A

Project Report
on

“Smart Energy Meter Using GSM”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

2025-2026

Project Guide:- Submitted By:-

Mr. Abhinandan Jain Bhavya Agarwal (22ESKEC023)

Assistant professor Apoorv Yadav (22ESKEC016)
ECE, Akshat Gautam (22ESKEC008)
SKIT M&G, Jaipur

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Jaipur
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

I
 Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, M & G, Jaipur
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Smart Energy Meter Using GSM ” has been submitted
for the partial fulfilment of the requirement of the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of
Technology , Management & Gramothan, Jaipur affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
by following students Bhavya Agarwal(22ESKEC023),Apoorv Yadav(22ESKEC016),Akshat
Gautam(22ESKEC008), of final year [Link]. Electronics and Communication Engineering is a
record of the bonafide work carried out by them under my supervision.

The work submitted in my opinion, has reached to a level required for being accepted for the
examination. The matter presented in this report has not submitted anywhere for the award of any
other degree work.

Signature

Mr. Abhinandan Jain

Assistant professor of
ECE,
SKIT M& G, Jaipur

II
 ACKNOWLEGEMENT

There are always some key personalities whose roles are vital for the successful completion of any work.
However, it would not have been possible to complete this work without the kind support and help of
many individuals and organization. We would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

We are highly indebted to our guide Mr. Abhinandan Jain , Assistant professor for their guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their
support in completing the project. We would like to thank Dr. Pallav Rawal Faculty, Department of
Electronics and Communication, SKIT M & G, Jaipur for their kind support and guidance to complete our
Project. They helped us throughout the work. Their excellent guidance has been instrumental in making
this work a success.

We would like to thank Prof. (Dr.) P.K. Jain, Professor & Head, Department of Electronics and
communication, SKIT M & G, Jaipur for providing us the opportunity to work in consistent direction and
the adequate means and support to pursue this work.

Finally, earnest and sincere thanks to all the faculty members of Electronics and Communication
Department, SKIT M & G, Jaipur for their direct and indirect support in the completion of this work.

Last but not least, we sincerely express our deepest gratitude to our families for their wholehearted support
and encouragement to us to take up this course. In addition, a very special thanks to our colleagues and
friends for their support.

Bhavya Agarwal (22ESKEC023)

Apoorv Yadav (22ESKEC016)
Akshat Gautam(22ESKEC008)

III
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC Page no

Certificate II
Acknowledgement III
Table of content IV
List of Figures VI
List of Tables VII
Abstract VIII

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Project title 1
1.2 What will be the end product? 1
1.3 Target specifications of the product 3
1.4 Objective of the project 4
1.5 What will student learn from this project 5
1.6 Team detail and individual responsibility 5
1.7 Literature survey 5
1.8 Market survey of existing product 6
Chapter 2: Project Description

2.1 Brief description of the project 8

2.1.1 Motivation for taking up this project 9
2.1.2 Industry state of the art and needs 9
2.1.3 The new system (proposed in this project) 9
2.1.4 Innovative elements of the proposed project 10

2.2 Benefits of AMR to the Utility 10

2.3 Benefits of AMR to the Consumers 10

2.4 Problems with AMR 11

2.5 Methodology 11
2.5.1 Software part 11
2.5.2 Hardware part 12

2.6 Block diagram with explanation 13

2.7 Circuit diagram 20

Chapter 3: Implementation and working 21

IV
 3.1 Software Implementation 22
3.1.1 Circuit designing on proteus 24
3.1.2 Website designing 25
3.2 Hardware Implementation 27

Chapter 4: Result and Discussions

4.1 Simulation results 30

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work

5.1 Future Work 31

5.2 Conclusion 32

References 32

Appendices

Appendix – A: Activity bar chart 33

Appendix – B: Coding 35

Appendix – C: Bill of materials 38

Appendix – D: Specification Sheets/Datasheet 44

A. Arduino Uno
B. LCD
C. Relay
D. ULN2003A
E. Energy Meter
F. 4N35 (Optocoupler)

V
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no Content Page no

1 Diagram od circ.. of 13
Smart Energy Meter
Using GSM
2 Flow chart of software 21
implementatipon
3 Block Diagram Of Meter Unit 15
4 Block diagram of GSM 16
Communication Unit
5 Hardware Prototype Photograph 8

6 Block Diagram of Input/Output 18

Signal
7 Circuit Diagram of Project 20

8 Flowchart of code 35

9. Output/Result of Project 27

10. Proteous image 22

VI
 LIST OF TABLES

Table no Content Page no

1 Target specifications 3
2 Electronic specifications 3
3 Team members 5
4 Market Survey 6
5 Hardware Components 28
6 Key Simulation Observations 30
7 Hardware Outcomes 30
8 Activity Bar Chart 33

VII
 Abstract

Electricity consumption plays a vital role in both urban and rural development, yet inefficient monitoring,
manual meter reading, and lack of real-time communication remain significant concerns. These issues
often result in inaccurate billing, energy wastage, and lack of user awareness. This project proposes an
efficient, low-cost, and modular Smart Energy Meter using GSM Module, designed specifically to
address such challenges in residential and small-scale industrial environments.
The system is developed using current and voltage sensors for accurate measurement of electrical
parameters, strategically integrated to monitor energy consumption in real time. When electricity usage is
recorded, a GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) module wirelessly transmits the data to the
user via SMS. The system can also generate alerts in case of abnormal consumption or when predefined
limits are exceeded. Additionally, a relay module is used to control electrical loads remotely, allowing
users to switch appliances ON or OFF through SMS commands. A 16x2 LCD display is incorporated to
show real-time energy usage and system status.
The Arduino Uno microcontroller serves as the core control unit, processing sensor data, calculating
power and energy consumption, and executing communication commands based on programmed logic.
The system was thoroughly tested both in simulation and on physical hardware to validate its accuracy,
communication reliability, and real-time performance under various operating condition

VIII
 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Title:

SMART ENERGY METER USING GSM

1.2 What will be the End Product?

Electricity is one of the most widely used and essential resources in modern life due to its critical role in
residential, commercial, and industrial applications. However, inefficient energy monitoring, manual
meter reading, and lack of real-time communication remain persistent challenges. Traditional metering
systems, which often rely on manual data collection, are prone to errors, delays, and inaccuracies in
billing. To address these issues, this project proposes a technology-driven approach that integrates
Arduino microcontrollers, current and voltage sensors, and GSM-based communication into an energy
monitoring system. This system ensures accurate measurement of electricity consumption, real-time
monitoring, and instant communication with users through SMS alerts.
Several studies have explored advanced technologies in energy management systems. Conventional
systems depend on manual readings and basic digital meters, while recent advancements include IoT-
based smart meters, cloud-based monitoring, and automated billing systems. Although effective, these
solutions are often costly and require complex infrastructure. In comparison, the use of current sensors,
voltage sensors, and Arduino microcontrollers presents a simple, cost-effective, and reliable alternative
for smart energy monitoring.
Moreover, integrating GSM communication enables seamless data transmission between the energy
meter and the user, ensuring that consumption details and alerts are delivered without delay. This wireless
system can be easily deployed in existing electrical setups with minimal modifications, making it suitable
for low-resource environments. The modular design of the system also allows for future enhancements,
such as IoT integration, cloud connectivity, or mobile application-based monitoring. By automating
energy measurement and communication processes, the project reduces dependency on manual
intervention and improves overall efficiency in electricity usage management.
Energy mismanagement, especially in developing regions, leads to significant economic losses, power
wastage, and billing disputes. Lack of real-time consumption awareness prevents users from controlling
their electricity usage effectively. This project aims to solve these challenges by introducing an automatic
wireless system that continuously monitors energy consumption and instantly informs the user via GSM
communication. Additionally, it enables remote control of electrical loads through SMS commands,
thereby promoting efficient energy usage and reducing unnecessary power consumption.

The end product will be a prototype of a Smart Energy Meter System consisting of two integrated units:
• Real-time electricity consumption: The energy meter generates pulses proportional to energy usage,
while the Arduino processes these pulses to calculate total units consumed. The CT sensor can also be
used for monitoring current flow through the load.

• Metering & Monitoring Unit: Equipped with a digital energy meter (kWh meter), current transformer (CT
sensor), and Arduino UNO, this module measures.
1
• Display & Communication Unit: Consisting of a 16×2 LCD display, GSM module (SIM800L), and a
test load (bulb with switch), this unit displays energy consumption and provides remote communication.
The LCD shows real-time units consumed, while the GSM module sends usage data and alerts via SMS
to the user. The bulb and switch act as a controlled load to simulate and vary power consumption during
testing.

This system provides an affordable and efficient solution for real-time energy monitoring, helping users
track electricity usage, reduce wastage, and enable remote monitoring through GSM communication.

2
1.3 Target specifications of the end product:

Parameter / Specification Value Units

Minimum Typical Maximum

1 Current Measurement ±0.5% ±1% ±2% % error

Accuracy
2 Voltage Measurement Range 0 230 250 V (AC)

3 Response Time (LCD update) 0.5 1 2 Sec

4 GSM SMS Alert Delay 1 3 10 Sec

5 Remote Load Control — SMS — —

command
6 Energy Calculation Accuracy — ±2% ±5% %

7 Arduino Supply Voltage 4.75 5.0 5.25 V (DC)

8 GSM Module Supply Voltage 3.4 4.2 4.4 V (DC)

9 Microcontroller Clock Speed — 16 — MHz

10 ADC Resolution — 10 — Bits

11 LCD Display — 16×2 — Chars

12 GSM Peak Current — 500 2000 mA

13 Operating Temperature 0 25 70 °C

Electronic specifications of the end product:

[Link]. Parameter/Specification Min Typical Max Qty

1 ACS712 Current Sensor 0V 5V 5.5V 1

[Link]. Parameter/Specification Min Typical Max Qty

IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar
2 3V 5V 15V 1
Transistor)
3 LED Indicator 1.8V 2.0V 2.2V 2
4 DC Barrel Jack / USB Supply 4.5V 5.0V 5.5V 1
5 Jumper Wires - - - Set

3
 6 Resistors (for divider/pullup) 1kΩ 10kΩ 100kΩ Set
7 Capacitors (decoupling) 10µF 100µF 470µF Set
8 SIM Card (for GSM) - - - 1

9 Voltage Sensor (Divider) 0V 5V 5.5V 1

10 GSM Module (SIM800L/SIM900) 3.4V 4.0V 4.2V 1
11 Arduino Uno 6V 9V 12V 1
12 16x2 LCD Display (I2C) 4.5V 5.0V 5.5V 1

1.4 Objective of the Project

The primary objective of this project is to design and develop a Smart Energy Meter using a
GSM Module, based on microcontroller technology and electronic sensors, to automate
electricity consumption monitoring, billing estimation, and remote load management. The project
aims to build both theoretical understanding and practical skills among students in the field of
electronics, embedded systems, and wireless communication. The specific objectives are:
1. To encourage students to understand and apply the latest technologies in the field of
embedded systems, GSM communication, and smart energy management, particularly
focusing on automated metering infrastructure.

2. To provide students with the knowledge and skills required to design and implement
electronic circuits, such as current sensing using ACS712, voltage measurement using a
resistive divider, GSM-based SMS communication, and remote load control using relay
modules.

3. To train students in hardware implementation and testing of real-world electronic systems,

simulating scenarios of power consumption measurement, GSM-based alert generation, and
relay-controlled load switching.

4. To introduce students to microcontroller programming using Arduino IDE, enabling them to

develop, control, and debug embedded systems for energy monitoring, AT-command-based
GSM programming, and automated alert generation.

5. To promote hands-on experience in integrating various components such as LCDs, buzzers,

relay modules, current and voltage sensors, and GSM modules into a single functioning
prototype that mimics a real-world smart metering system.

6. To cultivate problem-solving abilities and innovation in designing cost-effective and reliable smart
metering systems that can be adapted for residential, commercial, and rural electrification contexts,
addressing issues of electricity theft, manual billing errors, and lack of real-time visibility
4
1.5 What Will the Student Learn from the Project?
Through the Smart Energy Meter using GSM Module project, students will gain comprehensive
knowledge in the field of embedded systems, automation, and sensor-based technologies applied in
modern energy management systems. They will develop an understanding of how to measure electrical
current using the ACS712 Hall-effect current sensor and voltage using appropriate sensing circuits, and
how to compute instantaneous power as well as cumulative energy consumption. Additionally, students
will learn how to transmit this data wirelessly through a GSM module by using AT commands for effective
communication.
On the software side, students will acquire skills in writing and debugging programs using the Arduino
IDE. They will apply logical programming techniques to process analog sensor inputs, perform energy
calculations, manage GSM communication, and control hardware outputs based on predefined conditions
or thresholds. This enhances their ability to design intelligent and automated systems.
From a hardware perspective, students will explore various components such as relay modules, LCD
displays, current and voltage sensors, GSM modules (SIM800L/SIM900), and the Arduino Uno. They
will gain hands-on experience in interfacing these components, understanding their working principles,
and integrating them into a complete system. They will also learn how to design and plan circuit
connections effectively, ensuring a compact, efficient, and functional energy meter layout .

1.6 Team detail and individual responsibility

S. Name Roll No. Class Mobile No. e-mail address
1 Bhavya 22ESKEC023 4th 7014230345 Bhavyaagarwal5000@[Link]
2 Apoorv 22ESKEC016 4th 6378260355 apoorvsince2003@[Link]
3 Akshat 22ESKEC008 4th 6367149705 akshatgautam344@[Link]

1.7 Literature Survey

Major Components including Microcontroller / Sensors / GSM / Relay

For a smart energy meter using a GSM module, the following components are commonly
employed and studied in literature:

5
 • Microcontroller: Microcontroller: Arduino Uno / ESP32 – to process sensor inputs,
perform calculations, and control actuators and communication modules.
• Current Sensor: Current Sensor: ACS712 Hall-effect sensor – to measure AC/DC
current non-invasively. Available in 5A, 20A, and 30A variants.
• Voltage Sensor: Voltage Sensor: ZMPT101B or resistive voltage divider – to step down
and measure AC mains voltage safely within the Arduino's ADC range.
• GSM Module: GSM Module: SIM800L / SIM900 – to enable wireless SMS
communication for alert delivery and remote command reception.
• IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor): A power semiconductor device controlled
by the Arduino digital output – used to switch the electrical load ON or OFF efficiently
upon receiving SMS commands. It provides faster switching and is suitable for handling
higher power loads compared to conventional relay modules
• .LCD Display: LCD Display: 16x2 character LCD with I2C interface – to display real-
time voltage, current, power, and kWh readings locally.

Arduino IDE / Embedded C: Arduino IDE / Embedded C: Programming environment used for
coding the measurement, calculation, GSM communication, and display logic

Research Papers

• “Smart Energy Meter using GSM Technology” – discusses the use of GSM modules for automatic
energy meter reading and real-time SMS-based communication between the meter and the user.

• “Low-Cost Smart Energy Monitoring System” – focuses on affordable embedded system solutions for
monitoring electricity consumption using Arduino and sensor-based technologies.

• “GSM-Based Wireless Energy Metering System” – introduces GSM communication as a reliable

method for wireless data transmission, enabling remote monitoring, alert generation, and automated
billing without the need for complex infrastructure.

• This research work has been successfully published in the International Research Journal of
Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science (IRJMETS), reflecting its contribution to the
field of smart energy systems, embedded technologies, and wireless communication.

1.8 Market Survey of Existing Products

Existing Product Technology Used Major Components / How Your Proposed

Sensors Used Project is Different

Traditional Energy Analog / Digital Electromechanical No real-time

Meter Metering Meter / Digital IC monitoring or
communication; your

6
 system provides GSM-
based SMS alerts, real-
time monitoring, and
automation.
Smart Meter IoT, GSM, Smart Grid Advanced Metering IC, Highly advanced but
(Government/Utility) Communication expensive and
Module, Server infrastructure-
Connectivity dependent; your system
is low-cost, simple, and
suitable for small-scale
use without internet
dependency.

7
 Chapter 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTI0N

2.1 Brief Description of the Project:

The proposed project aims to develop a low-cost GSM-Based Smart Energy Meter System using Arduino
UNO, a digital energy meter (kWh meter), current transformer (CT sensor), GSM module (SIM800L),
and a 16×2 LCD display. This system is designed to monitor real-time electricity consumption by
counting pulses generated from the energy meter and processing them through the Arduino to calculate
total energy usage.

The system displays the consumed units on an LCD and sends real-time updates and alerts to the user via
GSM communication (SMS). A test load (bulb with switch) is used to simulate and control power
consumption during operation. This solution enables remote monitoring, efficient energy management,
and helps in reducing electricity wastage. It can be easily implemented in residential or small-scale
applications as an affordable and practical energy monitoring system.

Figure no. 1

8
(2.1.1) Motivation for Taking Up This Project:

The increasing demand for electricity and lack of real-time monitoring often lead to energy wastage and
high electricity costs. Traditional meters do not provide instant feedback or remote access to consumption
data. The motivation behind this project is to develop a low-cost GSM-based Smart Energy Meter using
simple embedded systems to enable efficient energy monitoring, reduce wastage, and promote better
energy management, especially for residential and small-scale users.

(2.1.2) Industry State-of-the-Art and Needs:

Current industry systems such as smart meters and AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) provide
features like real-time monitoring, remote data access, and automated billing. While effective, these
systems are:

• Expensive

• Infrastructure-dependent

• Not easily accessible for small-scale or rural users

The industry needs a compact, reliable, and low-cost energy monitoring system that can be easily implemented
in residential and small-scale applications. There is also a demand for systems that support remote monitoring
and real-time updates to help users efficiently manage electricity consumption

(2.1.3) The New System (Proposed in This Project):

This project proposes a GSM-Based Smart Energy Meter System that uses:

• Arduino UNO for processing and control

• Digital Energy Meter (kWh meter) for generating pulses proportional to energy consumption

• Current Transformer (CT sensor) for measuring current flow

• GSM Module (SIM800L) to transmit energy usage data and alerts via SMS

• 16×2 LCD Display (with I2C module) for displaying real-time units consumed

• Test Load (bulb) with switch to simulate and control power consumption

• Li-ion Battery / Power Supply Unit for reliable system operation

9
 (2.1.4) Innovative Elements of the Proposed Project:

• Low-Cost Design: Uses readily available components like Arduino UNO, GSM module, and CT
sensor

• GSM-Based Communication: Enables remote monitoring and alert system through SMS notifications

• Real-Time Energy Monitoring: Continuously tracks electricity consumption using meter pulse
detection

• Modular and Scalable: Can be easily implemented in residential, commercial, or small-scale setups

• Independent Operation: Does not require complex infrastructure; works as a standalone system

• Efficient Energy Management: Helps users monitor usage and reduce electricity wastage

• Visual + Remote Alerts: LCD display for real-time data and GSM module for remote alerts and
updates

2.2 Benefits of AMR to the Utility:

Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) systems provide several advantages to utility providers by improving
efficiency and reducing operational costs. Key benefits include:

• Reduced Manual Effort: Eliminates the need for manual meter reading, saving time and labor costs.
• Accurate Data Collection: Minimizes human errors and ensures precise billing based on actual consumption.
• Real-Time Monitoring: Enables utilities to track energy usage and detect abnormalities instantly.
• Improved Billing Efficiency: Faster data collection leads to timely and accurate bill generation.
• Fault Detection: Helps in identifying issues such as power theft, meter tampering, or system faults.
• Better Resource Management: Allows utilities to optimize energy distribution and demand planning.
• Customer Satisfaction: Provides transparent billing and reduces disputes with consumers.

Overall, AMR systems enhance operational efficiency, reliability, and service quality for utility providers.

2.3 Benefits of AMR to the Consumers:

Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) systems offer several advantages to consumers by improving

transparency, convenience, and control over energy usage. Key benefits include:

•Accurate Billing: Ensures bills are based on actual consumption, reducing errors and disputes.
•Real-Time Monitoring: Allows consumers to track their energy usage regularly.
•Energy Awareness: Helps users understand and reduce unnecessary power consumption.
•Timely Alerts: Notifies users about high usage or abnormal consumption patterns.
•Convenience: Eliminates the need for manual meter reading visits.
10
 •Cost Savings: Encourages efficient energy use, leading to lower electricity bills.
•Improved Reliability: Reduces chances of billing delays and estimation errors.

Overall, AMR systems empower consumers with better control, transparency, and efficiency in managing t

their electricity usage.

2.4 Problems with AMR:

Despite its advantages, Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) systems have certain limitations and challenges
that affect their widespread adoption. Some key problems include:

• High Initial Cost: Installation of AMR infrastructure and devices can be expensive.
• Communication Issues: Dependence on communication networks (GSM/RF) may lead to data transmission
delays or failures in low-signal areas.
• Limited Real-Time Capability: Some AMR systems do not provide continuous real-time data, only
periodic readings.
• Maintenance Requirements: Devices may require regular maintenance and troubleshooting.
• Security Concerns: Risk of data interception, hacking, or unauthorized access to consumption data.
• Power Dependency: System performance may be affected during power outages.
• Compatibility Issues: Integration with existing traditional meters and systems can be challenging.

Overall, while AMR improves efficiency, addressing these challenges is essential for reliable and scalable
implementation.

2.5 Methodology:

(2.5.1) Software Part:

The software implementation of the GSM-Based Smart Energy Meter System uses Arduino to enable
real-time energy monitoring, data processing, and communication. The system integrates multiple
modules to ensure accurate measurement and efficient user interaction. It includes pulse-based data
acquisition, calculation algorithms, and GSM communication for remote updates. The system
continuously monitors energy consumption and provides instant feedback through an LCD display and
SMS alerts. A modular code structure allows easy upgrades such as IoT-based monitoring in the future.

1. Data Collection: The system collects data from the digital energy meter in the form of pulses
proportional to electricity consumption. Additionally, a current transformer (CT sensor) can be used to
measure current flow. These signals are sent to the Arduino UNO, which acts as the main processing
unit.

2. Real-Time Monitoring: The software continuously monitors incoming pulses from the energy meter.
Each pulse is counted and processed instantly to calculate the total energy consumed. The system updates

11
 readings in real time and ensures accurate tracking of electricity usage.

3. User Interface: A 16×2 LCD display is used to show real-time information such as units consumed,
system status, and alerts. This provides users with a simple and clear interface to monitor their electricity

4. Data Logging and Analysis: The system processes and stores energy consumption data within the
Arduino during operation. It can also transmit this data via the GSM module as SMS updates. This
information can be used for basic analysis of energy usage patterns and efficient consumption planning.

5. Alert System: The software includes an alert mechanism to notify users about energy usage-

• SMS alerts are sent via the GSM module for usage updates or threshold limits

• LCD displays warning messages when consumption exceeds predefined limits

• System status messages help users stay informed about real-time usage

6. Energy Calculation and Automation: The software calculates energy consumption based on pulse
count from the meter. Under normal conditions, the system continuously updates usage data. When a
predefined consumption limit is reached, it can trigger alerts automatically, helping users manage and
control electricity usage efficiently.

(2.5.2)
Hardware Part:

The hardware implementation of the GSM-based Smart Energy Meter System involves systematic design,
selection, and integration of components to ensure accurate and reliable operation. Initially, suitable components
such as the energy meter (pulse output), Arduino UNO, GSM module (SIM800L), LCD display, power supply,
and connecting elements are selected based on system requirements.

The circuit design is then prepared, ensuring proper connections between the energy meter and Arduino for pulse
detection, as well as interfacing the GSM module and LCD display with the microcontroller. Special attention is
given to power supply requirements, particularly for the GSM module, to ensure stable operation.

After circuit design, all components are assembled on a breadboard or PCB. The energy meter is connected to the
load to measure actual consumption, while the Arduino processes incoming pulses. The LCD is used for real-
time display, and the GSM module is integrated for remote communication.

Finally, the complete hardware system is tested and debugged. Each module is verified individually and then as
a whole system to ensure proper functionality, accurate readings, stable communication, and reliable performance
under different operating conditions.

12
2.5 Block Diagram with Explanation

A. Energy Meter GSM Based-

Figure no. 2

Explanation: The assembled prototype of the GSM-Based Smart Energy Meter System using an Arduino-
based embedded setup is shown above. This setup is designed to monitor electricity consumption and
provide real-time display and remote alerts. Each key component in the system is described below:

1. Digital Energy Meter (kWh Meter): The energy meter is the primary sensing device that measures
electrical energy consumption. It generates pulses proportional to the units consumed (e.g., 3200 pulses =
1 kWh). These pulses are sent to the Arduino for processing.

2. Arduino UNO (Controller): The Arduino UNO acts as the main processing unit. It counts pulses from
the energy meter, calculates total energy consumption, and controls the LCD display and GSM module
for communication.

3. GSM Module (SIM800L): The GSM module is used for wireless communication. It sends SMS alerts
to the user containing energy consumption data, usage updates, or warning messages when predefined
limits are exceeded.

13
4. LCD Display (16×2 with I2C): The LCD display provides a user interface by showing real-time data
such as units consumed, system status, and alert messages. The I2C module reduces wiring complexity by
using only two communication lines.

5. Current Transformer (CT Sensor): The CT sensor is used to measure the current flowing through
the load wire. It provides an analog signal to the Arduino, which can be used for real-time current
monitoring and analysis.

6. Test Load (Bulb with Holder): A bulb is used as a controlled load to simulate electricity consumption.
When switched ON, it draws current, allowing the energy meter to generate pulses for testing and
demonstration.

7. Switch (ON/OFF Control): The switch is used to control the load (bulb). It allows the user to turn the
load ON or OFF, thereby controlling energy consumption during testing.

8. Lithium-ion Battery: A rechargeable lithium-ion battery is used to power the system, especially the
Arduino and GSM module. It ensures portability and continuous operation during power interruptions.

Working Principle:

When the system is powered ON, the energy meter continuously monitors electricity consumption and
generates pulses proportional to the energy used. These pulses are sent to the Arduino UNO, which counts
them and calculates the total energy consumed. When the load (bulb) is switched ON, current flows and
the meter starts generating pulses, updating the readings on the LCD display in real time. Simultaneously,
the GSM module sends usage updates or alert messages to the user when predefined limits are reached.
This real-time monitoring system ensures efficient energy tracking and helps users manage electricity
consumption effectively.

B .Block Diagram Of Meter Unit:

14
 Figure no. 3

Explanation: This block diagram represents only the Meter Unit of the GSM-Based Smart Energy Meter
System, which is responsible for measuring and processing energy consumption.

Key Components and Their Functions

1. Energy Meter (kwh meter):

o Measure electrical energy consumption.
o Send pulse output to arduino
2. Current Transformer (CT Sensor):
o Measure current flowing through the load.
o Provide analog signal for monitoring current.
3. Arduino UNO (Controller):

15
 oReceive pulse input from energy meter.
o Process and count pulse.
4. Power Supply Unit:
o Provide regulated power to Arduino and sensors.
o Enable stable operation.
5.

Working Principle

• The energy meter measures consumption and generates pulses

• The CT sensor monitors current flow in the circuit

• Arduino receives pulse signals and processes them

• Energy consumption is calculated and prepared for display/transmission

B. Block Diagram Of GSM Communication Unit

Figure no. 4

16
Explanation: This block diagram represents the GSM Communication Unit of the Smart Energy Meter
System, responsible for displaying data and sending it to the user via SMS.

Key Components and Their Functions

1. Arduino UNO:
o Acts as the main controller.
o Receives processed energy from data from the meter unit.
o Control GSM Module and LCD display
2. GSM Module (SIM800L):
o Send energy consumption data to the user via SMS.
o Enable remote monitoring and alert system.
3. 16x2 LCD Display:
o Display real time units consumed.
o Controlled by the Arduino, it shows real-time updates based on the input.
4. Power Supply Unit:
o Provide regulated power to arduino and GSM module.
o Ensure stable communication.
5. LED Light:
o Provides a visual indication (e.g., blinking or steady glow) when an RF signal is received.
o Can also be used for status signaling.

Working Principle

• Arduino receives energy data from the meter unit

• It processes and sends data to the GSM module

• GSM module transmits SMS alerts to the user

• LCD displays real-time energy consumption

17
 C. Signal / Output Indication Unit:

Figure no. 5

Explanation: This circuit represents the output indication and alert system of the Smart Energy Meter,
which provides visual information to the user based on energy consumption. The system uses an Arduino
UNO and an LCD display to show real-time energy usage and system status. This circuit represents
the output indication and alert system of the Smart Energy Meter. It uses an Arduino UNO to process ,
energy data and display it on a 16×2 LCD in real time. The system shows units consumed and status ,
messages, helping users easily monitor electricity usage.

Additionally, alerts (such as buzzer or messages) can be triggered when consumption exceeds a set limit, ensuring
effective and user-friendly energy management.

18
 The circuit operates continuously in real time. As the load changes (for example, when a bulb or appliance
is turned ON/OFF), the Arduino updates the data and reflects the changes immediately
on the LCD. This ensures accurate and up-to-date monitoring at all times.
Key Components and Their Functions

1. Arduino UNO:
o Acts as the main controller of the system.
o Control the display and alert functions.
2. LCD Display(16*2 with I2C):
o Display real time energy consumption.
o Provide a simple user interface.
3. Energy Meter Input:
o Provides pulse signals corresponding to energy consumption.
o Data is processed by arduino to calculate units.
4. Load(Bulb with Switch):
- Acts as a controller electrical load.
- Helps in demonstrating changes in energy consumption.

Working Principle

• The energy meter continuously generates pulses based on electricity usage.

• Arduino processes these pulses and calculates energy consumption.

• The LCD displays real-time units consumed and system status..

• When the load changes (ON/OFF), the display updates accordingly.

19
2.7 Circuit Diagram:

Figure-6

20
 Chapter 3: IMPLEMENTATION AND WORKING

3.1 Software Implementation :

Description

Figure No. - 7

This project involves designing and implementing a GSM-Based Smart Energy Meter System using
Arduino UNO, a digital energy meter, GSM module (SIM800L), and a 16×2 LCD display. The system is
designed to monitor electricity consumption in real time, display usage locally, and send updates or alerts
to the user via SMS. This system can be used in residential or small-scale applications for efficient energy
management and remote monitoring.

21
(3.1.1) Circuit designing on proteus :

The circuit of the GSM-based Smart Energy Meter System was first designed and simulated using Proteus
software. All major components, including the Arduino UNO, LCD display, GSM module (simulated via virtual
terminal), and input signals representing the energy meter pulses, were virtually connected according to the circuit
diagram.

Proper pin configurations and power connections were ensured during the design process. The Arduino code was
then uploaded into the Proteus environment to simulate real-time operation. The simulation allowed verification
of pulse detection, data processing, LCD display output, and GSM communication through serial commands.

This step helped in identifying and correcting errors before hardware implementation, ensuring accurate design,
proper interfacing, and reliable system performance. Special care was taken to ensure correct pin configuration,
voltage levels, and grounding of all components. The Arduino program was compiled and loaded into the Proteus
simulation environment to replicate real-time system behavior. Various test conditions were created by changing
input pulse signals to simulate different energy consumption levels.

The LCD display was observed to update energy readings in real time, while GSM communication was verified
through AT command responses in the virtual terminal. This simulation phase helped in detecting design errors,
validating logic, and ensuring proper interfacing between modules. Overall, it reduced the chances of hardware
failure and improved the reliability and accuracy of the final system implementation.

Figure No. 8

22
•Provides a virtual environment to design and test circuits before hardware implementation
•Helps in verifying connections between Arduino UNO, LCD, GSM module, and input signals
•Supports simulation of microcontroller code in real-time
•Allows testing of different input conditions by varying pulse signals
•Reduces risk of hardware damage by identifying errors early
•Enables debugging of circuit design and program logic
•Saves time and cost by minimizing physical trial-and-error
•Helps in understanding component behavior and signal flow
•Allows use of virtual terminal to simulate GSM communication (AT commands)
• Improves overall reliability and accuracy of the final system

Overall, Proteus simulation ensures that the system is properly designed, tested, and optimized before actual
hardware implementation.

23
(3.1.2) Website Designing:

In this project, a basic website is designed to enhance the functionality of the GSM-based Smart Energy Meter
by providing a user-friendly interface for monitoring and analyzing energy consumption. The website displays
important information such as units consumed, system status, and alert messages, making it easier for users to
understand their electricity usage.

The design is developed using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to create simple and interactive web pages. Data
can be displayed in the form of tables, charts, or dashboards for better visualization. Although the system
primarily uses GSM for communication, the website can be used to store, view, and analyze past energy data,
helping users track consumption patterns over time.

Additionally, the website improves accessibility by allowing users to check their energy usage from any device,
such as a mobile phone or computer. It also enhances user experience by providing a clear and organized
representation of data. Overall, the integration of a website makes the system more interactive, informative, and
efficient for smart energy management.

Key Points:
• Displays units consumed and system status clearly
• Shows alert messages received through GSM
• Provides data in organized formats like tables or simple dashboards
• Developed using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
• Can store and display past energy consumption data
• Helps in analyzing usage patterns over time
• Accessible from mobile phones and computers
• Improves user interaction and visualization of data

Overall, the website adds an extra layer of accessibility and makes the system more interactive and efficient for
energy management.

24
3.2 Hardware Implementation

Description:
Smart Energy Meter Circuit: This system is used to monitor electricity consumption and provide
Real time display along with GSM-based remote alerts. It includes sensing, processing, display, and
communication modules powered through a regulated supply.

Hardware Components:

• Energy Meter (kWh): Measures energy consumption and generates pulses

• Arduino UNO: Processes pulse signals and controls the system
• GSM Module (SIM800L): Sends SMS alerts and usage updates
• 16×2 LCD Display (I2C): Displays real-time energy consumption
• CT Sensor: Measures current flow (optional monitoring)
• Switch: Controls the load (ON/OFF)
• Bulb (Load): Simulates power consumption
• Battery/Power Supply: Powers the entire system

Working:

 The energy meter generates pulses based on electricity usage

 These pulses are sent to the Arduino UNO
 The Arduino counts pulses and calculates total energy consumed
 The LCD displays real-time units and system status
 The GSM module sends SMS alerts when limits are reached or for updates
 The switch controls the load (bulb), affecting energy consumption

25
Display and Communication Unit

Hardware Components:

• Arduino UNO: Main controller for communication and display

• GSM Module (SIM800L): Enables wireless communication via SMS
• 16×2 LCD Display: Shows energy data and alerts
• Power Supply: Provides stable voltage to components

Working:

• The Arduino receives processed data from the meter section.

• It updates the LCD with real-time energy consumption.
• The GSM module sends SMS alerts and usage data to the user.
• The system continuously operates in real time, updating and communicating energy usage.

26
 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1Simulation Results:
Before hardware implementation, simulation was performed to verify the functionality and logic of the
Smart Energy Meter System. The following tools were used for simulation:

Figure - 9

Before hardware implementation, simulation was carried out to verify the functionality of the Smart Energy
Meter System using tools like Proteus . The Arduino UNO, ACS712 sensor, LCD display, and GSM module (via
serial) were tested under different load conditions. The results confirmed accurate energy calculation, proper real-
time display on the LCD, and successful GSM communication, indicating that the system is reliable and ready
for hardware implementation.
Before hardware implementation, extensive simulation was performed to validate the functionality, accuracy, and
reliability of the Smart Energy Meter System using tools such as Proteus and Tinkercad. The complete system,
including the Arduino UNO, ACS712 current sensor, LCD display, and GSM module (simulated via serial
communication), was tested under a wide range of load conditions to replicate real-world scenarios. Variable
input signals were applied to simulate different levels of current consumption, and the Arduino code was verified
for accurate sensing, real-time processing, and correct calculation of power and energy usage. The LCD display
consistently provided clear and continuous updates of units consumed and system status, ensuring effective user
interaction. GSM communication was tested using AT commands through the serial monitor, confirming reliable
transmission of alerts and usage updates. The system also demonstrated stable performance with quick response
to changing inputs, no significant delays, and no unexpected errors or system failures. Overall, the simulation
results confirmed that the system design is robust, accurate, and efficient, making it highly suitable for practical
hardware implementation and real-time energy monitoring applications.
.

27
  Software Used: Arduino IDE, or Fritzing (depending on availability) 

 Microcontroller: Arduino UNO

 Modules Simulated: Energy meter (pulse input simulation), GSM module (virtual/serial), LCD
display, and basic load conditions

Key Simulation Observations:

Scenario Expected Output Simulation Result

Pulse Input Simulation Pulse counted correctly Confirmed with virtual input
signals

Energy Calculation Units calculated accurately Energy values updated correctly

LCD Display Show units/message Real time units displayed

correctly

GSM Communication SMS alerts sent Verified using serial monitor

(AT commands)

Load Variation Change in consumption Units updated as per pulse

frequency

Alert System Trigger on threshold Alerts generated as per set limits

Hardware Outcomes:

The assembled Smart Energy Meter System was thoroughly tested under real-world conditions to ensure
its effectiveness and reliability. After successful simulation, all components were integrated and tested
systematically. The performance of the system was validated based on the following aspects:

 Functionality: All modules operated as intended, including accurate pulse detection from the
energy meter, proper current monitoring using the CT sensor, successful GSM communication,
and correct display of data on the LCD. 

 Stability and Responsiveness: The system showed stable performance without unexpected
resets. The Arduino responded instantly to pulse inputs, and real-time updates were reflected on
the LCD and via GSM alerts.

 Interfacing and Integration: The Arduino UNO efficiently handled multiple components,
ensuring smooth communication between the energy meter, GSM module, LCD display, and
sensors.

28
  Power Efficiency: The system operated efficiently with the given power supply, maintaining
stable voltage levels and minimal heating during continuous operation. 

 User Feedback and Interaction: The LCD display provided clear real-time energy readings,
and GSM alerts ensured remote user awareness, making the system easy to monitor and user-
friendly

Observed Hardware Results:

Module Expected Behavior Actual Behavior

Energy Meter Generate pulse based on Pulse generated accurately as

consumption per load

Arduino UNO Process data and control system Perform as expected without
glitches

GSM Module Send SMS alert and updates Message sent successfully with
proper response

LCD Display Display real time energy data Displayed correct and timely
unit readings

CT Sensor Measure Current flow Provide stable and unable

readings

LED (bulb) Simulate power consumption Operated correctly and varied

consumption

Switch Control LOAD ON/OFF Functioned properly without

delay

29
 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

5.1 Future Work:

To further enhance the performance, functionality, and scalability of the GSM-Based Smart Energy Meter
System, several improvements can be incorporated in future developments. These advancements will make the
system more intelligent, user-friendly, and suitable for modern smart grid applications.

[Link] Integration (Wi-Fi / Cloud):

The system can be upgraded by integrating IoT platforms such as ThingSpeak or Firebase to enable real-time
online monitoring, data logging, and advanced analytics. This will allow users to access energy usage data from
anywhere through the internet.
[Link] Application:
A dedicated mobile application can be developed to provide a user-friendly interface for monitoring energy
consumption, receiving alerts, and viewing usage history. This will enhance accessibility and improve user
interaction with the system.
[Link] Energy System:
The system can be extended to include a prepaid billing feature where users can recharge their energy balance.
The system will automatically track remaining units and notify users when the balance is low, improving energy
management and billing efficiency.
[Link] Load Control (Relay Integration):
By integrating a relay module, the system can automatically disconnect or control the power supply when energy
consumption exceeds a predefined threshold. This feature can help prevent overuse and improve safety.
[Link] Energy Integration:
The system can be enhanced by incorporating renewable energy sources such as solar power. This will make the
system more sustainable and suitable for deployment in remote or off-grid areas.

Overall, these enhancements will significantly improve the capability of the system by making it more
advanced, intelligent, and scalable. With features like remote monitoring, automated control, renewable energy
integration, and user-friendly interfaces, the smart energy meter can evolve into a comprehensive energy
management solution. Such a system will not only help users monitor and optimize their electricity usage but also
support future smart grid applications, making it highly suitable for modern and sustainable energy management
needs.

30
 .

5.2 Conclusion:

The developed system successfully demonstrates a low-cost, efficient, and modular approach for real-time energy
monitoring using a GSM-based Smart Energy Meter. Both simulation and hardware implementation confirm
that the system operates accurately, reliably, and efficiently under various operating conditions. The system
integrates sensing, processing, display, and communication modules into a single platform, providing a complete
and user-friendly solution for monitoring electricity consumption and improving energy awareness.

The simulation and hardware testing confirmed that:

• The system reliably measures electricity consumption using pulse output from the energy meter under different
load conditions

• The Arduino UNO accurately processes the incoming data and calculates energy usage in real time without
significant delay

• GSM communication successfully sends alerts and periodic updates to the user, enabling remote monitoring
without the need for internet connectivity

• The LCD display provides clear, continuous, and real-time information about energy consumption, making the
system easy to use and understand

In addition, the system demonstrated stable performance, quick response to changing inputs, and efficient power
utilization during operation. The modular design allows easy expansion and integration of additional features in
the future, such as IoT connectivity or automated control mechanisms.

Overall, the integration of these components proves that embedded systems can play a significant role in
improving energy management and promoting efficient electricity usage. The proposed system is especially
suitable for residential, rural, and small-scale applications where advanced smart metering solutions may not be
easily accessible or affordable. It offers a practical, scalable, and cost-effective solution for real-time monitoring,
user awareness, and better energy management.

31
 REFRENCES

[1] Sharma, R., Gupta, A., Mehta, P.: Design and Implementation of Smart Energy Meter using GSM
Technology. Int. J. Electr. Eng. Res. 22 (2018) 45–52

[2] Kumar, S., Singh, R., Verma, D.: Real-Time Energy Monitoring System using Arduino and GSM
Module. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Innov. 19 (2019) 110–118

[3] Patel, M., Shah, K., Joshi, H.: IoT Based Smart Energy Meter for Efficient Power Management. Int.
J. Smart Grid Technol. 15 (2020) 75–84

[4] Singh, P., Yadav, V., Mishra, A.: GSM Based Automatic Energy Meter Reading System. J. Electr. Power Syst.
18 (2017) 60–
.
[5] Gupta, N., Agarwal, S., Jain, R.: Wireless Energy Meter Monitoring System using Embedded Systems. Int. J.
Embedded Syst. 14 (2016) 95–104.

[6] Khan, A., Ali, S., Hussain, M.: Smart Metering Infrastructure and Its Applications in Energy Management. Adv.
Energy Syst. 21 (2021) 130–142.

[7] Verma, R., Tiwari, S., Pandey, K.: Design of Low-Cost Smart Energy Meter using Arduino. Int. J. Innov.
Technol. 12 (2020) 88–96.

[8] Joshi, D., Bansal, P., Arora, V.: GSM Based Energy Monitoring and Billing System. Int. J. Power Electron. 16
(2018) 101–109.

32
 APPENDICES

Appendices -A

Activity Bar Chart

A= Bhavya Agarwal
B = Apoorv Yadav
C= Akshat Gautam

[Link] Activity Time in weeks

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 Identify the real-life ▼ ▲
problem and need of the
Energy Monitoring
2 Preparation of log book ▼
▲
3 Market survey for the ▼ ▲
availability of
components
4 End product specification ▼ ▲
5 Develop project plan, ▼ ▲
milestones, and deadlines
6 Research GSM module, ▼ ▲
energy meter and sensors
7 Calculation of Energy ▼ ▲
Meter pulse value
8 Marking and setup of ▼ ▲
circuit layout
9 Testing of components on ▼ ▲
simulation software
10 Problem identification of ▼ ▲
existing systems
11 Testing of components in ▼ ▲
lab
12 Work on a research paper ▼ ▲
13 Interfacing Arduino with ▼ ▲
GSM module and LCD

33
14 Interfacing all the ▼
components together
15 Find software for ▼ ▲
simulation.

16 Design the Smart Energy ▼

Meter architecture ▲
17 Develop code for pulse ▼ ▲
reading and calculation
18 Debugging and updating ▼ ▲
software
19 Create documentation for ▼ ▲
hardware assembly
20 Perform accuracy tests ▼ ▲

21 Perform full system ▼ ▲

integration tests
22 Finalize documentation and ▼ ▲
prepare project report
16 Design the Smart Energy ▼
Meter architecture ▲
17 Develop code for pulse ▼ ▲
reading and calculation
18 Debugging and updating ▼ ▲
software
19 Create documentation for ▼ ▲
hardware assembly
20 Perform accuracy tests ▼ ▲
21 Perform full system ▼ ▲
integration tests
22 Finalize documentation and ▼ ▲
prepare project report

34
 Appendices- B
Code:

Flowchart of Code:

Figure No.- 10

Code Flowchart Explanation —

The Arduino program runs in two sections — setup() which executes once on power ON, and loop() which
repeats continuously.

35
The setup() function initialises all components. [Link](9600) starts the Serial Monitor for debugging.
[Link](9600) initialises SoftwareSerial on pins 10 (RX) and 11 (TX) to communicate with the SIM800L GSM
module. pinMode(D2, INPUT) configures the IR sensor pin as digital input. A delay(2000) allows the GSM
module to boot and register on the network before the main loop starts.

The loop() function begins by reading the IR sensor using digitalRead(D2). If the sensor output is LOW, an object
is detected. The program checks two conditions — irState == LOW and detected == false. If both are true, it
prints "Object Detected!" to the Serial Monitor, calls sendSMS() to send an alert to the registered number, and
sets detected = true to prevent repeated SMS for the same event. If irState == HIGH, the object has left the sensor
range and detected is reset to false, arming the system for the next detection event. A delay(500) at the end polls
the sensor 2 times per second before the loop repeats.

The sendSMS() function sends AT commands to the SIM800L in sequence. AT is sent first to test the module
response. AT+CMGF=1 sets SMS text mode. AT+CMGS sets the recipient phone number. The message body is
then written and finally Ctrl+Z (ASCII 26) triggers the transmission. Each step includes a delay to allow the
module to respond. "SMS Sent!" is printed on Serial Monitor after successful completion.

The detected flag is the most important variable in the program. It ensures exactly one SMS is sent per detection
event and resets only when the object leaves the sensor range, preventing repeated alerts and unnecessary SMS
charges.

CODE:-

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

#define IR_PIN 2

SoftwareSerial gsm(10, 11); // RX, TX

String phoneNumber = "+91XXXXXXXXXX"; // Replace with your number

bool detected = false;

void setup() {
pinMode(IR_PIN, INPUT);
[Link](9600);
[Link](9600);

[Link]("System Ready...");
delay(2000);
}

void loop() {
int irState = digitalRead(IR_PIN);

36
if (irState == LOW && detected == false) { // Object detected
[Link]("Object Detected!");
sendSMS("Alert: Object detected by IR sensor!");
detected = true;
}

if (irState == HIGH) {
detected = false; // Reset when object leaves
}

delay(500);
}

void sendSMS(String message) {

[Link]("AT");
delay(1000);

[Link]("AT+CMGF=1"); // Set SMS mode

delay(1000);

[Link]("AT+CMGS=\"");
[Link](phoneNumber);
[Link]("\"");
delay(1000);

[Link](message);
delay(500);

[Link](26); // CTRL+Z to send

delay(3000);

[Link]("SMS Sent!");
}

37
 Appendices - C

Bill of materials:

[Link]. Components Price (In Rupees)

1 Terminal Block 499
2 Bulb Holder 80
3 MICRO USB Cable 150
4 Connecting Wires 100
5 Voltage Regulator 250
6 Power Supply 300
7 Current Transformer 240
8 Lithium Battery 500
9 LED Display (16*2) 300
10 GSM Module 466
11 ARDUINO UNO 355
12 Energy Meter 900
13 SIM800L 349
14 Bread Board 200
15 Capacitor (10NF) 10
16 Resistor (100 OHM) 50

38
 Appendix – D
( Specification Sheets / Datasheet ):

[Link] Uno:
a. General
 Microcontroller: ATmega328P
 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
b. Memory
 Flash Memory: 32 KB

 SRAM: 2 KB
 EEPROM: 1 KB
c. I/O Pins
 Digital I/O Pins: 14

 PWM Pins: 6
 Analog Inputs: 6
 ADC Resolution: 10-bit
d. Communication
 UART: Pins 0 (RX), 1 (TX)

 SPI: Pins 10–13

 I2C: A4 (SDA), A5 (SCL)
e. Power
 Input Voltage (Recommended): 7–12V

 Input Voltage (Limit): 6–20V

 Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA

2. LCD (16×2)
a. General
 Display Type: 16x2 LCD Display

 Characters: 16 characters × 2 lines

 Controller: HD44780 compatible
b. Electrical

39
  Operating Voltage: 4.7V – 5.3V (typically 5V)
 Current Consumption: ~1–2 mA (without backlight)
 Backlight: LED (requires ~15–25 mA)
c. Interface
 Data Mode: 4-bit / 8-bit parallel

 Control Pins: RS, RW, EN

 Data Pins: D0–D7
d. Display Features
 Character Size: 5 × 8 dot matrix

 Cursor: On/Off, Blinking option

 Built-in CGRAM: For custom characters
e. Physical
 Operating Temperature: 0°C to 50°C

 Compact size, easy to interface with Arduino

[Link]
a. General
 Device Type: Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

 Function: High-power switching and amplification

 Combination: MOSFET (input) + BJT (output)
b. Gate Drive
 Control Type: Voltage-controlled

 Gate Voltage (ON): ~10V to 15V

 Gate Voltage (OFF): 0V or negative
c. Switching Characteristics
 High efficiency at high voltage

 Moderate switching speed (slower than MOSFET)

 Low conduction loss at high current
d. Terminals
 Collector (C)

 Emitter (E)
 Gate (G)

40
 e. Key Features
 High voltage & current handling

 Low switching losses

 Easy gate control (like MOSFET)
 Suitable for power electronics applications

4. ULN2003A
a. General
 Type: Darlington transistor array

 Channels: 7 NPN Darlington pairs

 Function: High-current driver for loads
b. Features
 Built-in flyback diodes (for inductive loads like relays)

 High current gain

 Direct interface with microcontrollers (like Arduino)
 Open-collector outputs
c. Pin Configuration
 Inputs: IN1 – IN7

 Outputs: OUT1 – OUT7

 COM Pin: For internal diode connection
 GND: Ground
d. Key Advantages
 Eliminates need for separate transistors

 Protects circuit from voltage spikes

 Easy to use with low-power devices

5. Energy Meter
a. General
 Device Type: Energy Meter

 Function: Measures electrical energy consumption

 Type: Digital / Smart Energy Meter
b. Measurement
 Measured Parameters: Voltage, Current, Power, Energy (kWh)

 Accuracy Class: Class 1.0 or better

41
  Display Unit: kWh (kilowatt-hour)
c. Features
 Digital display (LCD)

 High accuracy measurement

 Tamper detection (in smart meters)
 Low power consumption
d. Communication
 GSM module for remote data transmission

 SMS alerts for usage and billing

 Optional IoT integration
e. Applications
 Household electricity billing

 Industrial energy monitoring

 Smart grid systems
 Prepaid/postpaid metering

6. 4N35 (Optocoupler)
a. General
 Device Type: Optocoupler

 Function: Provides electrical isolation between input and output

 Internal Components: Infrared LED + Phototransistor
b. Isolation
 Isolation Voltage: ~5000 Vrms

 Protects low-voltage circuits from high-voltage side

c. Pin Configuration (6-pin)
 Pin 1: Anode (LED +)

 Pin 2: Cathode (LED −)

 Pin 3: NC
 Pin 4: Emitter
 Pin 5: Collector
 Pin 6: Base
d. Key Features

42
 High isolation between input & output
 Noise immunity
 Compact DIP package
 Reliable signal transmission

Project Guide-

Mr. Abhinandhan Jain

Signature-

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