Management History Module
Presented To: Dr. Asim Nazir
Presented By: Aqsa Fareed (2023-1935)
Alishbah (2023-1932)
Tayyaba Nasir (2023-1914)
Insha Fatima (2023-1912)
Iffrah Yalnaz (2023-2933)
Semester: 6th (Morning)
Course : School Management
Institute of Education and Research
Department of Science Education
University of The Punjab
Introduction
Management has been practiced for thousands of years, but its formal
study began in the early twentieth century. Over time, different
approaches have been developed to improve organizational efficiency
and effectiveness.
There are four major approaches:
• Classical approach
• Behavioural approach
• Quantitative approach
• Contemporary approach
Learning outcomes
• Describe early management examples
• Explain classical management theories
• Discuss behavioral approach
• Describe quantitative approach
• Explain contemporary approaches
Early Management
Management existed long before modern theories.
Early societies practiced planning, organizing, leading, and
controlling activities in large projects and trade systems.
Examples of Early Management
1.1 Ancient Projects
• The pyramids and large walls show early management
• Required thousands of workers
• Needed planning, organization, and control Managers
coordinated workers and resources
Cont….
1.2 Venice (1400s)
• Major trade and business center
• Early form of business organization
Used:
• Assembly-line shipbuilding
• Warehouse and inventory systems
• Human resource practices
Cont….
1.3 Contribution of Adam Smith
• Introduced division of labor
• Jobs are divided into smaller tasks
• Increased productivity and efficiency
• Example: pin factory production
1. Classical approach
The classical approach focuses on efficiency, productivity, and
organizational structure. It emphasizes rational thinking and
scientific methods.
There are 3 main branches.
➢ Scientific Management
Developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor.
Principles:
1. Develop a science for each task
2. Scientifically select and train workers
3. Divide work between managers and workers
➢ General Administrative Theory
Developed by Henri [Link]’s14 Principles
• Division of work • Order
• Authority • Equity
• Discipline • Initiative
• unity of command • Espirit de corps
• Unity of direction • Subordination of individual
• Remuneration • Stability of tenure of personnel
• Centralization
• Scalar chain
➢ Bureaucratic Management
Developed by Max Weber.
Key Features:
• Clear hierarchy
• Division of labor
• Formal rules and procedures
• Impersonality
• Merit-based selection
2. Behavioural approach
The behavioral approach focuses on people, their behavior, and how
they interact within organizations.
There are 3 main parts.
➢ Early Advocates
• Robert Owen: Emphasized better working conditions
• Hugo Munsterberg: Applied psychology to industry
➢Hawthorne Studies
Conducted at Western Electric, these studies showed that:
Social factors affect productivity
Workers perform better when they feel valued
➢ Organizational Behavior
Focuses on understanding employee behavior.
Key Ideas:
• Motivation improves performance
• Leadership style matters
• Group dynamics influence outcomes
3. Quantitative approach
The quantitative approach uses mathematical and statistical
techniques to improve decision-making.
Key Features:
• Use of models and simulations
• Data-driven decision-making
• Focus on efficiency and control
Applications:
• Inventory management
• Scheduling
• Forecasting
• This approach became popular during World War II when
mathematical techniques were used to solve military
problems.
Total Quality Management (TQM)
All employees in an organization work together to improve
quality and meet customer needs.
Key Features of TQM
• Customer focus → Quality is defined by customer
satisfaction
• Continuous improvement → Always improving processes
• Employee involvement → Everyone participates
• Process improvement → Focus on how work is done
• Data-based decisions → Uses measurement and analysis
4. Contemporary approach
Modern management integrates different approaches and
adapts to changing environments.
Systems Approach
• Organization is seen as a system of interrelated parts
• Each part affects the others
• Emphasizes coordination and unity
The two basic types of system:
• Open system
• Closed system
Contingency approach
• No single best way to manage
• Management depends on the situation
• Managers must be flexible
Conclusion
Management theory has evolved significantly over time. The
classical approach laid the foundation with a focus on efficiency
and structure. The behavioral approach added the human
element, while the quantitative approach introduced data-driven
decision-making. Finally, contemporary approaches emphasize
flexibility and systems thinking. Together, these approaches help
managers effectively handle modern organizational challenges.
Thank you for your time and attention