Analytical Reasoning
Learn & Serve Academy
AD MOD | SI MOD
UDC | LDC
Types of Analytical Reasoning
• 1. Verbal Analytical Reasoning
• Uses words, letters, and language.
• Topics include:
• Coding–Decoding
• Analogies (Word relationship)
• Alphabet Series
• Word Formation
• Odd One Out (Words)
• Logical Statements
• Statement & Conclusion
• Statement & Assumptions
• Example:
CAT : DOG :: LION : ? → TIGER
• 3. Logical Reasoning (Core Analytical Reasoning)
• Focuses on relationships and logical connections.
• Topics include:
• Blood Relations
• Direction Sense Test
• Seating Arrangement
• Puzzles
• Ranking & Order
• Syllogism
• Example:
Ali is brother of Sara. Sara is mother of Ahmed. What is Ali to Ahmed? → Uncle
• 6. Mathematical Analytical Reasoning
• Uses numbers and patterns.
• Topics include:
• Number Series
• Letter-Number Series
• Mathematical Operations
• Missing Numbers
Most Important for FPSC, PPSC, ASF, MOD,
ISSB, NTS
• Focus on:
• Coding–Decoding
• Number Series
• Alphabet Series
• Blood Relations
• Direction Sense
• Seating Arrangement
• Odd One Out
• Analogies
• Syllogism
• Analytical Reasoning Types Asked in MOD Assistant Director Test
• 1. Coding–Decoding (Very Frequently Asked)
• Example:
If CAT = DBU, then DOG = ?
• Types:
• Alphabet shifting
• Letter-number coding
• Word coding
• Sentence coding
• Blood Relations
• Family relationship problems.
• Example:
Ali is brother of Sara. Sara is mother of Ahmed.
Ali is Ahmed’s → Uncle
• Direction Sense Test
• Based on directions.
• Example:
Ali goes 10m north, then east, then south. Where is he from start?
• Seating Arrangement (Puzzle Based)
• Most important intelligence question type.
• Example:
5 persons sitting in row, who sits where?
• Statement and Conclusion
• Logical thinking questions.
• Example:
Statement: All cats are animals
Conclusion: All cats are living beings → True
• Ranking and Order
• Position-based questions.
• Example:
Ali is 5th from top and 6th from bottom. Total?
Coding | Decoding
Alphabet Position Concept (Most Important)
Letter Position
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
E 5
F 6
G 7
H 8
I 9
J 10
K 11
L 12
M 13
N 14
O 15
P 16
Q 17
R 18
S 19
T 20
U 21
V 22
W 23
X 24
Y 25
Z 26
• 2. Forward Shifting Concept
• Letters move forward.
• Example:
CAT → DBU
• C → D (+1)
A → B (+1)
T → U (+1)
• Rule: +1 shift
• 3. Backward Shifting Concept
• Letters move backward.
• Example:
DOG → CNF
• D → C (−1)
O → N (−1)
G → F (−1)
• 4. Fixed Number Shift
• Each letter shifts by same number.
• Example:
BALL → EDOO
• B → E (+3)
A → D (+3)
L → O (+3)
L → O (+3)
• 5. Increasing Shift Pattern
• Shift increases step-by-step.
• Example:
ABCD → BDFH
• A → B (+1)
B → D (+2)
C → F (+3)
D → H (+4)
• 6. Reverse Alphabet Concept (Opposite Letters)
• Formula:
Opposite letter position = 27 − position
• Example:
CAT → XZG
• C→X
A→Z
T→G
• 7. Letter to Number Coding
• Convert letters into positions.
• Example:
CAT = ?
• C=3
A=1
T = 20
• Code = 3 1 20
• 8. Word Value Concept (Sum of positions)
• Add positions of letters.
• Example:
CAT = ?
• C=3
A=1
T = 20
• Total = 24
• 9. Number to Letter Coding
• Convert numbers into letters.
• Example:
1→A
2→B
3→C
• Example:
20 5 19 20 → TEST
• 11. Letter Rearrangement Coding
• Example:
CAT → TAC
• Simply reverse letters.
• 12. Alternate Letter Coding
• Example:
ABCDE → ACE
• Take alternate letters.
• 1. Alphabet Shift (+1)
• Question:
If CAT = DBU, then DOG = ?
• 2. Alphabet Shift (−1)
• Question:
If BIRD = AHQC, then FISH = ?
• 3. Opposite Letter Coding
• Question:
If CAT = XZG, then DOG = ?
• (Opposites: A Z, B Y, C X, D W, etc.)
• 4. Position Sum Coding
• Question:
If CAT = 24, then DOG = ?
• C=3, A=1, T=20 → 24
D=4, O=15, G=7
• 5. Position Sum × 2 Coding
• Question:
If ACT = 48, then BAT = ?
• 6. Reverse Letter Coding
• Question:
If STAR = RATS, then MOON = ?
• 7. Alternate Letter Coding
• Question:
If ABCDEF = ACE, then PQRS = ?
• 8. Common Number Coding
• Question:
289 = read from paper
85 = wall paper
• Common word = paper
Common number = 8
In a certain code language, '526' means 'sky is blue' ; '24' means
'blue colour' and '436' means 'colour is fun’.
Which digit in that language means 'fun'?
In a certain code, '289' means 'read from paper'; '276' means
'tea from field' and '85' means 'wall paper'. Which of the
following is the code for 'tea'?
In a certain code, '289' means 'read from paper'; '276'
means 'tea from field' and '85' means 'wall paper'. Which
of the following is the code for 'paper'?
If PEOPLE is coded as PLPOEE, how is TREND
coded?
In a certain code, MUNICIPALITY is written as
INMUAPCIYTLI, How is JUDICIAL written in that code?
Which of the following words would correctly decode the word
ZHOFRPH if the simple alphabet shifting code is used?
• a) ARTISTS
• b) COMPUTE
• c) MAILING
• d) WELCOME
If Z = 52 and ACT = 48, then BAT will be equal
to
If REASON is coded as 5 and BELIEVED as 7, what is the code
number for GOVERNMENT? a) 6 b) 8 c) 9 d) 10