1.

INTRODUCTION

Although fossil fuel usage is ever-increasing in proportion to the world population

and developing economies, more than half of the energy produced in the world where there
is fuel consumption about 76 million barrels per day is left, between 100 and 220 °C
temperatures to the atmosphere as waste heat[1]. Therefore, to bring available energy
production systems together with practical methods and to benefit from the recovery of
waste heat as far as possible will both significantly reduce fuel consumption and alleviate
the destructive impact of many serious environmental problems, such as global warming,
air pollution and ozone layer depletion.

Many environmentally-friendly energy conversion technologies have been

developed such as Kalina and organic Rankine cycles to effectively increase power
generation, and reduce fuel consumption to a certain [Link] the last two decades,
organic Rankine cycle (ORC) that is reliable and cost-effective, as well as
environmentally-friendly, has attracted all attention. Organic Rankine cycle is one of the
best ways for the development of energy conversion technologies. This cycle uses the
energy obtained from low and medium temperature exhaust gas or any waste heat source.
Then, this useful energy is included in the system by converting into electric energy to
increase system efficiency by ORC.

Based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, researchers have studied
different types of combined cycles through energy analysis, exergy analysis. The results
show that the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of the combined cycle have been
improved by the utilization of heat sources.

To improve the energy utilization efficiency of the system, a Steam Rankine Cycle
and Organic Rankine Cycle are combined with a heat recovery vapour generator. The
mathematical model of energy analysis and exergy analysis is constructed. The exergy
destruction characteristics of each component of the combined cycle are studied.
1.1 ENERGY

Energy is the property that must be transferred to a system in order to perform work
on, or to heat, the system. Energy is a conserved quantity: the law of conservation of
energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed.

The unit of energy in the SI system is N-m (or) J(Joule).The energy per unit mass is
the specific energy, the unit is J/kg.

Q= △E+W

Common forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving system, the
potential energy stored by an system's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or
magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid systems, the chemical energy
released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and the thermal energy due-
to a system's temperature.

In thermodynamic analysis it is often helpful to consider the various forms of

energy that make up the total energy of a system in two groups: macroscopic and
microscopic. The macroscopic forms of energy are those a system possesses as a whole
with respect to some outside reference frame, such as kinetic and potential energies. The
microscopic forms of energy are those related to the molecular structure of a system and
the degree of the molecular activity and they are independent of outside reference frames.
The sum of all the microscopic forms of energy is called the internal energy of a system
and denoted by U.

FIRST LAW EFFICIENCY

The first law of efficiency, also known as thermal efficiency or

energy efficiency, is a measure of how well a thermodynamic system
converts input energy into useful output energy. It is defined as the ratio of
the useful output energy to the input energy, and it is often expressed as a
percentage. The first law of efficiency is governed by the first law of
thermodynamics, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only
change forms.
First law efficiency = useful output energy/ input energy × 100
w=Q1-Q2
𝑤
η1= 𝑄1

A higher first law efficiency indicates a more effective conversion of input energy
into useful work or output. Improving efficiency is a key goal in the design and operation
of energy systems to maximise the useful work obtained from a given input. Many
engineering and technological advancements are focused on enhancing the first law
efficiency of various processes, leading to more sustainable and energy-efficient systems.

1.2 EXERGY
The availability or exergy of a given system is defined as the maximum useful
work that is obtainable in the process in which the system comes to equilibrium with as
surroundings. Exergy is thus a composite property depending on the state of both the
system and surroundings.

Exergy is a generic term for a group of concepts that defines the maximum possible
work potential of a system in an open flow system there are three types of energy transfers
across the control surface namely work transfer, heat transfer and energy associated with
mass transfer. The work transfer is equivalent to maximum work which can be obtained
from that forms of energy The exergy of heat transfer (Q) from the control surface at
temperature T is determined from maximum rate of conversion of thermal energy to work
Wmax is given by
Wax Q (1-(𝑇𝑜 / T))

Exergy is defined as the maximum work that may be achieved by bringing a system
into equilibrium with its environment. Exergy analysis is a method that uses the
conservation of mass and conservation of energy principles together with the second law of
thermodynamics for the analysis, design and improvement of energy systems. Exergy
analysis is based on both firm and second law of thermodynamics. Exergy analysis can
clearly indicate the location of energy degradation in a process. Many engineers and
scientists suggest that the thermodynamic performance of a process is best evaluated by
performing an exergy analysis in place of conventional energy analysis because exergy
analysis appears to provide more insights and to be more useful in furthering efficiency
improvement efforts than energy analysis. The main purpose of exergy analysis is to
identify the causes, types, location and to calculate magnitude of thermal losses.

EXERGY EFFICIENCY
A common measure on energy is the first law efficiency. The first law efficiency
concerned only with the quantities of energy, disregards the forms in which the energy
exists. It does not also discriminate between the energies available at different
temperatures. It is the second law of thermodynamics which provides a means of assigning
a quality index to energy. The concept of available energy or exergy provides a useful
measure of energy quality.

The second law efficiency of a process is defined as the ratio of minimum available
energy or exergy which must be consumed to do a task divided by the actual amount of
energy consumed in performing the task.
Second law efficiency = energy recovered/energy supplied
w=Q1-Q’2
𝑤
η2= 𝑄1

1.11.1 SELECTION OF WORKING FLUID FOR ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE

While benzene is a hydrocarbon and can technically be used as a working fluid in

an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), there are several reasons why it may not be the best
choice. It's important to note that benzene has certain characteristics and properties that
might limit its suitability for some applications. Here are some factors to consider:
Toxicity and Safety:

Benzene is a known carcinogen and has been associated with various health risks. Its use
as a working fluid raises safety concerns due to its toxicity. Safety considerations are
crucial in selecting a working fluid, especially if the system is intended for commercial or
industrial applications.

Environmental Impact:

Benzene is classified as a hazardous air pollutant, and its release into the environment is
strictly regulated due to its negative impact on air quality. Choosing environmentally
friendly working fluids is a key consideration in the design of power generation systems.

Regulatory Compliance:

The use of benzene may be subject to strict regulations and compliance requirements,
especially in industrial settings. Meeting regulatory standards can add complexity and cost
to the implementation of an ORC system.

Alternative Working Fluids:

There are other organic fluids available that offer good thermodynamic properties for the
ORC while being less toxic and environmentally harmful. Commonly used fluids include
isobutane, isopentane, and various refrigerants like R134a and R245fa. These alternatives
provide a balance between performance and safety.

Thermodynamic Properties:

While benzene has a relatively high molecular weight, which can be beneficial for certain
ORC applications, it may not be the most efficient choice in terms of thermodynamic
properties. Other working fluids might offer better performance under specific temperature
and pressure conditions.

Material Compatibility:

The selection of a working fluid should also consider its compatibility with system
materials. Benzene's chemical properties may not be suitable for all components of an
ORC system.
In summary, while benzene possesses certain thermodynamic properties that might be
advantageous in some aspects of the Organic Rankine Cycle, its toxicity, environmental
impact, safety concerns, and regulatory restrictions make it less desirable as a working
fluid. When choosing a working fluid for an ORC system, it's essential to consider a
balance between performance, safety, and environmental considerations, leading to the
preference for alternative fluids that meet both technical and ethical criteria.

CHAPTER 2
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

There have been a number of methods proposed to enhance the performance of steam
based power plants. These methods attempt to improve the mean temperature of heat
addition to the steam cycle. Another feasible alternative is to reduce the temperature of
heat rejection, which depends on the environmental conditions. However the efficiencies of
steam plants have reached the point of saturation in the last few decades after adopting
these methods. This has propelled the engineers and researchers to find other viable
methods for performance improvement. A significant milestone in this area of research is
the development of hybrid systems . A number of articles have been published of late on
hybrid systems comprising either two power systems or combination of power and
refrigeration systems . A brief and intensive review of the articles was accomplished which
are briefed herein.

Xiaoxia Xia [1] “Energy, conventional and advanced exergy analysis for the organic
Rankine cycle-vapor compression refrigeration combined system driven by low-grade
waste heat”

● The ORC-VCR combined system can produce refrigerating capacity by utilizing

low-grade thermal energy. In this study, the thermodynamic performance of the
ORC-VCR system is studied based on the energy, conventional and advanced
exergy analysis.
● MATLAB software is used to simulate the operation process of the ORC-VCR
system, and the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid are obtained from
REFPROP software.

Soheil Mohtaram, Yonghui Sun [2] “Energy-exergy efficiencies analyses of a

waste-to-power generation system combined with an ammonia-water dilution Rankine
Cycle”
 This research investigates a waste-to-energy system combined with an ammonia
dilution Rankine cycle. The waste heat generated from the waste -to -energy process is used to
produce steam. The steam ,now likely a mixture of ammonia and water , then enter the
Rankine Cycle to drive a turbine connected to a generator, producing electricity.

● The energy-exergy analyses is utilized to study the effects of critical parameters on the
efficiency and determines the points with higher efficiencies than the conventional
steam Rankine [Link] Equation Solver (EES) software is used for delivering
accurate outlines.
● The ammonia dilution distillation temperature and the turbine's inlet and outlet
pressures are considered as vital parameters. The results revealed that both energy and
exergy efficiencies rise as the ammonia solution's distillation temperature decreases.

Dodeye Igbong [3] “Energy and exergy-based performance analyses of a combined

recompression supercritical carbon dioxide-organic Rankine cycle for waste-heat
recovery”

In this study, energy and exergy-based performance evaluation of a combined

recompression supercritical carbon-dioxide Brayton cycle and organic Rankine cycle as the
bottoming cycle is presented.

● A parametric investigation is performed to predict the effect on the system’s net

power output, thermal and exergy efficiencies while varying input parameters such
as compressor outlet pressure, carbon dioxide turbine inlet temperature, carbon
dioxide mass flow rate, flow split fraction, low-temperature and high-temperature
recuperator effectiveness.
● The R1234ze(Z), R1234yf and R245fa organic working fluids for the bottoming
organic Rankine cycle were considered. Results obtained revealed that the
R1234ze(Z)-based combined system demonstrated the highest thermal and exergy
efficiency of 55.87% and 73.13% respectively

T. K. Gogoi , Dibyani Lahon,J. Nondy [4] “Energy, exergy and exergoeconomic (3E)
analyses of an organic Rankine cycle integrated combined cycle power plant”
 In this study, a combined cycle power plant (CCPP) is proposed that comprises a
gas turbine (GT) cycle, a regenerative steam turbine (ST) cycle, and a recuperative
regenerative organic Rankine cycle (RR-ORC).

● The exhaust gas from the GT cycle is used to drive the ST cycle by employing a
heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). Further, the left-out heat from the GT
exhaust gas is utilized to drive the RR-ORC by employing a heat recovery vapor
generator (HRVG).
● Four fluids (R-141b, R-123, R-113, and R-245ca) are taken into consideration
while choosing the most suitable working fluid for the RR-ORC in this study.

Hu Zhang a, Ming-Jia Li a [5] “Assessment and working fluid comparison of steam

Rankine cycle -Organic Rankine cycle combined system for severe cold territories”

In this work, organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is employed to expand the available
temperature region of the conventional steam Rankine cycle (SRC) in severe cold
territories.

● ORC is used as the bottoming cycle of the SRC system to generate electricity by
using the condensing heat of SRC .
● The thermodynamic analysis of the SRC-ORC system was simulated by
self-programming in FORTRAN, and the thermodynamic properties of the working
fluids were obtained by software REFPROP.

Yuncheng Lan ,Suilin Wang [6] “Comparative analysis of organic rankine cycle, Kalina
cycle and thermoelectric generator to recover waste heat based on energy, exergy,
economic and environmental analysis.”

In this study, three power generation systems including ORC, KC and TEG were
employed to recover the waste heat of 50–200 °C. The multi-scenarios including
thermodynamic, economic and environmental were analyzed for three systems.

● The effects of temperature of heat and cold source were investigated. The effects of
the mass rate of heat source and cooling method for three systems were also
discussed in this paper
 Jinbo Qu,Yongming Feng [7] “Design and thermodynamic analysis of a combined
system including steam rankine cycle, organic rankings cycle, and power turbine for
marine low-speed diesel engine waste”

For recovering the waste heat of different energy levels in diesel engine, a slightly
complicated waste heat recovery system is proposed, which included a power turbine unit,
an Rankine cycle(RC) unit, and an Organic Rankine Cycle(ORC) unit. Power Turbine is
using high-temperature waste heat sources, dual-pressure RC is using medium-temperature
heat sources, and ORC is using low-temperature heat sources.

● The thermodynamic analysis of the system was carried out by using the
REFPROP 9.1 software and the Excel software
● The thermal performance of the combined cycle is studied through parameter
analysis and exergy analysis.

Based on the literature reviewed, it is observed that no attempt has been made to study the
combination of steam Rankine and Organic rankine cycles. Furthermore, it is reported that
Benzene is one of the most ideal fluids for organic Rankine cycle compared with other
Organic compounds. Hence the combination of SRC and ORC is taken up for analysis both
from energy and exergy perspectives.
CHAPTER - 3
 3. PROBLEM STATEMENT

The project envisages to analyze the effect of the operating parameters on the
energy and exergy efficiencies of the hybrid system . The Hybrid system consists of a
Steam Rankine Cycle (SRC) and an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) . Organic Rankine
cycle works by recovering the waste heat of upper cycle . The problem also involves the
determination of the exergy destruction and exergy efficiencies of all the components.

3.1 ASSUMPTIONS
● The combined system is considered to be working under steady equilibrium
conditions.
● The pressure drop in devices and ducts are considered negligible.
● The combustion phenomenon is assumed to be an isobaric process.
● Real gas behaviour is assumed for the products of combustion. The specific heat is
considered as a function of temperature.
● Dissociation effects are considered in the analysis of products of combustion.
● The efficiencies of main devices are assumed as η𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝= 85% ,

η𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 90% , η𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 90% 𝑎𝑛𝑑 η𝐶𝐶 = 90%

● The combustion process is carried out with excess air.

● The Pinch point differences in Steam Rankine Cycle and Organic Rankine Cycle
are assumed as 35°C and 135°C respectively .
● The fluid used in Organic Rankine Cycle is Benzene.
● The dead state conditions are 𝑃0 = 1. 01325 𝑏𝑎𝑟 and 𝑇0 = 298. 15 𝐾
 CHAPTER-4

4.1 RANKINE CYCLE PROCESSES

FIG 4.1. Components Diagram of Rankine Cycle

 FIG 4.2. T-S Diagram of Rankine cycle.

Process 1–2 Isentropic compression The working fluid is pumped from low to
high pressure. As the fluid is a liquid at this stage, the pump requires little input energy.

Process 2–3 Constant pressure heat addition in boiler The high-pressure liquid enters
a boiler, where it is heated at constant pressure by an external heat source to become a dry
saturated vapour. The input energy required can be easily calculated graphically, using an
enthalpy–entropy chart (h–s chart, or Mollier diagram), or numerically, using steam tables
or software.

Process 3–4 Isentropic expansion The dry saturated vapour expands through a turbine,
generating power. This decreases the temperature and pressure of the vapour, and some
condensation may occur. The output in this process can be easily calculated using the chart
or tables noted above.
Process 4–1 Constant pressure heat rejection in condenser The wet vapour then
enters a condenser, where it is condensed at a constant pressure to become a saturated
liquid.

4.2 VARIATIONS IN RANKINE CYCLE

4.2.1 RANKINE CYCLE WITH REHEAT

The purpose of a reheating cycle is to remove the moisture carried by the steam at
the final stages of the expansion process. In this variation, two turbines work in series. The
first accepts vapor from the boiler at high pressure. After the vapor has passed through the
first turbine, it re-enters the boiler and is reheated before passing through a second,
lower-pressure, turbine. The reheat temperatures are very close or equal to the inlet
temperatures, whereas the optimal reheat pressure needed is only one fourth of the original
boiler pressure. Among other advantages, this prevents the vapor from condensing during
its expansion and thereby reducing the damage in the turbine blades, and improves the
efficiency of the cycle, because more of the heat flow into the cycle occurs at higher
temperature.

FIG 4.3. T-S Diagram of Reheat Rankine Cycle

 4.2.2 REGENERATIVE RANKINE CYCLE

Regeneration increases the cycle heat input temperature by eliminating the addition
of heat from the boiler/fuel source at the relatively low feed water temperatures that would
exist without regenerative feedwater heating.

This improves the efficiency of the cycle, as more of the heat flow into the
cycle occurs at higher temperature.

FIG 4.4. T-S Diagram of Regenerative Rankine Cycle

4.3 SELECTION OF WORKING FLUID FOR ORGANIC RANKINE

CYCLE

While benzene is a hydrocarbon and can technically be used as a working fluid in

an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), there are several reasons why it may not be the best
choice. It's important to note that benzene has certain characteristics and properties that
might limit its suitability for some applications. Here are some factors to consider:

Toxicity and Safety:

Benzene is a known carcinogen and has been associated with various health risks. Its use
as a working fluid raises safety concerns due to its toxicity. Safety considerations are
crucial in selecting a working fluid, especially if the system is intended for commercial or
industrial applications.

Environmental Impact:

Benzene is classified as a hazardous air pollutant, and its release into the environment is
strictly regulated due to its negative impact on air quality. Choosing environmentally
friendly working fluids is a key consideration in the design of power generation systems.

Regulatory Compliance:

The use of benzene may be subject to strict regulations and compliance requirements,
especially in industrial settings. Meeting regulatory standards can add complexity and cost
to the implementation of an ORC system.

Alternative Working Fluids:

There are other organic fluids available that offer good thermodynamic properties for the
ORC while being less toxic and environmentally harmful. Commonly used fluids include
isobutane, isopentane, and various refrigerants like R134a and R245fa. These alternatives
provide a balance between performance and safety.

Thermodynamic Properties:

While benzene has a relatively high molecular weight, which can be beneficial for certain
ORC applications, it may not be the most efficient choice in terms of thermodynamic
properties. Other working fluids might offer better performance under specific temperature
and pressure conditions.

Material Compatibility:
The selection of a working fluid should also consider its compatibility with system
materials. Benzene's chemical properties may not be suitable for all components of an
ORC system.

In summary, while benzene possesses certain thermodynamic properties that might be

advantageous in some aspects of the Organic Rankine Cycle, its toxicity, environmental
impact, safety concerns, and regulatory restrictions make it less desirable as a working
fluid. When choosing a working fluid for an ORC system, it's essential to consider a
balance between performance, safety, and environmental considerations, leading to the
preference for alternative fluids that meet both technical and ethical criteria.
 FIG 4.5. Rankine & Organic Rankine Cycle Hybrid System

4.5. COMPONENTS OF THE HYBRID SYSTEM

● Air Compressor
● Fuel Compressor
● Combustion Chamber
● Super Heater
● Evaporator
● Economizer
● Steam Turbine
● Separator Drum
● Condenser
● Condensate Pump(Pump1)
● Feed Water Pump(Pump 2)
● Boiler Feed Pump(Pump 3)
● Feed Water Heater 1
● Feed Water Heater 2
● Heat Recovery Vapour Generator

4.6. WORKING FLUIDS USED IN COMBINED CYCLE SYSTEM

For Topping Cycle (Rankine Cycle) : Water

For Bottoming Cycle (Organic Rankine Cycle) : Benzene
The fuel used in the combustion chamber for heating the working fluid is
Methane(CH4).

4.7 PROPERTIES OF BENZENE

Pressure Temperature Volume Enthalpy in Entropy in

in bar in °C 3
in 𝑚 /𝑘𝑔 𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔 𝐽/𝑔𝐾
(p) (t)
(𝑣𝑓) (𝑣𝑔) (ℎ𝑓) (ℎ𝑓𝑔) (ℎ𝑔) (𝑠𝑓) (𝑠𝑓𝑔 (𝑠𝑔)
)

0.16292 30.524 0.0 1.9 -90. 429. 339 -0. 1.4 1.1
011 668 475 575 .1 275 145 39
524 38 8 2

2.6096 115.52 0.0 0.1 69. 366. 436 0.1 0.9 1.1
012 433 875 185 .06 878 421 3
941 3 5 5

4.8 WORKING OF HYBRID CYCLE

4.9 SIGNIFICANCE OF PINCH POINT
It refers to the states of the liquid and gas when their temperature difference is
minimum. The temperature difference corresponding to this point is known as pinch point
temperature difference. This point has special significance as it is necessary to consider
this in the heat balance equations. Generally for thermal design, when one of the fluid is
undergoing a phase change, the pinch point temperature difference is assumed. This is as
indicated in the figure below.

FIG_____________PINCH POINT
CHAPTER 5

NIST DATA
 In the process of calculating thermodynamic properties for constituents of working
fluid, we utilized data from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Chemistry WebBook. The NIST Chemistry WebBook is a comprehensive online resource
that provides access to a wide range of chemical and physical property data.
To determine the values for heat capacity (Cp), enthalpy (H), and entropy (S) for
constituents of working fluid, we extracted relevant data from the NIST Chemistry
WebBook.
Reference:National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Chemistry
WebBook,NIST Chemistry WebBook

6.1 SHOMATE EQUATION

Gas phase heat capacity calculations were performed using the Shomate equation, a widely
accepted model for representing the temperature dependence of thermodynamic
[Link] selected data sets, along with Shomate coefficients, were then employed in
our calculations to ensure accuracy and reliability in the thermodynamic assessments
conducted in this study.

Cp = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2

H − H298.15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 − E/t + F − H
S = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 − E/(2*t2) + G
where,
Cp = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
H = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
S = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
t = temperature (K) / 1000

6.2 SHOMATE COEFFICIENTS

To determine the values for gas phase heat capacity (Cp), enthalpy (H), and entropy (S) for
constituents (CH4, C2H6, C3H8, H2, O2, CO, CO2,N2 We extracted Shomate coefficients
from the NIST Chemistry WebBook. The Shomate coefficients for each substance were
retrieved from the following links:
● CH4 - Methane ([Link])
● C2H6 - Ethane ([Link])
● C3H8 - Propane ([Link])
● H2 - Hydrogen ([Link])
● O2 - Oxygen ([Link])
● CO - Carbon monoxide ([Link])
● CO2 - Carbon dioxide ([Link])
● N2 - Nitrogen ([Link])
 CHAPTER 6

6. THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS

6.1 ENERGY ANALYSIS

 6.1.1 STEAM RANKINE CYCLE
AIR COMPRESSOR
Here we are considering a Single-stage air compressor. The compressors
takes atmospheric air of temperature 30℃ and pressure of 1atm(1.01325 bar) i.e., STP
[Link] consists of N2 (79%) and O2(21%)
Let rp=Overall pressure ratio
rp=Assumed as ___
p1=1.01325 bar (STP) (since atmospheric air is considered)
rp=p2 / p1
Therefore, p2= rp×p1
Hence,
T2s/T1= (p2/p1)(γ-1)/γ
T2s=T1 (p2/p1)(γ-1)/γ
H2s=f(T2s)
H2s= 0.79 H2sN2 + 0.21 H2sO2
H2sO2 & H2sN2 = f(T2s)
H1=f(T1) (T1=30℃)
ηc=(H2s-H1)/(H2-H1)
Wc= H2-H1= (H2s-H1)/ηc
H2=H1+(H2S-H1)/ηc
T2=f(H2)
Hence can be determined by using an iterative procedure in MATLAB.
T2=Tair

FUEL COMPRESSOR
Here we are considering a single-stage fuel compressor. The compressors take
fuel (CH4) at an atmospheric temperature of 30℃ and pressure of 1atm(1.01325 bar).Since
combustion must occur at constant pressure to avoid losses, we must raise the fuel pressure
to p2 i.e., we must use the same pressure ratio.
We know that,rp=Overall pressure ratio
rp=p2 / p1
For triatomic gas, gaama =1.3
T2s/T1= (p2/p1)(γ-1)/γ
H2s=f(T2s)
H1=f(T1)
H1gas=H1CH4
H2sgas=H2sCH4
ηfc=(H2sgas-H1)/(H2-H1)
Wfc = H2-H1 = (H2sgas-H1)/ηfc
H2 = H1+ (H2sgas-H1)/ηfc
T2CH4 = f(H2)
Hence T2CH4 can be determined by using an iterative procedure in MATLAB.

COMBUSTION CHAMBER
Assuming, Mass of fuel (mf) = 1 mole
Mass of the air = 10 mole
The chemical reaction between CH4 & O2
CH4 + 2O2 —> CO2 + 2H2O
From the above equation we can conclude that 1 mole of CH4 requires 2 moles of O2.
Therefore, ‘m’ moles of CH4 require ‘2m’ moles of O2
Let y% of excess air is sent into the combustion chamber
Total amount of O2=2m+2my
=2m(1+y) = 2m*x where, 1+y = x
O2=2mx
N2=2mx*(79/21)
Mass of air=2mx(1+(79/21))
Chemical reaction in combustion chamber:
m×CH4 + 2xm×O2 + 2mx(1+(79/21))×N2 = (a×CO2)+(b×H2O)+(c×CO)+(d×O2)+(e×
H2)+(t×mf+0.79Ma)×N2
a,b,c,d,e are the number of moles of (CO2),(H2O),(CO),(O2),(H2) after the combustion.
“C” Carbon Balancing:
m=a+c
a+c-m=0
………….(1)
“H” Hydrogen Balancing:
4m=2b+2e
b+e - 2m=0
…………..(2)
“O” Oxygen Balancing :
4xm=2a+b+c+2d
…………..(3)
From Equilibrium Constants,
Two Equations from Equilibrium constants CO2,& H2O
For CO2,
CO + ½O2 = CO2
CO2 —> CO & O2
KCO2 = (PCO2/pθ)/[(pCO/pθ )(pO2/pθ )½]
= [PCO2×pθ½ ]/ [[pCO][pO2]½]
From eqn(3), pCO2= (a/n)p
where,n=a+b+c+d+e+t×mf+0.79Ma
Similarly, pCO= (c/n)p,pO2= (d/n)p
KCO2= [(a/n)p×pθ½]/[ (c/n)p [(d/n)p]½]
Assume,pθ=1
KCO2× (c/n)p× [(d/n)p]½ = (a/n)p
-KCO2C×[dp]½ + a× n½ = 0
…………..(4)
For H2O,
H2 + ½O2 = H2O
H2O—> H2 & O2
KH2O = (PH2O/pθ)/[(pH2/pθ )(pO2/pθ )½]
= [PH2O×pθ½ ]/ [[pH2][pO2]½]
From eqn(3), pH2O= (b/n)p
where,n=a+b+c+d+e+t×mf+0.79Ma
Similarly, pH2= (e/n)p,pO2= (d/n)p
KH2= [(b/n)p×pθ½]/[ (e/n)p [(d/n)p]½]
Assume,pθ=1
KH2× (e/n)p× [(d/n)p]½ = (b/n)p
-KH2e×[dp]½ + b× n½ = 0
…………..(5)
Solving the five equations we get constants a,b,c,d&e
Enthalpy of Products at Tgas,
Hprod = [(a×HCO2)+(b×HH2O)+(c×HCO)+(d×HO2)+(e×HH2)+(t×mf+MN2)HN2]
Hence, the number of moles of CH4 (m) are determined by using an iterative procedure in
MATLAB.

SUPERHEATER

Assume temperature drop in superheater as “yy”

𝑡𝑔2 = 𝑡𝑔1 − 𝑦𝑦
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑔2 + 273
𝑡𝑔3=𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡+pp diff
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑔3 + 273. 15
𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠= f(T)
𝐻𝑔3 = 𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 × 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
ℎ𝑠𝑎𝑡=ℎ𝑓 +𝑥3ℎ𝑓3

Making an energy balance for the evaporator

𝐻𝑔2-𝐻𝑔3 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚[ℎ𝑥3𝑠𝑎𝑡 − ℎ𝑓]

𝐻𝑔2−𝐻𝑔3
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = ℎ𝑥3𝑠𝑎𝑡−ℎ𝑓

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡 + 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ3 = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝ℎ4 + 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡ℎ5
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚[ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥3ℎ𝑓𝑔] = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝[ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥4ℎ𝑓𝑔] + 𝑚𝑤𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑓
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑡 = 𝑥3ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑥4ℎ𝑓𝑔
 𝑥3
𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑡 = 𝑥4

𝑚𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑡 − 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝

ℎ𝑥4𝑠𝑎𝑡 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥4ℎ𝑓𝑔
𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝[ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 − ℎ𝑥4𝑠𝑎𝑡] = 𝐻𝑔1 − 𝐻𝑔2
𝐻𝑔1−𝐻𝑔2
ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝
+ ℎ𝑥4𝑠𝑎𝑡

𝑡𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑣𝑎𝑙(𝑝1ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝)
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝑡𝑠𝑢𝑝
𝐼𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑠𝑢𝑝 <= 0. 05,
𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘
𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝐴𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡,
𝐻1 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑓+𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝ℎ10(𝐾𝑊)
𝐻
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑖𝑛𝑔= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
1
𝑤𝑒𝑡
kJ/kg
𝑡𝑤1 = 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑣𝑎𝑙[𝑝1, ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑖𝑛𝑔 ] 𝑡𝑤1 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟

ECONOMISER

𝐻𝑔3 − 𝐻𝑔4 = (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 × ℎ𝑓 ) - 𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑥

𝐻𝑔4 = 𝐻𝑔3 − [(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑓) − 𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑥]

𝑡𝑔4 = 𝑓[𝐻𝑔4]
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑔4 & 𝑡𝑤1
𝑡𝑔4 > 𝑡𝑤1
Hence, 𝑡𝑔4 is determined by using an iterative procedure in MATLAB.

TURBINE

We assumed the isentropic efficiency of the turbine as 90%.

ℎ6−ℎ9
η𝑇 = ℎ6−ℎ9𝑠

ℎ6 − ℎ9= η𝑇[ℎ6 − ℎ9𝑠]

ℎ6 & ℎ9𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝ℎ6−(𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝−𝑚1−𝑚2)ℎ𝑔
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒, η𝑇 = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝ℎ6−(𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝−𝑚1−𝑚2)ℎ9𝑠

Pump 1

ν𝑑𝑝
ℎ11 − ℎ10 = η𝑝
= 𝑤𝑝1
ν𝑑𝑝
ℎ11 = η𝑝
+ ℎ10 (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ10 = ℎ𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑝4)
ν(𝑝3−𝑝4)
ℎ11= η𝑝
+ ℎ10

Pump 2
ν(𝑝2−𝑝3)
ℎ13-ℎ12 = η𝑝
ν(𝑝2−𝑝3)
ℎ13 = ℎ12 + η𝑝
( 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ12 = ℎ𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑝3)

Pump 3

ν(𝑝3−𝑝2)
ℎ15 − ℎ14 = η𝑝
ν(𝑝3−𝑝2)
ℎ15 = ℎ14 + η𝑝
(𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ14 = ℎ𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑝2)

Heater 1

𝑚1ℎ7 + (𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 − 𝑚1)ℎ13 = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝ℎ14

𝑚1[ℎ7 − ℎ13] = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝[ℎ14 − ℎ13]
𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝[ℎ14−ℎ13]
𝑚1 = ℎ7−ℎ13

Heater 2

𝑚2ℎ8 + (𝑚 − 𝑚1 − 𝑚2)ℎ11 = (𝑚 − 𝑚1)ℎ12

(𝑚 − 𝑚1)(ℎ11 − ℎ12) + 𝑚2[ℎ8 − ℎ4] = 0
 (ℎ12−ℎ11)
𝑚2 = (𝑚 − 𝑚1) ℎ8−ℎ11
(𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ12 = ℎ𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑝5)

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 , 𝑊𝑇 = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝(ℎ6 − ℎ7) + (𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 − 𝑚1)(ℎ7 − ℎ8) + (𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 − 𝑚1 − 𝑚2)(ℎ8 − ℎ

𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑊𝑇 − (𝑊𝑝1 + 𝑊𝑝2 + 𝑊𝑝3) − [𝑊𝐶 + 𝑊𝐶 ]

𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝ℎ6−(𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝−𝑚1−𝑚2)ℎ𝑔
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒, η𝑇 = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝ℎ6−(𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝−𝑚1−𝑚2)ℎ9𝑠

6.1.2 ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE

Properties of Benzene at 2.6906 bar

𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 115. 52°𝐶.

𝑠𝑔(𝑜𝑟𝑔) = 1. 13 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔k
𝐻𝑔(𝑜𝑟𝑔) = 436. 06 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝑘

Properties of Benzene at condenser pressure 0.16292 bar

𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 30. 524°𝐶.

ℎ𝑓 =− 90. 475 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝑘
ℎ𝑓 = 429. 575𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔𝑘
𝑔

𝑆𝑓 =− 0. 27538 𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝑘
𝑆𝑓 =1.41458 J/kgk
𝑔

𝑉𝑓(𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒) = 0. 0012941 𝑚/𝑘𝑔

Calorific Value of fuel 𝐶𝑉(𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙) = 50000 𝐽/𝑘𝑔

50000×16
= 1000
kg/mole
Pitch point difference,

𝑃𝑃𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓(𝑜𝑟𝑔) = 115°𝐶.

Temperature of exhaust gases from steam rankine cycle ,𝑡𝑔

4

𝑇4 =𝑡𝑔 + 273. 15
4
𝐻𝐶𝑂2, 𝑆𝐶𝑂2, 𝐻𝐻 𝑂 𝑣𝑎𝑝
, 𝑆𝐻 𝑂 𝑣𝑎𝑝 , 𝐻𝐶𝑂, 𝑆𝐶𝑂, 𝐻𝑂2, 𝑆𝑂2, 𝐻𝐻2 , 𝑆𝐻2, 𝐻𝑁2, 𝑆𝑁2 = 𝑓(𝑇4)
2 2

Enthalpy of products, 𝐻𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑

𝐻𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑 = [𝐻𝐶𝑂2 𝐻𝐻 𝑂 𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝐻𝐶𝑂 𝐻𝑂2 𝐻𝐻2 𝐻𝑁2]

2

𝐻𝑔 = 𝐻𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑 × 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 (𝑘𝑊)

4(𝑜𝑟𝑔)

At Intermediate stage in Heat Recovery Vapor Generator,

𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 + 𝑝𝑝𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 (𝑜𝑟𝑔)

𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟 + 273. 15
[𝐻𝐶𝑂2, 𝑆𝐶𝑂2, 𝐻𝐻 𝑂 𝑉𝑎𝑝 , 𝑆𝐻 𝑂 𝑉𝑎𝑝 , 𝐻𝐶𝑂, 𝑆𝐶𝑂, 𝐻𝑂2, 𝑆𝑂2, 𝐻𝐻2, 𝑆𝐻2 , 𝐻𝑁2, 𝐻𝐻2] = 𝑓(
2 2

𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟)
𝐻𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑= [ 𝐻𝐶𝑂2 𝐻𝐻 𝑂 𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝐻𝐶𝑂 𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝑁 𝐻𝑂 ]
2 2 2 2

𝐻𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑜𝑟𝑔) = 𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 × 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 (𝑘𝑊)

At exit of gases

𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 35°𝐶 ≠ 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 35°𝐶

𝑇5 = 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 + 273. 15
𝐻𝐶 , 𝑆𝐶 & 𝐻𝐻 , 𝑆𝐻 & 𝐻𝐶 , 𝑆𝐶 & 𝐻𝑂 , 𝑆𝑂 & 𝐻𝐻 , 𝑆𝐻 & 𝐻𝑁 , 𝑆𝑁 = 𝑓(𝑇5)
𝑂2 𝑂2 2𝑂𝑉𝑎𝑝 2𝑂 𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝑂 𝑂 2 2 2 2 2 2

𝐻𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 = 𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 × 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 (𝑘𝑊)

Heat supplied

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 , 𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑢𝑝(𝐹𝑊ℎ)

𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝(𝑠𝑢𝑝) = 𝐻𝑔 − 𝐻𝑔 (𝑘𝑊)
4(𝑜𝑟𝑔) 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑜𝑟𝑔)

ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 , 𝐻𝑆𝑢𝑢𝑝(𝐹𝑊𝐻)

𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝(𝐹𝑊𝐻) = 𝐻𝑔 − 𝐻𝑔
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑜𝑟𝑔) 5(𝑜𝑟𝑔)

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡, 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 & 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝 = 𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝(𝑠𝑢𝑝) + 𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝(𝐹𝑊𝐻)
𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝 = 𝐻𝐺 − 𝐻𝑔
4(𝑜𝑟𝑔) 5(𝑜𝑟𝑔)

Heat recovery unit (HRVG)

𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡,

𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ = − 90. 49 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡,

𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝(𝐹𝑊𝐻)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑜𝑟𝑔) = (ℎ𝑔(𝑜𝑟𝑔)− 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ)
, 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝐻𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝(𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝)
ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑜𝑟𝑔)
+ ℎ𝑔(𝑜𝑟𝑔) , 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔

𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 & 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦(ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝)

𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑝(𝑜𝑟𝑔) 𝑎𝑡 (𝑃3 , ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝)

𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑝(𝑜𝑟𝑔) 𝑎𝑡 (𝑃4 , ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝)

Expansion in turbine

𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 𝑋𝑠

𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝑆𝑓
𝑋𝑠 = (𝑜𝑟𝑔)

𝑆𝑓𝑔

𝑖𝑓 𝑋𝑠 > 1 ⇒ 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒

ℎ2𝑠 = 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑣𝑎𝑙 (𝑝5,𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑝 )
(𝑜𝑟𝑔) (𝑜𝑟𝑔)

𝑋𝑠 < 1 ⇒ ℎ2𝑠 = ℎ𝑓 + (𝑥𝑠 × ℎ𝑓 )

(𝑜𝑟𝑔) 𝑔

𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = (ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 − ℎ2𝑆(𝑜𝑟𝑔))

𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 , ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡

ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 ,

ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − ℎ𝑓
𝑋𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = ℎ𝑓
𝑔

𝑖𝑓 𝑋 > 1 ⇒ 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒

Turbine work

𝑊𝑡(𝑜𝑟𝑔) = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑜𝑟𝑔) × 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝,

𝑤𝑝(𝑜𝑟𝑔) = 𝑉𝑓 × (𝑃(𝑜𝑟𝑔) − 𝑃(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠)(𝑜𝑟𝑔)) × 100 × 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑜𝑟𝑔), 𝐾𝑊

𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒,

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑡(𝑜𝑟𝑔) − 𝑊𝑝(𝑜𝑟𝑔), 𝐾𝑊

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 + 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡

(𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚) (𝑜𝑟𝑔)

Condenser

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − ℎ𝑓

ℎ𝑓+ 𝑊𝑝(𝑜𝑟𝑔)
𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 1 ⇒ 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑜𝑟𝑔)

𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡,

ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = − 90. 14 ( 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 )

𝐶𝑝 = 137. 4 (𝐽 /𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘)
𝑡𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 30. 7°𝐶
𝑆 = − 0. 27472 (J/kg k)
6.2 EXERGY ANALYSIS

6.2.1 STEAM RANKINE CYCLE

Exergy compressors

Air compressor
𝑇𝑜=25+273.15

𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟=𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑟+273.15

𝑟𝑝=p/1.013

Universal gas constant(uR)=8.314 kJ/kmol-K

[𝐶𝑝 ]=𝑂2𝐶𝑝(𝑇𝑜)
𝑂2

[𝐶𝑝 ]=𝑁2𝐶𝑝(𝑇𝑜)
𝑁2

𝐶𝑝 =0.79×𝐶𝑝 +0.21×𝐶𝑝
𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑂 𝑁2 𝑂2

[𝐶𝑝 ]=𝑂2𝐶𝑝(𝑇1)
𝑂2

[𝐶𝑝 ]=𝑁2𝐶𝑝(𝑇1)
𝑁2

𝐶𝑃 =0.79×𝐶𝑝 +0.21× 𝐶𝑝
1 𝑁2 𝑂2

[𝐶𝑝 ]=𝑂2𝐶𝑝(𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟)
𝑂2

[𝐶𝑝 ]=𝑁2𝐶𝑝(𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟)
𝑁2

𝐶𝑝=0.79×𝐶𝑝 +0.21×𝐶𝑝
𝑁2 𝑂2

𝐶𝑃 =(𝐶𝑝 +𝐶𝑝 )/2

𝑎𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑂
𝑂
𝐶𝑃 =(𝐶𝑝 +𝐶𝑃 )/2
𝑎𝑣𝑔1𝑂 1 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑂

𝐶𝑃 =(𝐶𝑝 )
𝑎𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑂

𝐶𝑃 =(𝐶𝑝 )
𝑎𝑣𝑔1𝑂 1

(∆𝑆)𝑎𝑖𝑟= 𝐶𝑃 × log((𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑟+273.15)/298.15) - 𝐶𝑃 ×log((𝑇1)/298.15) - uR/1000*log(𝑟𝑃)

𝑎𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑂 𝑂

kJ/mol-K

[H𝑂2,S𝑂2]=o2(𝑇1)

[H𝑁2,S𝑁2]=𝑁2(𝑇1)

𝑆1=0.79×S𝑁2+0.21×S𝑂2

[H𝑂2,S𝑂2]=𝑂2(𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟)

[H𝑁2,S𝑁2]=𝑁2(𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟)

𝑆2=0.79×S𝑁2+0.21×S𝑂2

𝐻2=0.79×H𝑁2+0.21×𝐻𝑂2

(S2-S1)𝑎𝑖𝑟=(S2-S1)/1000-uR/1000*log(𝑟𝑝) kJ/mol-K

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 =𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝐴𝐶

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 =𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟-𝑇𝑜×(∆𝑆)𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝐴𝐶

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 =molair_used*(𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 - 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 ) (single stage compression)

𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 =𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 / 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶

Fuel compressor

𝑡𝑐ℎ
4

𝑇𝑐ℎ =𝑡𝑐ℎ +273.15

4 4

[𝐶𝑃 ]=𝑐ℎ4𝐶𝑃(𝑇𝑐ℎ )
𝑐ℎ4 4
𝐶𝑃 =𝐶𝑃
𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐ℎ4

[𝐶𝑃 ]=𝑐ℎ4𝐶𝑃(𝑇1)
𝑐ℎ4

𝐶𝑃 =𝐶𝑃
𝑔𝑎𝑠1 𝑐ℎ4

[𝐶𝑃 ]=𝑐ℎ4𝐶𝑃(𝑇𝑂)
𝑐ℎ4

𝐶𝑃 =𝐶𝑃
𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑂 𝑐ℎ4

[𝐶𝑃 ]=𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝𝐶𝑃(𝑇1)
𝐻2𝑂
𝑣𝑎𝑝

𝐶𝑃 =𝐶𝑃
𝑔𝑎𝑠1 𝑐ℎ4

𝐶𝑃 =(𝐶𝑃 +𝐶𝑃 )/2

𝑎𝑣𝑔𝑔𝑂 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑂

𝐶𝑃 =(𝐶𝑃 +𝐶𝑃 )/2

𝑎𝑣𝑔1𝑂 𝑔𝑎𝑠1 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑂

𝐶𝑃 =𝐶𝑃
𝑎𝑣𝑔𝑔𝑂 𝑔𝑎𝑠

𝐶𝑃 =𝐶𝑃
𝑎𝑣𝑔1𝑂 𝑔𝑎𝑠1

(∆𝑆)𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙=𝐶𝑃 ×log((𝑡𝑐ℎ +273.15)/298.15)-𝐶𝑃 ×log(𝑇1/298.15)-uR/1000×log(𝑟𝑃)

𝑎𝑣𝑔𝑔𝑂 4 𝑎𝑣𝑔1𝑂

(kJ/mol-K)

[𝐻1𝑐ℎ4,𝑆1𝑐ℎ4]=𝑐ℎ4(𝑇1)

[𝐻 𝑐ℎ4,𝑆 𝑐ℎ4]=𝑐ℎ4(𝑇𝑐ℎ )
4

𝑆1𝑐ℎ4=1×𝑆 𝑐ℎ4

(∆𝑆)𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙=(𝑆2𝑐ℎ4-𝑆1𝑐ℎ4)/1000-uR/1000×log(𝑟𝑃) (kJ/mol-K)

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑊𝑐ℎ
𝐹𝐶 4
𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑊𝑐ℎ -𝑇𝑂×(∆𝑆)𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝐹𝐶 4

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 - 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝐹𝐶 𝐹𝐶 𝐹𝐶

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 / 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝐹𝐶 𝐹𝐶 𝐹𝐶

COMBUSTION CHAMBER
Chemical exergy in kJ per mole
𝑎𝐶𝐻 = 830. 174
4

𝑎𝐻 = 235. 212
2

𝑎𝑂 = 3. 947
2

𝑎𝐶𝑂 = 275. 364

𝑎𝐶𝑂 = 20. 108

2

𝑎𝑁 = 0. 6911
2

𝑎𝐻 𝑂 = 0. 0049
2 𝑣𝑎𝑝

EXERGY SUPPLIED = exergy of reactants

𝑎𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 =𝑎𝐶𝐻
𝐶𝐶 4

𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑟=0. 79 × 𝑎𝑁 + 0. 21 × 𝑎𝑂
2 2

Total chemical exergy = 1 × 𝑎𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 + moles of air used × 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑟 ; kW

𝐶𝐶

THERMO-MECHANICAL EXERGY

air
𝑟𝑃 = 1. 1/1. 013

𝑇𝑂 = 298. 15

[𝐻𝑂 ,𝑆𝑂 ]=𝑂2(𝑇𝑂)

2 2

[𝐻𝑁 ,𝑆𝑁 ]=𝑁2(𝑇𝑂)

2 2

𝐻𝑂 = 0. 79 × 𝐻𝑁 + 0. 21 × 𝐻𝑂
𝑎𝑖𝑟 2 2

𝑆𝑂 =0. 79 × 𝑆𝑁 + 0. 21 × 𝑆𝑂
𝑎𝑖𝑟 2 2

𝐶𝑃 = 𝑂2𝐶𝑃(𝑇𝑂)
𝑂2

𝐶𝑃 =𝑁2𝐶𝑃(𝑇𝑂)
𝑁2

𝐶𝑃 =0. 79 × 𝐶𝑃 + 0. 21 × 𝐶𝑃
𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑂 𝑁2 𝑂2

𝐶𝑃 = (𝐶𝑃 + 𝐶𝑃 )/2
𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑂
𝑎𝑖𝑟

[𝐻𝑂 ,𝑆𝑂 ]=𝑂2(𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟)

2 2

[𝐻𝑁 ,𝑆𝑁 ]=𝑁2(𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟)

2 2

𝑆𝑎𝑖𝑟 =0. 79 × 𝑆𝑁 + 0. 21 × 𝑆𝑂
2 2

𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑃
𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑎𝑖𝑟

(∆𝑆)2 = 𝐶𝑃 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 / 298. 15) − 𝑢𝑅/1000 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑟𝑝)

𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝑎𝑖𝑟

(∆𝑆)2 = (𝑆𝑎𝑖𝑟-𝑆𝑂 ) / 1000 − (𝑢𝑅/1000) × 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑟𝑝)

𝑎𝑖𝑟

𝑡𝑚𝑒 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 × ((𝐻2 − 𝐻𝑜 ) − 𝑇𝑂× (∆𝑆)2 kW

𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟

Fuel

[𝐻𝑂 , 𝑆𝑂 ] = 𝐶𝑂(𝑇𝑂)
𝐶𝑂 𝐶𝑂
[𝐻𝑂 , 𝑆𝑂 ]=𝐻2(𝑇𝑂)
𝐻2 𝐻2

[𝐻𝑂 , 𝑆𝑂 ] = 𝐶𝑂2(𝑇𝑂)
𝐶𝑂2 𝐶𝑂2

[𝐻𝑂 , 𝑆𝑂 ] = 𝐶𝐻4(𝑇𝑂)
𝐶𝐻4 𝐶𝐻4

[𝐻𝑂 ,𝑠𝑂 ] = 𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝(𝑇𝑂)

𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝

[𝐻𝑂 ,𝑆𝑂 ]=𝑁2(𝑇𝑂)

𝑁2 𝑁2

[𝐻𝑂 ,𝑆𝑂 ]=𝑂2(𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟)

𝑂2 𝑂2

𝐻𝑂 =[𝐻𝑂 ]
𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝐻4

𝑆𝑂 =[𝑆𝑂 ]
𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝐶𝐻4

𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝐻4𝐶𝑃(𝑇𝑂)
𝐶𝐻4

𝐶𝑃 = 1 × 𝐶𝑃 kW/K
𝐶𝐻4 𝐶𝐻4
𝑂

(∆𝑆)𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 =𝐶𝑃 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑡𝐶𝐻 + 273. 15)/298. 15) − 𝑢𝑅/1000 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑟𝑝)

3 𝐶𝐻4 4
𝑂

𝐶𝑃 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑡𝐶𝐻 + 273. 15)/298. 15) − 𝑢𝑅/1000 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑟𝑝) kJ/mol-K

𝐶𝐻4 4
𝑂

(∆𝑆)𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = (𝑆2 − 𝑆𝑂 )/1000 − 𝑢𝑅/1000× 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑟𝑝) kJ/mol-K

3 𝐶𝐻4 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙

𝑡𝑚𝑒 = ((𝐻2 − 𝐻𝑂 ) − 𝑇𝑂 × (∆𝑆)𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 ) kW

𝐶𝐻4 𝐶𝐻4 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 3

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚 + 𝑡𝑚𝑒 + 𝑡𝑚𝑒

𝐶𝐶 𝐸𝑋𝐸 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐶𝐻4

EXERGY RECOVERED = exergy of products

Chemical exergy of products

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝐶𝐶 = 𝑎 × 𝑎𝐶𝑂 + 𝑏 × 𝑎𝐻 𝑂 + 𝑐 × 𝑎𝐶𝑂 + 𝑑 × 𝑎𝑂 + 𝑒 × 𝑎𝐻 +
2 2 𝑣𝑎𝑝 2 2

((79 × 2 × 𝑥 × 𝑚/21)) × 𝑎𝑁

Thermo-mechanical exergy
[𝐻𝑂 , 𝑆𝑂 ] = 𝐶𝑂(𝑇𝑂)
𝐶𝑂 𝐶𝑂

[𝐻𝑂 , 𝑆𝑂 ]=𝐻2(𝑇𝑂)
𝐻2 𝐻2

[𝐻𝑂 , 𝑆𝑂 ] = 𝐶𝑂2(𝑇𝑂)
𝐶𝑂2 𝐶𝑂2

[𝐻𝑂 , 𝑆𝑂 ] = 𝐶𝐻4(𝑇𝑂)
𝐶𝐻4 𝐶𝐻4

[𝐻𝑂 ,𝑠𝑂 ] = 𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝(𝑇𝑂)

𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝

[𝐻𝑂 ,𝑆𝑂 ]=𝑁2(𝑇𝑂)

𝑁2 𝑁2

[𝐻𝑂 ,𝑆𝑂 ]=𝑂2(𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟)

𝑂2 𝑂2

𝐻𝑂 = 𝑎 × 𝐻𝑂 + 𝑏 ×𝐻𝑂 × 𝑐 × 𝐻𝑂 + 𝑑 ×𝐻𝑂 + 𝑒×𝐻𝑂 + (79 × 2 × 𝑥

𝑝𝑟𝑜 𝐶𝑂2 𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝐶𝑂 𝑂2 𝐻2

× 𝑚/21) × 𝐻𝑂
𝑂2

𝑆𝑂 = [𝑆𝐶𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑂 𝑆𝐶𝑂𝑆𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑆𝑁 ]
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 2 2 𝑣𝑎𝑝 2 2 2

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = [𝑎; 𝑏; 𝑐; 𝑑; 𝑒; (79× 2 × 𝑥 × 𝑚/21]

𝑆𝑂 = 𝑆𝑂 × 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑂 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑

𝐶𝑃 = 𝑂2𝐶𝑃 (𝑇)
𝑂2

𝐶𝑃 = 𝑁2𝐶𝑃 (𝑇)
𝑁2

𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝐻4𝐶𝑃(𝑇 )
𝐶𝐻4
𝐶𝑃 =𝐻2𝐶𝑃(𝑇 )
𝐻2

𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑂2𝐶𝑃 (𝑇)
𝐶𝑂2

𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑂 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇)
𝐶𝑂

[𝐶𝑃 ] = 𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝𝐶𝑃 (𝑇)

𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝

𝐶𝑃 = (𝑎𝐶 + 𝑏 × 𝐶𝑃 + 𝑐 × 𝐶𝑃 + 𝑑 × 𝐶𝑃 + 𝑒 ×
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝑃𝐶𝑂 𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝐶𝑂 𝑂2
2

𝐶𝑃 + ((79 × 2 × 𝑥 × 𝑚/21) × 𝐶𝑃 ))/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝐾

𝐻2 𝑁2

𝐶𝑃 = 𝑂2𝐶𝑃 (𝑇𝑜)
𝑂2

𝐶𝑃 = 𝑁2𝐶𝑃 (𝑇𝑜)
𝑁2

𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝐻4𝐶𝑃(𝑇𝑜 )
𝐶𝐻4

𝐶𝑃 =𝐻2𝐶𝑃(𝑇𝑜 )
𝐻2

𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑂2𝐶𝑃 (𝑇𝑜)
𝐶𝑂2

𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑂 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇𝑜)
𝐶𝑂

[𝐶𝑃 ] = 𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝𝐶𝑃 (𝑇𝑜)

𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝

𝐶𝑃 = (𝑎 × 𝐶𝑃 + 𝑏 × 𝐶𝑃 + 𝐶𝑃 + 𝑑 × 𝐶𝑃 + 𝑒 × 𝐶𝑃 + (𝑡 × 𝑚𝑓 + 𝑚𝑁 ) ×
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑂 𝑂2 𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝 𝐶𝑂 𝑂2 𝐻2 2

𝐶𝑃 )/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 𝐾
𝑁2

𝐶𝑃 = (𝐶𝑃 + 𝐶𝑃 )/2
𝑎𝑣𝑔𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑂
 𝐶𝑃 =𝐶𝑃
𝑎𝑣𝑔𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑

(∆𝑆)𝑝𝑟𝑜4 = (𝐶𝑃 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑇/298. 15) − 𝑢𝑅/1000 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑟𝑝)) × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑘𝑊/𝐾

𝑎𝑣𝑔𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑

𝐻 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝐻
𝑃

𝑇 = 𝑡𝑔 + 273. 15
1

[𝐻𝐶𝑂 , 𝑆𝐶𝑂 ] = 𝐶𝑂2(𝑇)

2 2

[𝐻𝐻 𝑂 ,𝑆𝐻 𝑂 ]=𝐻2𝑂𝑣𝑎𝑝(𝑇)

2 𝑣𝑎𝑝 2 𝑣𝑎𝑝

[𝐻𝐶𝑂 ,𝑆𝐶𝑂 ]=𝐶𝑂(𝑇)

[𝐻𝑂 ,𝑆𝑂 ]=𝑂2(𝑇)

2 2

[𝐻𝐻 ,𝑆𝐻 ]=𝐻2(𝑇)

2 2

[𝐻𝑁 ,𝑆𝑁 ]=𝑁2(𝑇)

2 2

𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 = [𝑆𝐶𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑂 𝑆𝐶𝑂 𝑆𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑆𝑁 ]

2 2 𝑣𝑎𝑝 2 2 2

𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 × prodmoles;

∆𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 = ( ( 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑- 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 ) / 1000 ) / molargas kJ/mol-K

𝑜

𝑡𝑚𝑒 = ( ( 𝐻 − 𝐻𝑜 ) - 𝑇𝑜 × ∆𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑠)

𝐶𝐶 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 =𝑡𝑚𝑒 +𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑐𝐶𝐶

𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 =𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 / 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶

EXERGY OF TURBINE
𝑇𝑂=298K

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐= 𝑊𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 =𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 × [ℎ6 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠6] − 𝑚1 × [ℎ7 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠7] − 𝑚2 × [ℎ8 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠8] −

(𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 − 𝑚1 − 𝑚2) × [ℎ9 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠9]

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 - 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝑡𝑢𝑟

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 / 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑡𝑢𝑟

CONDENSER EXERGY

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = (𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 − 𝑚1 − 𝑚2) × [ℎ9 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠9]

𝑐𝑜

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝
𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑜

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 /𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑜

FEEDWATER HEATER 1

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑚1 × [ℎ7 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠7] + (𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 − 𝑚1) × [ℎ13 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠13]

𝐹𝑊𝐻1

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝× [ℎ13 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠13]

𝐹𝑊𝐻1

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 - 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝐹𝑊𝐻1 𝐹𝑊𝐻1 𝐹𝑊𝐻1

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 / 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝐹𝑊𝐻! 𝐹𝑊𝐻1 𝐹𝑊𝐻1

FEEDWATER HEATER 2

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑚2 × [ℎ8 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠8] + (𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 − 𝑚1 − 𝑚2) × [ℎ11 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠11]

𝐹𝑊𝐻2
𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 = (𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 − 𝑚1)× [ℎ12 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠12]
𝐹𝑊𝐻2

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 - 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝐹𝑊𝐻2 𝐹𝑊𝐻2 𝐹𝑊𝐻2

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 / 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝐹𝑊𝐻2 𝐹𝑊𝐻2 𝐹𝑊𝐻2

CONDENSATE FEED PUMP 1

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑊𝑃1
𝑃1

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 = (𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 − 𝑚1 − 𝑚2) × ([ℎ11 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠11] − [ℎ10 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠10])

𝑃1

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 - 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑃1

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 / 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑃1

CONDENSATE FEED PUMP 2

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑊𝑃2
𝑃2

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 = (𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 − 𝑚1) × ([ℎ13 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠13] − [ℎ12 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠12])

𝑃2

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 - 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝑃2 𝑃2 𝑃2

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 / 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑃2 𝑃2 𝑃2

CONDENSATE FEED PUMP 3

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑊𝑃3
𝑃3

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 = (𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 × ([ℎ15 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠15] − [ℎ14 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠14])

𝑃3

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 - 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝑃3 𝑃3 𝑃3
𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 / 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝
𝑃3 𝑃3 𝑃3

MIXER EXERGY
𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡 × [ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠𝑓] + 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 × [ℎ10 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠10]
𝑚𝑖𝑥

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡 × [ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑥 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑥]

𝑚𝑖𝑥

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 -𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑥

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 /𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑖𝑥

STEAM SEPARATOR EXERGY

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡 × [ℎ𝑥𝑠𝑎𝑡-𝑇𝑂×𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑎𝑡]

𝑆𝑆

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 × [ℎ𝑥1𝑠𝑎𝑡-𝑇𝑂×𝑠𝑥1𝑠𝑎𝑡] + 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡 × [ℎ𝑓-𝑇𝑂×𝑠𝑓]

𝑆𝑆

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 -𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 /𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆

SUPERHEATER EXERGY
At 𝑇 =𝑡𝑔1+273. 15

𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑=[𝑆𝐶𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑂 𝑆𝐶𝑂 𝑆𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑆𝑁 ]
2 2 𝑣𝑎𝑝 2 2 2

𝑠𝑔1=𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑× prodmoles;

At 𝑇 =𝑡𝑔2+273. 15

𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑=[𝑆𝐶𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑂 𝑆𝐶𝑂 𝑆𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑆𝑁 ]
2 2 𝑣𝑎𝑝 2 2 2

𝑠𝑔2=𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑×prodmoles
(∆𝑆)𝑠ℎ= 𝑠𝑔1 − 𝑠𝑔2

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = (ℎ𝑔1 − ℎ𝑔2) - 𝑇𝑂 × (∆𝑆)𝑠ℎ / 1000

𝑆ℎ

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑚𝑣𝑎𝑝 × ( {ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝-𝑇𝑂×𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑝] - [ℎ𝑥1𝑠𝑎𝑡-𝑇𝑂×𝑠𝑥1𝑠𝑎𝑡])

𝑠ℎ

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 -𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝑠ℎ 𝑆ℎ 𝑠ℎ

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 /𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑆ℎ 𝑠ℎ 𝑆ℎ

EVAPORATOR EXERGY

At 𝑇 =𝑡𝑔3+273. 15

𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑=[𝑆𝐶𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑂 𝑆𝐶𝑂 𝑆𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑆𝑁 ]
2 2 𝑣𝑎𝑝 2 2 2

𝑠𝑔3=𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑×prodmoles

(∆𝑆)𝑒𝑣= 𝑠𝑔2 − 𝑠𝑔3

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = (ℎ𝑔2 − ℎ𝑔3) - 𝑇𝑂 × (∆𝑆)𝑒𝑣 / 1000

𝑒𝑣

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡 × ( [ℎ𝑥𝑠𝑎𝑡-𝑇𝑂×𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑎𝑡] - [ℎ𝑓-𝑇𝑂×𝑠𝑓] )

𝑒𝑣

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 - 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝑒𝑣 𝑒𝑣 𝑒𝑣

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 / 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑒𝑣 𝑒𝑣 𝑒𝑣

ECONOMIZER

At 𝑇 =𝑡𝑔4+273. 15

𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑=[𝑆𝐶𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑂 𝑆𝐶𝑂 𝑆𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑆𝑁 ]
2 2 𝑣𝑎𝑝 2 2 2
 𝑠𝑔4= 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 × prodmoles

(∆𝑆)𝑒𝑐𝑜= 𝑠𝑔3 − 𝑠𝑔4

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = (ℎ𝑔3 − ℎ𝑔4)-𝑇𝑂×(∆𝑆)𝑒𝑐𝑜/1000

𝑒𝑐𝑜

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑤𝑎𝑡 × ( [ℎ𝑓-𝑇𝑂×𝑠𝑓] - [ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑥 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑥])

𝑒𝑐𝑜

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 -𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝑒𝑐𝑜 𝑒𝑐𝑜 𝑒𝑐𝑜

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 /𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑒𝑐𝑜 𝑒𝑐𝑜 𝑒𝑐𝑜

TOTAL EXERGY OF STEAM RANKINE CYCLE

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 +
𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 𝐴𝐶 𝐹𝐶 𝐶𝐶 𝑡𝑢𝑟 𝐶𝑂

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 +

𝐹𝑊𝐻1 𝐹𝑊𝐻2 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠

𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑆𝑆 𝑠ℎ 𝑒𝑣 𝑒𝑐𝑜
6.2.2 EXERGY OF ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE

𝑒2 = ℎ𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑝
𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝑒3 = ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑆𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡
𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝑒4 = ℎ𝑓 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑆𝑓
𝑜𝑟𝑔

EXERGY OF TURBINE
𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑔 × (𝑒2 − 𝑒3 )
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑊𝑇
𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 /𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑔

EXERGY OF CONDENSER
𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑔 × 𝑒3
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 /𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑔

EXERGY OF PUMP
ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 𝑊𝑝 /𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑔 + ℎ𝑓 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔
𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝑠𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 =− 0. 27472 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑜𝑓 30. 7 °𝐶

𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = 𝑊𝑝
𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑔
 𝑒1 = ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝑇𝑂 × 𝑠𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡
𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 = [(ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − ℎ𝑓) − 𝑇𝑂× (𝑠𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝑠𝑓)] × (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑔)

𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 /𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑔

HRVG
𝑇𝑔
4

𝑇4 = 𝑡𝑔 + 273. 15
4

𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 = [𝑆𝐶𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑂 𝑆𝐶𝑂𝑆𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑆𝑁 ]

2 2 𝑣𝑎𝑝 2 2 2

𝑆𝑔 = 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 × 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
4𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 35 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 40

𝑇5 = 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 + 273. 15

𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 = [𝑆𝐶𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑂 𝑆𝐶𝑂𝑆𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑆𝑁 ]

2 2 𝑣𝑎𝑝 2 2 2

𝑆𝑔 = 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 × 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
5𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 = (𝐻𝑔 − 𝐻𝑔 ) − 𝑇𝑂 × (𝑆𝑔 − 𝑆𝑔 )/1000

ℎ𝑟𝑣𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑔 4𝑜𝑟𝑔 5𝑜𝑟𝑔 4𝑜𝑟𝑔 5𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑔 × (𝑒2 − 𝑒1 )

ℎ𝑟𝑣𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝 − 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐

ℎ𝑟𝑣𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑔 ℎ𝑟𝑣𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑔 ℎ𝑟𝑣𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑐 /𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑠𝑢𝑝

ℎ𝑟𝑣𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑔 ℎ𝑟𝑣𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑔 ℎ𝑟𝑣𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑔
EXERGY OF EXHAUST GASES
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑐 𝑘𝑊
𝐸𝑋𝐸 𝐶𝐶

𝑇𝑂

𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 = [𝐻𝐶𝑂 𝐻𝐻 𝑂 𝐻𝐶𝑂𝐻𝑂 𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝑁 ]

2 2 𝑣𝑎𝑝 2 2 2

𝐻𝑂 = 𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 × 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 = [𝑆𝐶𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑂 𝑆𝐶𝑂𝑆𝑂 𝑆𝐻 𝑆𝑁 ]

2 2 𝑣𝑎𝑝 2 2 2

𝑆𝑂 = 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 × 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑜𝑟𝑔

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = (𝐻𝑔 − 𝐻𝑂 ) − 𝑇𝑂 × (𝑆𝑔 − 𝑆𝑂 )/1000 + 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚

𝑒𝑥𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑔 5𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑔 5𝑜𝑔 𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝐸𝑋𝐸

6.2.3 EXERGY OF COMBINED CYCLE

TOTAL EXERGY OF STEAM RANKINE CYCLE
𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 +
𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 𝐴𝐶 𝐹𝐶 𝐶𝐶 𝑡𝑢𝑟 𝐶𝑂

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 +

𝐹𝑊𝐻1 𝐹𝑊𝐻2 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 TOTAL

𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑆𝑆 𝑠ℎ 𝑒𝑣 𝑒𝑐𝑜

EXERGY OF ORG RANKINE CYCLE

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑔 ℎ𝑟𝑣𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑔 𝑒𝑥𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑔

TOTAL EXERGY OF COMBINED CYCLE

𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑅𝐺𝑌𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠 + 𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑔
CHAPTER - 7
 7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The following operating parameters are considered for analysis of the cycle
7.1 OPERATING PARAMETERS
A. Steam Rankine Cycle :
Air inlet temperature = 25°𝐶
Mass flow rate of fuel = 1 mol/s
Maximum Temperature of gases = 600°C to 800°C in steps of 50°C
Inlet Steam Pressure = 50 bar (tsat=264°C)
Superheated steam Temperature = 350°C to 600°C in steps of 50°C
Steam Pressure at 1st extraction point in turbine = 30 bar
Steam Pressure at 2nd extraction point in turbine = 10 bar
Steam Condenser Pressure = 0.1 bar
Dryness fraction at outlet of evaporator, 𝑥𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 0.8

Dryness fraction at inlet of superheater, 𝑥1𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 0.9

Pinch Point temperature difference = 35°C

B. Organic Rankine Cycle :
HRVG operating pressure = 2.6906 bar
Condenser Pressure = 0.16292 bar (tsat=30.524°C)

Pinch Point temperature difference = 135°C

Temperature of exit gases from the system = 40°C

The enthalpy, entropy, specific heat values of the gases are taken from NIST
Chemistry Web Book
 7.2 PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS

In the parametric analysis of the combined Steam Rankine and organic Rankine
cycle system, various key parameters were systematically varied to assess their impact on
system performance. Specifically, the steam temperature varied across a range from 350℃
to 600℃ , while the maximum combustion chamber temperature was adjusted between
600℃ to 800℃. This comprehensive analysis allowed for a thorough examination of the
system's behaviour under different operating conditions.

7.2.1 Effect of Steam Temperature and Gas Temperature on Steam

power to Organic Power Ratio
It is observed that with increase in steam temperature , the power output of Rankine
cycle increases almost linearly. The variation of organic power is only very marginal with
steam temperature. Hence it is observed that the ratio of steam power to organic power also
increases with steam temperature almost similar to steam power.
Further it is observed that the ratio of these two powers increases with increase in
gas temperature. The ratio varies between 2.2 to 2.5.

7.2.2 Effect of steam Temperature and Gas Temperature on Energy

Efficiency
With increase in steam temperature the mean temperature of heat addition increases
which carnotizes the cycle hence the 1st law efficiency. Higher temperature of
gases(source) will produce higher 1st law efficiencies. The variation of efficiency for low
steam temperatures is about 0.75 but the variation of efficiency for high temperatures is
about 1.75.

7.2.3 Effect of Gas Temperature on Air - Fuel Ratio

When the Gas Temperature increases, the air - fuel ratio decreases. For high
combustion chamber temperatures, the amount of air has to be decreased. The air - fuel
ratio is independent of steam parameters. In the analysis we fixed mass of fuel as 1 mol by
varying the air, the amount of excess air required over stoichiometric decrease with
increase in pressure.

7.2.4 Effect of Steam Temperature and Gas Temperature on Steam Flow

Rate
The energy content of the gases depends on the molar flow rate of fuel and the gas
temperature. In the analysis , the molar flow rate of fuel is fixed at 1 mol/s and the amount
of excess air over the stoichiometric value is varied to attain the required gas temperature.
Hence for given gas temp the molar flow rate of gases and its energy content is
fixed. It is therefore observed that with an increase in superheater temperature of steam ,
the steam flow rate or the rate of generation of steam will decrease. This is reflected in the
graphs.

7.2.5 Effect of Steam Temperature and Gas Temperature on Total Mass

of Steam Extracted
The rankine cycle works on a regenerative system with two open feedwater heaters.
The high pressure feed water heater and low pressure feed water heater extracts steam at
pressures of 30 bar and 10 bar respectively. The total mass of steam extracted for feed
water heating depends on the pressure at which the feedwater heater operates and also the
flow rate of condensate. It is observed that at high temperatures the mass of steam
extracted decreases as the energy content of steam will be higher at higher steam
temperatures.

7.2.6 Effect of Steam Temperature and Gas Temperature on Specific

Fuel Consumption
The specific Fuel consumption is defined as the ratio of molar flow rate of fuel per
hour to the net power output in the system. Its variation with steam temperature for
different gas temperatures is depicted in Fig,_______.It is observed that the highest steam
temperatures and higher gas temperatures would entail lower specific fuel consumptions.
This observation is obvious since the increase in the efficiency increases with the increase
in steam temperature as well.

7.2.7 Effect of Gas Temperature on Mole Fractions of constituents in the

combustion chamber
The product gases from the combustion chamber are mainly constituent of
nitrogen,which is inert, unused oxygen and the gases like carbon dioxide , hydrogen ,water
vapor and carbon monoxide. The pressure of carbon monoxide implies that the combustion
is not complete. The combustion chamber involves the dissociation of carbon monoxide
and water vapor into the constituents represented by the equations.
1
𝐶𝑂 + 2
𝑂2 ⇔ 𝐶𝑂2 - - - - - - - - - 1
1
𝐻2𝑂 + 2
𝑂2 ⇔ 𝐻2𝑂 - - - - - - - - - 2

The equilibrium state obtained by these reactions are accounted for in terms of their
respective equilibrium constants which are temperature dependent.
The presence of higher mol fractions of carbon monoxide at high temperature
indicates that the reaction 1 tends towards the reactants at high [Link] is further
observed that the amount of nitrogen in the products decreases with increase in
temperature. It can therefore be inferred that the reaction 2 is more favourable to proceed
towards the products.
Hence the amount of water vapor present in the products is observed to increase
with temperature. Furthermore higher gas temperature requires lower air fuel ratios. As
such though the mole fraction of carbon dioxide is increasing at higher temperatures, it is
observed that the dissociation of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide and oxygen is also
increasing.

7.2.8 Effect of Steam Temperature and Gas Temperature on Exergy

Efficiency
The exergy efficiency considers the irreversibilities that are present in the system,
which is not accounted for in the energy efficiency. The exergy efficiency considers both
chemical exergy and thermomechanical exergy.
 The chemical exergy is the maximum theoretical work that could be developed
when the constituents of the system react with the oxygen from the environment. The
thermomechanical exergy of a system depends on its temperature and pressure. At the dead
state conditions the thermomechanical contribution becomes zero but chemical exergy
exists.
The exergy efficiency is defined as the net work output of the combined system to
the total exergy supplied. The plot between the steam temperature and exergy efficiency
for various gas temperatures is exhibited in the figure—-.
The exergy efficiency enhances with increase in gas temperature, higher
temperature of source will involve lesser irreversibilities and hence high efficiency is
obtained. Furthermore higher steam temperatures are also beneficial as it entails second
law efficiencies.

7.2.9 Effect of Steam Temperature and Gas Temperature on ECOP and

Ratio of Exergy Destruction to Total Exergy Input
The Ecological coefficient of performance is a significant parameter which is
defined as the ratio of useful exergy output to the exergy destruction in the system.
The exergy destruction in the cycle is observed to decrease at higher gas and steam
temperatures. On the other hand, the net power output from the system is found to increase
with the rise in temperatures.
The exergy destruction is a function of the total entropy generation rate in the
system which is the summation of entropy generation rates in all the components of the
system. The entropy generation rate in turn depends on the dissipative effects present. With
the rise in temperature, the entropy generation rates fall. Hence, higher ECOP which
occurs at higher order temperatures entails lower dissipative effects and entropy
generation. It can therefore concluded that higher temperatures in the cycle will be most
effective.
This phenomena can also be observed from the plot of exergy destruction to the
exergy input ratio. The fraction of exergy destroyed is reducing with the increase in steam
and gas temperatures.
CHAPTER 8
 8. CONCLUSIONS

A Hybrid cycle power plant system consisting of Steam Rankine Cycle with
regeneration and an Organic Rankine Cycle with Benzene as the working fluid is
thermodynamically analysed. Molar, Energy and Exergy balance equations are developed
for the individual components and synchronised for the entire system. Further code has
been established in MATLAB software. The analysis of the cycle based on two significant
parameters i.e., steam temperature and Maximum source temperature was [Link] a
combustion analysis was also performed. The inferences drawn from the study are given
below :

❖ The energy and exergy efficiencies are found to increase with increase in
temperature of source and also with increase in Steam temperatures.

❖ It is observed that with increase in steam temperature , the power output of

Rankine cycle increases almost linearly. The variation of organic power is
only very marginal with steam temperature.

❖ The Air-Fuel ratio is found to decrease with the increase in Gas

temperature. For high combustion chamber temperatures, the amount of air
has to be decreased.

❖ It is observed that the higher steam temperatures and gas temperatures

would entail lower specific fuel consumptions at higher efficiencies.

❖ The mole fraction of Carbon Dioxide is increasing at higher temperatures, it

is observed that the dissociation of Carbon Dioxide into Carbon Monoxide
and Oxygen is also increased. But the dissociation of water vapor into its
constituents was found to decrease with increase in temperature.

❖ The Combustion analysis revealed that the effectiveness of combustion is

dependent on the predominant temperature in the combustion chamber.
❖ The exergy efficiency enhances with increase in gas temperature, higher
temperature of source will involve lesser irreversibilities and hence high
efficiency is obtained. Furthermore higher steam temperatures are also
beneficial as it entails higher second law efficiencies.

❖ The exergy destruction in the cycle is majorly contributed by the exergy

loss in the combustion chamber , which is observed to be nearly 50% due to
the irreversibility of combustion phenomenon.

❖ The exergy destruction in the cycle decreases at high gas and steam
temperatures. The net power output from the system is found to be higher at
high steam temperatures and gas temperatures.

❖ Higher Ecological coefficient of performance entails lower dissipative

effects and entropy generation. It can therefore concluded that higher order
temperatures in the cycle will be effective.