Embedded System Unit 5

Case Studies
Case Study of an Embedded
System for a Smart Card
 What is a Smart Card?
Plastic card with embedded microprocessor chip, electronic memory, and a
battery. Used for information storage and management and authentication.. Of
the several types of smart cards, some are contact- less (do not require to be
swiped through a magnetic stripe reader) whereas others require contact with
the reader.
 Types of Smart Cards
Contactless Smart Card

• Embossed Cards
• Magnetic Stripe Cards
• Memory Cards
• Optical Memory Cards
• Microprocessors Cards Memory Card
• Cryptographic Co-processor Cards
• Contactless Smart Cards
• Contact Cards

Typical Modules Cryptographic Smart Cards Magnetic Stripe Card

Applications of Smart Card
 Construction of a Smart card
• Designing is the first step to construct a smart card which consists of
following specifications such as clock speed, volatile memory types,
memory size, type of operating system and specifying the application
software, card type, size, functioning and some more additional features.

• Chip fabrication is the second step which includes silicon chip mounting
on an epoxy glass substrate with the help of gold plated connectors and a
die. The silicon chip is mixed up to the connectors by using connecting
wires or by using flip flop technology. The chip placed on the substrate is
sealed by using epoxy resin and then glued to the card substrate. The card
can be either polyester based or PVC based plastic card.

• Loading the code into memory is third step by using special commands
through recommended software.

• Data loading into memory is the fourth step which stores the data related
to the single person
 Basic Working of a Smart Card
A smart card is connected to the host computer or controller via a card
reader which gets information from the smart card and accordingly passes
the information to the host computer or controller.

For example:
 Chips being used
• Vcc - Gives the biasing voltage to the smart card.
• RST - Resets the data stored in the smart card.
• CLK - Provides clock signals for the operations.
• GND - Provides ground as usual.
• Vpp - Provides the programming voltage to the EEPROM. Not used
commonly now as modern cards are capable of generating programming
voltage by itself when comes in contact with the reader.
• I/P - Input Port.
• O/P - Output Port.
• AUX 1/2 -Auxilliary contacts,used by USB.
 Embedded Hardware
Components
• Microcontroller or ASIP
• RAM for temporary variables and Stack
• OTP ROM for application codes and RTOS
codes for scheduling the tasks
• Flash for storing user data, user address, user
identification codes, card number and expiry
date
• Timer and interrupt controller
• A carrier frequency generating circuit and ASK
modulator
• Interfacing circuit for the IOs.
• Charge pumps for delivering power to the
antenna for transmissions and system circuits.
THANK YOU
 Embedded System
Unit 5
Embedded System Application Development:
Design issues and techniques
 DESIGN ISSUES IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
The increasing use of the embedded systems in almost every electronic
component around us like remote controls, mobile phones, set-top
boxes, televisions, and even cars. everything consists of embedded
systems, has lead to some challenges in embedded system
development.

Safety
 Safety is one of the prime concerns and challenges in embedded
systems.
 Safety is related to minimizing the frequency of mishaps
(especially loss of life, injuries, and damage to property).
Like if in IoT, a thermostat that doesn’t turn on the heat when
needed, causes household water pipes to freeze and burst.
Therefore embedded systems must ensure safety.
 Strict requirements and limitations in terms of quality, testing,
 DESIGN ISSUES IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

Security
 One of the biggest issues in the digital world is security. Also
becoming the challenge in embedded systems for developers.
 The related risks grow exponentially, especially so for IoT
devices gaining popularity worldwide and becoming more
interconnected to each other therefore getting more prone to
the risk of hacking attacks.
 DESIGN ISSUES IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
Design Limitations
 The challenges in the design of embedded systems have always
been in the same limiting requirements for decades:
 Small form factor
 Low energy
 Long-term stable performance without maintenance

 Depending on applications in IoT and other fields, there is a

growing demand for the manufacture of processors which are
scalable or not big in size with cheap and ultra-low-power
consumption to get maximum performance with no maintenance.
 DESIGN ISSUES IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

Pace of Change
 In the recent past, technologies that are used for embedded
systems developing were almost the same with some new
higher capacity processor to come out once a year.
 Then things eventually began speeding up. In the last 5 years,
we have witnessed the fast development of emerging
technologies including artificial intelligence.
 This is creating problems for developers, since the available
technologies are changing faster than the developers can get
hold of them, making this dynamic change a challenge for
embedded systems.
 IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES USED IN
DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL AND REAL-TIME
SYSTEMS
Critical systems development
 Due to the quick progress in computer technology, improvement of software
development methods, better programming languages and effective quality
management the dependability of software has significantly improved in the last
two decades. In system development special development techniques may be used
to ensure that the system is safe, secure and reliable. There are three
complementary approaches can be used to develop dependable software:

 Fault avoidance. The design and implementation process are used to minimize
the programming errors and so on the number of faults in a program.

 Fault detection. The verification and validation processes are designed to

discover and remove faults in a program before it is deployed for operational
use.

 Fault tolerance. The system is designed so that faults or unexpected system

behaviour during execution are detected and managed in such a way that
system failure does not occur.
 Redundancy and diversity are fundamental to the achievement
of dependability in any system.
 Examples of redundancy are the components of critical systems
that replicate the functionality of other components or an
additional checking mechanism that is added to system but not
strictly necessary for the basic operation of system.
 Faults can therefore be detected before they cause failures,
and the system may be able to continue operating if individual
components fail.
 If the redundant components are not the same as other
components, is the case of diversity, a common failure in the
same, replicated component will not result in a complete
system failure.
 A fault-tolerant system can continue its operation even after
some of its part is faulty or not reliable. The fault-tolerance
mechanisms in the system ensure that these system faults do
not cause system failure. Where system failure could cause a
catastrophic accident or where a loss of system operation would
cause large economic losses it is necessary to develop fault-
tolerant system. There are four complementary approaches to
ensure fault-tolerance of a system:
1. Fault detection. The system must detect a fault that causes a
system failure. Generally, this based on checking consistency
of the system state.
2. Damage assessment. The parts of the system state that have
been affected by the fault must be detected.
3. Fault recovery. The system restores its state to a known safe
state. This may be achieved by correcting the damaged state
or by restoring the system to a known safe state.
Real Time System design
Designing a real-time system it is necessary to decide first which
system capabilities are to be implemented in software and which in
hardware. Then the design process of real-time software focuses on
the stimuli rather than the objects and functions. The design
process has a number of overlapped stages:
1. Identification of the stimuli that the system must process and the
associated responses.
2. Specifying the timing constraints for each stimulus and associated
response.
3. Selection of hardware components and the real-time operating
system to be used.
4. Aggregation of the stimulus and response processing into a number
of concurrent processes. It is usual in real-time systems design is
to associate a concurrent process with each class of stimulus and
response.
5. Design of algorithms of the required computations for each
stimulus and response.
 Processes must be coordinated in a real-time system. Process
coordination mechanisms ensure mutual exclusion to shared
resources. Once the process architecture has been designed and
scheduling policy has been decided it should be checked that the
system will meet its timing requirements.
 Timing constraints or other requirements often mean that some
system functions, such as signal processing, should be
implemented in hardware rather than in software. Hardware
components can provide a better performance than the
equivalent software.
THANK YOU
Embedded System Unit 5
Case Studies
 CASE STUDY –
WASHING MACHINE

Let us see the important parts of the washing machine. This will also
help us understand the working of the washing machine:

Water Inlet Control Valve:

• Near the water inlet point of the
washing there is water inlet
control valve.
• When you load the clothes in
washing machine, this valve gets
opened automatically and it
closes automatically depending
on the total quantity of the water
required.
• The water control valve is
actually the solenoid valve.
 CASE STUDY –
WASHING MACHINE
Water Pump:

 The water pump circulates water through the washing machine.

 It works in two directions,
 re-circulating the water during wash cycle and
 draining the water during the spin cycle.

Tub:
 There are two types of tubs in the washing machine: inner and
outer.
 The clothes are loaded in the inner tub, where the clothes are
washed, rinsed and dried.
 The inner tub has small holes for draining the water.
 The external tub covers the inner tub and supports it during
various cycles of clothes washing.
 CASE STUDY –
WASHING MACHINE

Agitator or Rotating Disc:

 The agitator is located inside the tub of the washing machine.
 It is the important part of the washing machine that actually
performs the cleaning operation of the clothes.
 During the wash cycle, the agitator rotates continuously and
produces strong rotating currents within the water due to which
the clothes also rotate inside the tub. The rotation of the
clothes within water containing the detergent enables the
removal of the dirt particles from the fabric of the clothes.
Thus the agitator produces most important function of rubbing
the clothes with each other as well as with water.
 In some washing machines, instead of the long agitator, there is
a disc that contains blades on its upper side. The rotation of the
disc and the blades produce strong currents within the water
and the rubbing of clothes that helps in removing the dirt from
 CASE STUDY –
WASHING MACHINE

Motor of the Washing Machine:

 The motor is coupled to the agitator or the disc and produces it
rotator motion.
 These are multispeed motors, whose speed can be changed as
per the requirement.
 In the fully automatic washing machine the speed of the motor
i.e. the agitator changes automatically as per the load on the
washing machine.

Timer:
 The timer helps setting the wash time for the clothes manually.
 In the automatic mode the time is set automatically depending
upon the number of clothes inside the washing machine.
 CASE STUDY –
WASHING MACHINE
Printed Circuit Board (PCB):
 The PCB comprises of the various electronic components and circuits,
which are programmed to perform in unique ways depending on the
load conditions (the condition and the amount of clothes loaded in
the washing machine).
 They are sort of artificial intelligence devices that sense the various
external conditions and take the decisions accordingly.
 These are also called as fuzzy logic systems.
 Thus the PCB will calculate the total weight of the clothes, and find
out the quantity of water and detergent required, and the total time
required for washing the clothes. Then they will decide the time
required for washing and rinsing. The entire processing is done on a
kind of processor which may be a microprocessor or microcontroller.

Drain Pipe:
 The drain pipe enables removing the dirty water from the washing
 CASE STUDY –
AUTOMOTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEM
 The Automotive industry is one of the major application domains of
embedded systems.
 Automotive embedded systems are the one where electronics take control
over the mechanical system. Ex. Simple viper control.
 The number of embedded controllers in a normal vehicle varies
somewhere between 20 to 40 and can easily be between 75 to 100 for
more sophisticated vehicles.
 One of the first and very popular use of embedded system in automotive
industry was microprocessor based fuel injection.
 Some of the other uses of embedded controllers in a vehicle are listed
below:
 Air Conditioner
 Engine Control
 Fan Control
 Headlamp Control
 Automatic break system control
 CASE STUDY –
AUTOMOTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEM

 AES are normally built around microcontrollers or DSPs or a hybrid of the

two and are generally known as Electronic Control Units (ECUs).
 Types of Electronic Control Units (ECUs):
1. High-speed Electronic Control Units (HECUs):
 HECUs are deployed in critical control units requiring fast
response.
 They Include fuel injection systems, antilock brake systems,
engine control, electronic throttle, steering controls, transmission
control and central control units.
2. Low Speed Electronic Control Units (LECUs):-
 They are deployed in applications where response time is not so
critical.
 They are built around low cost microprocessors and
microcontrollers and digital signal processors.
 CASE STUDY –
AUTOMOTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Automotive Communication Buses

Embedded system used inside an automobile communicate with each
other using serial buses. This reduces the wiring required.
Following are the different types of serial Interfaces used in automotive
embedded applications:

1. Controller Area Network (CAN):-

 CAN bus was originally proposed by Robert Bosch.
 It supports medium speed and high speed data transfer
 CAN is an event driven protocol interface with support for
error handling in data transmission.
 CASE STUDY –
AUTOMOTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEM
2. Local Interconnect Network (LIN):-
 LIN bus is single master multiple slave communication
interface with support for data rates up to 20 Kbps and is
used for sensor/actuator interfacing
 LIN bus follows the master communication triggering to
eliminate the bus arbitration problem
 LIN bus applications are mirror controls , fan controls, seat
positioning controls.

3. Media-Oriented System Transport (MOST):-

 MOST is targeted for automotive audio/video equipment
interfacing
 A MOST bus is a multimedia fiber optics point–to–point
network implemented in a star , ring or daisy chained
topology over optical fiber cables.
THANK YOU