a lot of
positive comments from friends is a pleasant thing. Whereas postcards are not as
meaningful to me as the photos I take myself.

60
CASUAL VERSUS FORMAL SPEECH

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 Ny “casual speech” dia entina iresahana @namana sy olona mahazatra indraindray tsy mila manaja
ny fomba fanonona na ny fitsipika isika , tandremo anefa fa rehefa misy fetrany ny fampiasana azy io
fa tsy hoe atao @izay tiana atao. ;)

A. Sentences are shortened and grammar is simplified.

sounds like:
1. Do you want to go? “Wanna go?”
2. You’d better do it. “You better do it.”
B. Speakers are less careful about pronouncing every consonant.
sounds like:
1. probably “probly”
2. I don’t know “I dunno”
3. remember “member”
4. going “goin”
5. until “til”
6. because “cuz”

C. Slang is more acceptable.

becomes:
1. I need five dollars. “I need five bucks.”
2. I don’t have any money. “I’m broke.”

Rules and Patterns of Casual Speech

Formal, Careful Informal, Relaxed

Examples
Speech Speech

I’ll call ya. See

you ya
ya.

I did it ‘cuz I wanted to.

because ‘cuz
I’m tired ‘cuz I worked all day.

I dunno why.
I don’t know I dunno
I dunno what to do.

Lemme do it.
let me lemme Lemme help you.
Lemme talk to him.

Gimme a call.
give me gimme Gimme a break!
Can you gimme a minute?

Joo call me?

did you...? joo Why joo do it?
Joo go out last night?

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 Wanna go out?
do you want to...? wanna...? Wanna dance?
What do you wanna do?

I gotta go.
have got to... gotta...
You gotta do it.
should’ve shoulda You shoulda told me.
would’ve woulda It woulda been nice.
could’ve coulda We coulda come.
must’ve musta You musta seen it.

shouldn’t have shouldna You shouldna done that.

wouldn’t have wouldna I woundna known.
couldn’t have couldna It couldna happened.

I’m gonna go.

going to gonna It’s gonna rain.
What are you gonna do?

Whadda you want?

what do you...? wadda you...? Whadda you doing?
Whadda you think?

Rules and Patterns of Casual Speech

Formal, Careful Informal, Relaxed
Speech Speech Examples

That’s a lotta money.

a lot of a lotta I’ve got a lotta friends.

It’s kinda hot.

kind of kinda What kinda car is that?

Get adda here.

I’m adda money. You’re
out of adda
adda your mind.
meaning: You’re crazy.
I go to work.
go to goddu Let’s go to a concert.

yeah Yeah. It’s good. Yup. I

yes yup did it.

Nope. I’m not going.

no nope Nope. That’s not right.

What are you doin’? Nothin’

-ing in’ much.

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 60 Most common phrasal verbs (G,H,J,K)

PHRASAL VERB MEANING EXAMPLE

Get ahead Progress. Nowadays, you need IT skills if you want to GET AHEAD.
Get ahead of Move in front of. I work at home in the evening to GET AHEAD OF schedule.
Get along Leave. It's late; we must be GETTING ALONG.
Give up Stop doing something that has been a habit. I GAVE UP taking sugar in tea and coffee to lose weight.
Hit on Have an idea. I suddenly HIT ON the solution
Hold off Stop someone from attacking or Chelsea couldn't HOLD their opponents OFF and lost the
beating you. game.
Hold on Wait. Could you HOLD ON for a minute; she'll be free in a moment.
Hook up Meet someone. We HOOKED UP at the conference.
Hunt out Search until you find something. It took me ages to HUNT OUT the photos.
Jack up Increase sharply. They have JACKED UP the price of oil this month.
Apply or operate something Jack JAMMED ON the brakes when the rabbit ran in front
Jam on forcefully. of his car.
Jaw away Talk just for the point of talking That shows that your interest is not in helping the
rather than having anything to say. student, but in JAWING AWAY.
Make something more interesting The show was getting stale so they JAZZED it UP with
Jazz up or attractive. some new scenes.
Keep around Keep something near you. I KEEP a dictionary AROUND when I'm doing my homework.
She found the course hard but she KEPT AT it and
Keep at Continue with something difficult. completed it successfully.
Keep away Don't allow someone near Medicines should always be KEPT AWAY from children.
something.
Keep back Maintain a safe distance. The police told the crowd to KEEP BACK from the fire.
Key to Plan things to fit or suit people or situations. Promotions are KEYED TO people's abilities.
Key up Make someone excited or nervous. The noise got us KEYED UP.
Kick about Discuss. We KICKED the idea ABOUT at the meeting.
Her hayfever didn't feel half as bad once the
Kick in When a drug starts to take effect. antihistamines had KICKED IN.
Kick out Expel. The family KICKED the au pair OUT when they found out that
she was planning to move to work for another household.
Knock off Finish work for the day. We KNOCKED OFF early on Friday to avoid the rush hour queues.

62 MEMORIZING THE EXCEPTIONS

1- Same Spelling, Different Pronunciation: Below are common words that are
spelled the same but have different pronunciations and different meanings.

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 PRONUNCIATION MEANING

bass a is /æ/ as in fat a a kind of fish

bass is /eɪ / as in take a musical instrument, or low voice or tone

desert first syllable stress dry land with little or no vegetation

desert second syllable stress to leave empty or alone, to abandon

dove o is /ə/ as in fun a kind of bird similar to a pigeon

dove o is /ou/ as in boat past tense of dive

lead ea is /i/ as in meet to guide

lead ea is /ɛ/ as in get a kind of metal

i is /I/ as in sit (first sixty seconds

minute syllable stress)

minute i is /aɪ/ as in time
(second syllable stress) very small, tiny

Polish o is /ou/ as in boat (adjective) from Poland

polish o is /ɑ/ as in father to make a surface shine

refuse second syllable stress (verb) to deny, reject

refuse first syllable stress (noun) trash, garbage

final e is silent (second

to begin again after an interruption
resume syllable stress)
resume final e is /eɪ/ as in take
a summary of work experience
(first syllable stress)

tear rhymes with care to separate by force

tear rhymes with here a drop of liquid coming from the eye

wind i is /I/ as in sit outdoor current of air

wind i is /aɪ/ as in time to turn in circular motions

wound ou is /u/ as in food injury, especially when skin is torn or cut

wound ou is /aʊ/ as in house past tense of verb wind

2- Two Correct Pronunciations: There are two ways of pronouncing the following
words. Both choices are acceptable.
ei is /i/ as in meet (more common in American English)
1. either
ei is /aɪ/ as in time (British English)

ei is /i/ as in meet (more common in American English)

2. neither
ei is /aɪ/ as in time (British English)

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 a is /eɪ/ as in take (more common)
3. data
a is /æ / as in fat (less common)

a is /æ/ as in fat (more common)

4. aunt
a is /ɑ/ as in father (less common)

a is /eɪ/ as in take (more common)

5. apricot
a is /æ/ as in fat (less common)

3- Words with Dropped Syllables: When pronouncing the following list of words,
do not pronounce all of the syllables. Instead of saying “choc-o-late,” with three syllables, say
“choc-late” with only two syllables. Instead of “brocc-o-li,” say “brocc-li.” In both of those words
one of the middle vowels disappears. Below is a list of the most common words that have a
dropped syllable.

1. actually 13. business 25. desperate

2. aspirin 14. camera 26. diamond
3. average 15. Catholic 27. diaper
4. basically 16. chocolate 28. practically
5. beverage 17. favorite 29. preference
6. different 18. interest 30. several
7. extraordinary 19. interesting 31. temperature
8. evening 20. laboratory 32. theory
9. every 21. liberal 33. vegetable
10. family 22. opera
11. generally 23. comfortable
12. broccoli 24. coverage

4- Words with Silent Letters

bomb, crumb, climb, comb, debt, doubt, dumb, lamb, limb, numb, plumber,
silent b
subtle, thumb, tomb
silent c indict, muscle
silent ch yacht
silent d adjective, adjust, handsome, Wednesday
align, assign, benign, campaign, champagne, design, diaphragm, foreign, reign,
silent g
resign, sign
bright, bought, caught, drought, fight, fought, height, high, light, night, weigh,
silent gh
weight
silent h ghost, heir, honest, hour, honor, herb, vehicle, exhibit
silent k knee, knife, know, knot
silent l calm, chalk, could, folk, half, Lincoln, psalm, salmon, should, talk, walk, would
silent n hymn, autumn, column
silent p cupboard, psychology, pneumonia, psychic, psalm, receipt
silent s aisle, Arkansas, debris, Illinois, island
ballet, bouquet, buffet, castle, Chevrolet, Christmas, fasten, listen, mortgage,
silent t
often, whistle, fillet, gourmet, debut, soften, rapport
silent th asthma, months*, clothes*
silent w answer, sword, toward

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5- Homophones: Homophones are words with the same pronunciation but different spelling
and meaning. Make sure you pronounce the second (and sometimes third) word the same as the
first word, even though they look different.

1. Adam–atom 36. Greece–grease 71. road–rode–rowed

2. air–err–heir 37. guest–guessed 72. roll–role
3. aloud–allowed 38. gym–Jim 73. root–route
4. altar–alter 39. heal–heel–he’ll 74. sail–sale
5. ant–aunt 40. hear–here 75. sea–see
6. ate–eight 41. heard–herd 76. seam–seem
7. band–banned 42. him–hymn 77. seas–sees–seize
8. bare–bear 43. hire–higher 78. seen–scene
9. base–bass 44. hole–whole 79. seller–cellar
10. be–bee 45. I–eye 80. side–sighed
11. beat–beet 46. I’ll–isle–aisle 81. so–sow–sew
12. berry–bury 47. in–inn 82. some–sum
13. billed–build 48. know–no 83. son–sun
14. blew–blue 49. lessen–lesson 84. stair–stare
15. board–bored 50. maid–made 85. steal–steel
16. brake–break 51. mail–male 86. sweet–suite
17. buy–by–bye 52. meat–meet 87. tail–tale
18. caller–collar 53. metal–medal 88. there–their–they’re
19. cell–sell 54. new–knew 89. tie–Thai
20. cent–sent–scent 55. nose–knows 90. to–too–two
21. chili–chilly–Chile 56. not–knot 91. tow–toe
22. chews–choose 57. nun–none 92. wait–weight
23. cite–site–sight 58. oh–owe 93. way–weigh
24. close–clothes 59. one–won 94. weak–week
25. core–corps 60. our–hour 95. wear–where
26. course–coarse 61. pail–pale 96. weather–whether
27. dear–deer 62. pair–pare 97. wheel–we’ll
28. die–dye 63. past–passed 98. wore–war
29. do–due–dew 64. peace–piece 99. worn–warn
30. finish–Finnish 65. principal–principle
31. feudal–futile 66. profit–prophet
32. flea–flee 67. rain–rein–reign
33. flew–flu 68. red–read
34. flower–flour 69. right–write
35. for–four 70. ring–wring

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 63 Most common phrasal verbs (L,M,N,O,P)

PHRASAL VERB MEANING EXAMPLE

Lash down Secure something with ropes or We LASHED the tarpaulin DOWN to stop the wind
cords. blowing it away.
Lash into Criticise someone strongly. He LASHED INTO them for messing thins up.
Lash out Suddenly become violent. He LASHED OUT and broke the man's nose.
Lay on Organise, supply. They LAID ON a buffet lunch at the conference.
Lay out Spend money. They LAID OUT thousands of pounds on their wedding reception.
Let in Allow someone to enter. The doorstaff didn't LET him IN the nightclub because he was wearing jeans.
Let off Not punish. The judge LET him OFF with a fine rather than a prison sentence since it was his first offence.
Line up Arrange events for someone. We have LINED UP a lot of meetings for them.
Link up Connect, join. The train LINKS UP the cities.
Live by Follow a belief system to guide your behaviour. He tries hard to LIVE BY the Bible.
Stop being embarrassed about If I fail the test and everyone else passes, I'll never be
Live down something. able to LIVE it DOWN.
Live with Accept something unpleasant. It's hard to LIVE WITH the pain of a serious illness.
Log in Enter a restricted area on a I had forgotten my password and couldn't LOG IN.
computer system.
Log into Enter a restricted area of a I LOGGED INTO the staff intranet to check my email.
computer system.
When she'd finished working on the spreadsheet, she
Log off Exit a computer system. LOGGED OFF and left the office.
Log on Enter a computer system. He entered his password for the college intranet and LOGGED ON.
Danny closed the programs and LOGGED OUT when it
Log out Exit a computer system. was time to go home.
Consult a reference work (dictionary, phonebook, I didn't know the correct spelling so I had
Look up etc.) for a specific piece of information.. to LOOK it UP in the dictionary.
He MAGICKED the bill AWAY and paid for us all before I
Magic away Make something disappear quickly. could get my wallet out.
Make after Chase. The police MADE AFTER the stolen car.
Make away with Steal. The thieves MADE AWAY WITH the painting.
Make it Arrive or get a result. I thought you weren't coming, so I was really pleased you MADE IT.
Make it up to Try to compensate for doing He tried to MAKE IT UP TO her, but she wouldn't speak
something wrong. to him.
Make of Understand or have an opinion. What do you MAKE OF your new boss?
Make off Leave somewhere in a hurry. They MADE OFF when they heard the police siren.
Mash up Mix sources of audio, video or other She MASHED UP the songs into a single track.
computer sources..
Heat something solid, especially They MELTED the gold statue DOWN and turned it into
Melt down metal, until it becomes liquid. gold bars.
Not be serious, not use something The children were MESSING ABOUT with the TV remote
Mess about properly. control and broke it.
Mix up Confuse. I always MIX those two sisters UP because they look so like each other.
Move into Start living in a place. They MOVED INTO the house as soon as it was ready.
Move up Move to make space. Could you MOVE UP and let me sit down?
Nail down Succeed in getting, achieve. They are having trouble NAILING DOWN the contract.
Name after Give someone a name to remember I was NAMED AFTER my uncle who died in the war.
another person.

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 Remove less important options to I am not sure which university to apply to, but I have
Narrow down make it easier to choose. NARROWED my list DOWN to three.
Nerd out Play safe and avoid taking a risk. I'm going to NERD OUT and not go on the river trip.
Opt for Choose. I OPTED FOR an endowment mortgage and lost a lot of money.
Opt in Choose to be part or a member of If you want them to notify you of updates, you have to
something. OPT IN.
Opt into Choose to be a member or part of something. I OPTED INTO the scheme.
The UK OPTED OUT of a lot of EU legislation on working
Opt out Choose not to be part of something. hours and conditions.
Pack in Stop doing something. I'm trying to PACK IN smoking.
Pack off Send someone away. His boss PACKED him OFF to a regional office.
Pack out Fill a venue. The stadium was PACKED OUT.
Pack up Stop doing something. You should PACK UP smoking.
Pad down Sleep somewhere for the night. I'm too tired to come home; can I PAD DOWN here tonight?
Make a text longer by including extra content, I couldn't think of much to write, so I PADDED
Pad out often content that isn't particularly relevant. the essay OUT with a few lengthy quotes.
Pal around Be friendly and spend time with someone. We PALLED AROUND at university.
Pal up Become friends. We PALLED UP when I started working with her.
Pass away Die. Sadly, Georgia's uncle PASSED AWAY yesterday after a short illness.
Pass back Return. I felt awful when the teacher started to PASS BACK the exam papers.
Pass by Go past without stopping. I was just PASSING BY when I saw the accident.
I tried to PATCH things UP after the argument, but they
Patch up Fix or make things better. wouldn't speak to me.
Pay back Repay money borrowed. I PAID BACK the twenty pounds I'd borrowed.
Produce a profitable or successful Their patience PAID OFF when he finally showed up and
Pay off result. signed the contract.
Peel away Leave a group by moving in a Some of the crowd PEELED AWAY to get out of the crush.
different direction.
Peg out Put washing outside to dry. I PEGGED the washing OUT after it stopped raining.
Phase in Introduce gradually. They are PHASING IN the reforms over the next two years.
They have introduced a compact edition of the newspaper and are
Phase out Remove gradually. PHASING OUT the broadsheet edition over the next few months.
Pick at Eat unwillingly. I wasn't very hungry so I just PICKED AT my food.
Pick up Collect. While you're in town, can you PICK UP my trousers from the Dry Cleaner?
Pig out Eat a lot. The food was great, so I really PIGGED OUT.
Pile up Accumulate. Work just keeps on PILING UP and I really can't manage to get it all done.
Pin down Discover exact details about The government can't PIN DOWN where the leak came
something. from.
Pin on Attach the blame to someone. The police tried to PIN the crime ON him.
Fix something to a wall, or other
Pin up vertical surface, with a pin. I PINNED the notice UP on the board
Suffer physically because of grief, He's been PINING AWAY since his wife died and is a
Pine away stress, worry, etc. shadow of his former self.
Pipe down Be quiet (often as an imperative). The lecturer asked the students to PIPE DOWN and pay
attention.
Pipe up To speak, raise your voice. At first, no one answered, then finally someone PIPED UP.
Pretend to agree or accept something in order to I disagreed with the idea but I had to PLAY
Play along keep someone happy or to get more information. ALONG because everyone else liked it.
Play around Be silly. The children were PLAYING AROUND and being annoying.
Play up Behave badly. The children PLAYED UP all evening and drove the babysitter mad.
Plug in Connect machines to the electricity supply. He PLUGGED the TV IN and turned it on full blast.

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Plump down Put something in a place without He PLUMPED his bag DOWN and kicked his shoes off.
taking care.
Plump for Choose. I PLUMPED FOR the steak frites.
He POINTED OUT that I only had two weeks to get the
Point out Make someone aware of something. whole thing finished.
Move things around or search in a I POKED ABOUT in my CD collection to see if I could find
Poke about casual way to try to find something. it.
Move things around or search in a I POKED AROUND in my desk to see if the letter was
Poke around casual way to try to find something. there.
Polish off Finish, consume. She POLISHES OFF half a bottle of gin every night.
Polish up Improve something quickly. I need to POLISH UP my French before I go to Paris.
Pop in Visit for a short time. He POPPED IN for a coffee on his way home.
Pop off Talk loudly, complain. He's always POPPING OFF when things don't suit him.
Turn a computer or electronic
Power up device on so that it is ready to use. I POWERED UP my laptop and started work.
In rural areas where they have a monopoly, some garages
Price up Charge more for something. PRICE UP fuel because there's nowhere else to buy it.
Pull ahead Overtake, move in front. The lorry was going slowly but we managed to PULL AHEAD.
Pull out Move into traffic. The traffic was so bad that it took me ages to PULL OUT.

Five Things to Think about (speaking questions)

1. Did you answer the question?
-Start by restating the question and answer it.
2. Was your answer logical?
-A structure of an introduction, body, and conclusion is good. Present an argument
and two or three supporting ideas. Also provide specific examples. Do not deviate
from the topic.
3. Were you fluent?
-You do not need to use difficult words or expressions frequently to receive a high
score. Instead, speak without unnecessary pauses and halts.
4. Was your speech accurate?
-Your speech needs to be accurate in terms of grammar, vocabulary use, and
pronunciation. Also speak loudly and clearly.
5. Did you speak for more than 35~40 seconds?
-Try to say at least ten sentences. Organize your answer using the simple formula
given on the next page.
Independent Task: 45 Seconds
- Sentence 1: restate the question and answer the question.
- Sentence 2: Supporting Idea 1
- Sentence 3-5: Supporting Idea 1 Detail & Example
- Sentence 6: Supporting Idea 2
- Sentence 7-9: Supporting Idea 2, Detail & Example
- Sentence 10: Rephrase & Summarize.
If You Have No Idea What to Say...
1. Write what you would want to say.
2. Ask your English Teacher to correct it for you.
3. Revise what you wrote.
4. Memo what you wrote.
5. Practice speaking only with your memo.
6. Record your speech.

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