Hi

I am Harsh Maheshwari
aka CAPTAIN
GTH
NIT WARANGAL

Phone no 503523136
 lick
liquid solutions

H2o
EI Sugar
Salt H2O

solution

e solvent

00
g
solvent
solute
Classification of Solution :-

On the Basis of Physical state

CO2 gas

Type of Solute Solvent Some Common

Solutions Examples

Gas Liquid Oxygen dissolved in

water

Liquid Liquid Liquid Ethanol dissolved in

Solutions water

Solid Liquid Glucose dissolved in

water
11dg
Concentration terms
temp dependent
Molarity M
It is the ratio
of moles
of solute litre of
per
solution

00Tilt
M

Ex 2 molar or 2M solution
ag Hasoy
6 2 moles of Solute 11
of
solution
hasty

moles solute Vsol L

of Molarity

Temp Independent
m
molality
moles
M
of solute
solvent kg
weight of

2m or Imotal Hesoy solution

ag
Kiso
4 2
of solute
1kg of solvent
H2O
 Kai
mole fraction
X

X ni moles
of a

If
componen
metethearderscle
total moles

Alc
EI 180g of 120 92g of Ethyl

chon Cal mole fraction of each

32g of Component

1120 18 10 Menson 9

cmon
10 2 71
32g

Xenon
420 2450k
 Xi

liquid solution

Gas in
liquid

Gas in liquid
Factors affecting the
Temp
solubility
0
Gas

Pressure
Nature
Jmp
taken
I
of gas
liqui
IF PV NRT
P α n

oadwoggomasas
liquid
Esteem 01
gas

Amount dissolved
of gas

10 01
Ngap
MM
Mg neolvent

O
i
00

gas
gas M
 0P kn Xgas

P 10 atm Fixed

r r

GAS GAS

10 kn Xgas 10 kn Xger
10 2X 5
10 05 2

which has
gas
a
higher solubility in a
solvent

GAS

Conclusion

So
01
Ky Solubility
 solvent

[Link]
F
solubility solubility in the solvent

Based

my b
 Gas liq Gas liquid AH ve

Exo
Eq const
Backwards
if T Od
K

if K forward

Gases will be more soluble at 10400

temperature

if N2
gas is
bubbled
through water at 293k how
many
millimoles
of N2 gas would dissolve in 12 of
water

Assume N2 exerts a
0.987 bar
pressure of
ky for N2 76.48 Kbar at 293k

draft
NT the
 Pn KM XN

103
76.48
0.987
1 G d
1
dno me
Ig
means

Ind 1g
1120
looond 1000g of

HI
millimates
of Nz
 Application

Got
man

Foots

I
I
neEehgl
o
 october

closed container

1 f BPα
depends

1km TO
I It
Pmohoooo

24
sweeteners the
too
I
 Uq
q
low B P
v P
for high

PA PB
C gas

Purgsolvent
solution
or
3s

Isopleth
VP of pure solvent A Fatpsure
It VP of pure solvent B
 in sol
VP of A
ma

IF
Raoult's Law For a solution volatile liquids partial
of
each the
vapor pressure of component of
to its mote
proportional
Sittoggdirectly
fraction present in solution
solution
solution
gram
PA PAXA
[Link] Pp PB XB

Pt PA PB

0
 CO

Pt

Similarly Xp 1 XA

Pt P XA P1 P

B I YA
ooo

liq Two
liq so
volatile are mixed
liq
A XB
 PT Pbb Assume Pa B
Xp 1
XB 0

Pure A
B
PA
PULI
Pat PB
Pt

PB
PB
AXA Xp
pA
i

o
O O O
mole fraction

pf VP of pure solvent A

P VP of pure solvent B
Two types of Mole fractions

A B both volatile are mixed together

liq

A B gas
or
vapor phase
gal Ya more traction
of A in gasphase

YB 11 B in gas phase

A XB

liquid phase

A in solution
Xp mole fraction of

B in Solution
B 11

11 class
Partial pressure
 total pressure
gas
phase

mole fraction in gaseous phase

Ya
IF Fifteen
Yp
bXB
Lets Solve

Q. At a given temperature, total vapour pressure (in Torr) of a mixture of

volatile components A and B is given by
PTotal = 120 - 75 χB
Hence, vapour pressure of pure A and B respectively (in Torr) are

A 120, 75 B 120, 195

C 120, 45 D 75, 45

17 120
501 we know
It PA XB P PA

PG PA 75
Pa 122
PB 75 PA
75 120
4

PT PAYA P XB
60
80
3 3
72 ton
Quiz Time P A B Q
Q. The vapour pressure of two liquids P and Q are 80 and 60 torr,
respectively. The total vapour pressure of solution obtained by mixing
3 mole of P and 2 mol of Q would be [2005]
Nt 5

A 72 torr B 140 torr

C 68 torr D 20 torr

Pt PAYA P XB
 1 9

loud loud 20 me

intation
O

ob Raoult's law
Paleo
Pobs Had
Piltherotical
ttdASmix

[Link]

he o

the
valid for Non Ideal sol
 well
A B 505
B
Aj jB A B 50J

Just for you

inviattddder

so
Assuming
are
Example Pb PA
Lets Solve

Q. Raoult’s law is obeyed by each constituent of a binary liquid solution

when

The forces of attractions between like molecules are

A
greater than those between unlike molecules

The forces of attractions between like molecules are

B
smaller than those between unlike molecules

The forces of attraction between like molecules are

C
identical with those between unlike molecules
owe

D The volume occupied by unlike molecules are different.

 Non Ideal Solution

Properties of Non Ideal solution

❏ Raoult's law not obeyed

Rooult's law
bit We
❏ ∆Hmix ≠ 0, there should be enthalpy change when components of
solutions are mixed

❏ ∆Vmix ≠ 0, there should be change in volume on mixing when

components of solutions are mixed

AGmix ASmix
TW
Non Ideal so the deviation
 from
come y 20 me raoult's lay
loud
Types of Non Ideal Solution

1
(A) Non-Ideal Solutions Showing Positive Deviation From Raoult’s Law
to

Solvent molecule Solute molecule Less Solute- Solvent

A-A interaction B-B interaction ≠ molecule interaction ( A-B
interaction)
ochlocracy

Molecules are breaking away more

easily than they do in the pure liquids.
 VP
0

Pt PA XB PIB

observed

assume
 I

0 10

the
Explanation
in
ᵗ
stet 44
8211
01

2001
45

k band

overall
M M
H
H bond 4
8

OF
Types of Non Ideal Solution

(B) Non-Ideal Solutions Showing Negative Deviation From Raoult’s

Law 19.9 me
loud loud

Solvent molecule Solute molecule More Solute- Solvent

A-A interaction B-B interaction ≠ molecule interaction ( A-B
interaction)

Molecules are breaking away less

easily than they do in the pure liquids.
 Tricky

the
0
HI
 Examples of Non Ideal Solution

Showing Negative Deviation From Raoult’s Law

H
Other example-

❖ Chloroform and methyl acetate

❖ H2O and HCI

I I
❖ H2O and HNO3

❖ Acetic acid and pyridine

❖ Phenol and Aniline.

Lets Solve

Q. The vapor pressure of mixture of 1 mol (PA0 = 150 torr) and 2 mol (PB0 =
240 torr) is 200 torr. In this case :

Jobs 150
1 240 3
A
mgP
There is positive deviation from Raoult's law

B There is no deviation from Raoult’s law

Molecular masses of A and B are also required

C
for calculating the deviation

D There is negative deviation from Raoult’s law

Pttwo 150 240
1
210 to nt
A B 51
Pobs Pincoretical

de
ne

turn
200
211
 Pttwo 150 240
1
210 to nt
A B 51

If
boiling mixture
Azeotropes constant

Some
liquids on mixing form Azeotropes which are
binary mixtures having same composition in liquid
vapour phase boil at a constant temperature

Tr 1
A
grapour
YA
701
i 0
A to YB vapour
B 304

It is not possible to separate the

components even
by fractional distillation
 There two types
are
of Azeotropes

Minimum boiling Azeotropes

It is formed by solutions showing positive deviation
from raoult's law
E weak
Ethanol 120
95 5 up

PVP α
be
Maximum
boiling azeotropes

It is formed by solutions showing deviation

It
raoult's law
troff 2
strong
HNOs H2O
681 32 7 VP

JVP
Ip

Solid in liquid
100 100 moles of KU
midity
Colligative properties :
v7
Properties of the solution which do not depend upon the nature of the solute
but depend only on the number of solute particles

The four important colligative properties are :

(i) Relative lowering in vapour pressure

(ii) Elevation in boiling point
(iii) Depression in freezing point
(iv) Osmotic pressure

so
 Osmosis It is the spontaneous flow of solvent
particles from a dilute solution to concentrated
solution through SPM Semi permeable membrane
EI raisins swell when soaked overnight
SPI allows only smaller particle to pass through
size Solute solvent

Cellulose Acetate
if
RI

a
less
more
_M_
A B

Conc
ifosmotic
P
Molarity pressure
temp

CRT R gas constant

Insolute theoretical RT
 Vsol 17

O
T or

0
or
queasel
MM 180g
5L [Link] sook
180g
earwdoledin
Cal the osmotic pressure

Gen
 A 1 3

A 5 atm

Advantage of Osmotic pressure

bedetermined
molar mass of can
potency
 TA TB
If

Iman

09M

17
May

Blood cell shrink

BC

17
[Link]
BC swell up
I

Isotonic

Hypertonic
O O Hypotonic
 107 Ps
e
PNP α
Ip
 solute
Poff
or A

Text
Raoult's Law for Non volatite solute

of solution is
aei
a product of vapour pressure of
[Link]

in the solution

M solution
Ps Po solvent

VP of solution Po VP of pure solvent

we know solute solvent I

solvent 1 solute

Ps Po 1 solute
e

solute
 I
Po

solute 1 Pq
[Link] 11
solute
of
MM
Gog

at 25 C

[Link]
solute
Itmtament
solvent t
242
to 1
21.8
tone
Ps
 BP
Boiling point

P Atmospheric pressure

Defination
Temp at which vapour pressure
over the
equal to
becomes
liq
atmospheric pressure

100 C
I latm
B P is not a collegative property When
a non volatile component is added in pure solve
latm latum

[Link] I
non volatile
solute 8
Tveit XP
Ip Tutin
Po Ps
BPof puresolvent eBP ofsolute
Due to dec in surface area
by solvent particles
in solution Evaporation is less So solution
should be heated more so that vapour
equal to
becomes atmospheric
pressure
pressure

Hence B P Increases

Atb Ts To
Ts BP of solution
To BP of pure solvent
 ATB

Solution

solvent
pure

Experimental

0 52 most
Kky

Sata g Elly
Kb unit klymol or o kg molt
I
 a

Kb M

0.104

ATD To
7
0.104 Ts 100

Ts 100.104 C
 solvent
pure
vaporpressure
solution

TO so
BP Pure solvent
of
Temperature
Ts To
Application

Cooking food
we
sprinkle salt while we
cook eggs
Freezing point

when there is Equilibrium bw solid that

liquid
temp is If
solid
liq
H2o FP O'C
Et H2O
e s at P 1 atm

ae 8
solute

Tveit Teton
when non volatile solute is added in
pure
solvent its tendency to solidified decreases
get
So more cooling cooling will be required to
solidify the solution This is called depression
in FP

Note
solul I

m
To solvent
Freezing pt of peer
Ts 11 solution

Atf To Ts
 c

mill or a kgmill
kly

HIIIII

To Ts

Curve

solvent
Pure slope chargs

solid
Oher fgf phase change

l
I to Ts
 Ts Temp To FP of pure solvent

Application
To prevent ice on roads we
sprinkle salt
Nate or Csce on roads in cold countries

Ethylene glycol is added to water in car's

radiator to act as an antifreeze anti boil
agent a stable engine coolant
creating

It lowers the FP of 120 to prevent winter

freezing raises the B P to prevent summer
overheating

A 1 mole of Urea in 11 solution

B 2 mole of Urea in 11 Solution

Assume molarity molality

which has more osmotic pressure

CMC Rsolute
Aps TA
Vsol same

which has more UP

FP solution
 IP of
B

which has more BP Atb α isolated

which has more RLVP

solute nsolute solute
Af

which has more depression in FP

α nsolute
If
m

which has higher FP

ED
Van't Hoff factor i

i observed colligative property

theoretical collegative property

observed colligative prop theoretical colligativeprop i

 or Nobserved Ntheortical I

x̅ CRT I Insolutetheo RT XI
Vsol CL

RLUP solute
FTttnsolent
ns.T

AT Kbxmx
l
eo

atf kg M Xi kg x nsolutetheo i
Wsolvent kg

of Us reof Nate
ftp i
nobs IX 1 Nate Not LE
se
 soules which donot ionise
for Non Electrolytes
i 1

Urea glucose sucrose fructose etc

EI

for Dissociation
solute can break into ions

for strong electrolyte

α 1 or 100
α ionisation
Degree of
AA
i I n 1 αOn
i I n 1 n No of particles
that can be
i formed
Nall Not it
Ex
ke kt it
Masoy 2Mt SOY
KNO let nos
HUOY Ht way
KyfFeCN16
 4kt RENT

for weak electrolyte

I mentioned in question

So i
to
I n 11 α

I Calculate i for chook

if its 10 ionised

weak electrolyte
7.1
crook I Choo
If It
i I n 1 α

It 2 1 0.1 11

tn 011
0.15M

me anne
y i1
A B

Direction osmosis
of
 I
CRT Xi 0.15 RT x2 0.3 RT
Ta
TB CRT I 0.2 RT I 0.2 RT

Osmosis
Direction
of
a
low a high

B A

Calculate the B P of elevation

for a solution prepared
to H2o
by adding log of Mglls 200g of assuming

Mga is completely dissociated story electrolyte

Kb for tho 0.512 Kkg mdt 1 1
Molar mass
of Mga 95g
molt

kxmx

[Link]
x Mgus
Mg mg