VOLCANOES A volcano is an opening in the earth's crust through which
lava, volcanic ash, and gases escape.
Causes of Volcanic Eruption
During a volcanic eruption, pressure builds up underground due to the formation of magma, which is
molten rock mixed with gas. The pressure causes gases and rock to shoot up through the opening and
spill over with lava fragments.
CRATER
Structure of a Volcano is the mouth of the volcano which is a
funnel-shaped or bowlshaped hollow at
Ash, steam, and gas the top of the vent from where magma,
ash and gas comes out.
Crater MAGMA CHAMBER
Lava
Secondary Vent is a region beneath the vent of a volcano
Main Vent
where molten rock or magma is deposited
Layers of Lava and Ash or stored before eruption.
Magma
MAIN VENT
is the main opening or outlet on the
surface of a volcano that emits lava,
Magma Chamber gases, ash or other volcanic materials.
SECONDARY VENT LAVA
is a smaller outlet through which magma is a molten rock which is given off onto
escapes. the surface of the Earth when a volcano
erupts.
ASH AND GAS CLOUDS
is a of mixtures of rock, minerals, glass MAGMA
particles and gases expelled or pushed is a molten and semi-molten rock mixture
out of the volcano during volcanic found under the surface of Earth.
eruption.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Phreatic or Hydrothermal Eruption Vulcanian Eruption
Is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in It is characterized by tall eruption columns that reach
contact with water. It is short lived, characterized by up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and ash fall
ash columns but may be a beginning of a larger tephra like that of Paricutin Volcano in Mexico
eruption
Plinian Eruption
Phreatomagmatic Eruption These are extremely explosive eruptions, producing ash
columns that extend many tens of miles into the
Is a violent eruption due to the contact between water stratosphere and that spread out into an umbrella
and magma. As a result, a large column of very fine shape. These large eruptions produce widespread
ash and high-speed and sideway emission of deposits of fallout ash.
pyroclastic materials called base surges are observed.
Strombolian Eruption Signs of impending volcanic eruption
Strombolian eruptions are moderately explosive
eruptions of basaltic magma with moderate gas
content. Strombolian eruptions consist of intermittent,
discrete explosive bursts which eject pyroclast as high
as hundreds of feet into the air in firework-like
incandescent rooster-tails.
volcanic hazards
Ashfall Lava Flow
pulverized rocks, sand, streams of molten
gritty and harsh glasses rocks and other
shoot out in the air by fragmented materials
volcano emitted by erupting
volcano
Mud flow
mixture of water, Pyroclastic Flow
molten rocks and fast moving hot
debris flowing down mixtures of gas, ash,
from the side of and molten rocks
volcano to the ground. moving away from the
It is also called as volcano to the ground.
Lahar.
volcanic Effects
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Air Pollution New Landforms
Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
Health Hazards Tourism Spot
Soil Fertility Water Pollution
is the government agency tasked with
Geothermal Energy Property Damage monitoring earthquakes and volcanoes in
the country.
CLIMATE
Greenhouse Effect
- The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs
when gases in Earth's atmosphere trap the
Factors that affect Climate Sun's heat.
Latitude Global Warming
- Latitude is the main factor affecting
global climate. The further we go from the -refers to the increase in the planet's overall
equator; the temperature drops and the average temperature in recent decades
cooler it gets.
Altitude
Climate Change
- The lower layers of atmosphere are -is a long-term change in the average weather
denser, have water vapor and dust patterns that have come to define Earth’s local,
particles that absorb heat, which is not regional and global climates.
prevalent in the higher altitude. At higher
altitudes, the air is less dense and air
molecules are spread out and less likely to What are El Niño and La Niña?
collide. Therefore, a higher location in the El Niño and La Niña are the warm and cool phases of a
mountains has lower average temperatures natural climate pattern across the tropical Pacific
than one at the base of the mountains. known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or “ENSO”
for short. The pattern shifts back and forth irregularly
Prevailing winds every two to seven years, bringing predictable changes
- The winds move air masses, which in ocean temperature and disrupting the normal wind
causes weather. The direction of and rainfall patterns across the tropics.
prevailing winds determines which type
of air mass usually moves over an area.
Ocean currents
- Ocean currents are the continuous and
directional movement of ocean created
by the wind friction, water density,
earth’s rotation, solar energy, and gravity
variation in different parts of the ocean.
The ocean currents transport warm water
and precipitation from the equator to the
poles and cold water from the poles back
to the equator. These regulate the global
climate, and uneven distribution of heat
reaching earth’s surface.
El Niño La Niña
Topography An El Niño condition The opposite condition
- The difference in elevation and is called La Niña.
mountain ranges determine the occurs when surface
distribution of precipitation on earth. The water in the equatorial During this phase of
bodies of water shape the climates and Pacific becomes ENSO, the water is
create the high- and low-pressure
systems that cause weather events. warmer than average cooler than normal
and east winds blow and the east winds are
weaker than normal. stronger.
Stars - stars are huge spheres of burning and glowing gasses.
Characteristics of Stars
Color
The visible appearance of a star (red, orange, yellow, white, or blue). It
indicates the temperature of the star's surface.
Surface Temperature
The degree of heat on the surface of a star, usually measured in Kelvin
(K). Hotter stars appear blue or white, while cooler stars appear red.
Size
The physical diameter or radius of a star. It is usually measured by
☉
comparing the radius of a star to the radius of the Sun. Astronomers
often express star sizes in solar radii (R ).
Mass
The amount of matter a star contains, usually measured in solar masses, which compares the
star’s mass to the mass of the Sun.
Brightness
The amount of light a star emits or appears to emit. It may refer to the star’s true brightness or
how bright it looks from Earth.
Constellations
Why do stars appear to move in the sky?
- Constellations are recognizable star patterns named and
cataloged by astronomers. These patterns resulted from lines
of sight with stars at varying distances.
This is because Earth rotates on its axis, thus the stars appear to move across the night sky from east to west
Why do we see different constellations at different times of the year?
As the Earth revolves around the sun the visibility of constellations changes throughout the year.
Roles of Constellation in Human life
Navigation
– Ancient sailors and
travelers used constellations
like the North Star (Polaris)
for direction at sea and on
land.
Timekeeping and Calendars
– Many civilizations based
their calendars on
constellations' positions,
helping with agriculture and
seasonal changes.
Cultural and Mythological
Importance
– Different cultures have
myths and stories linked to
constellations, influencing
traditions and beliefs.
Astronomy and Science
– Constellations help
astronomers locate celestial
objects like stars, planets,
and galaxies in the vast sky.
Astrology
– Though not scientifically
proven, constellations form
the basis of zodiac signs,
which some believe influence
human traits and destiny.