Starter – Quadratic Revision
Starter – Quadratic Revision
Complex Numbers
Grade 11
Mathematics AA HL
Contents
- Imaginary numbers
- Complex numbers
- Argand diagrams
- Modulus-Argument Form
- Converting between standard and polar forms
- Basic operations in standard and polar forms
- Euler’s Theorem
- De Moivre’s Theorem
- Roots of complex numbers
Imaginary numbers …
There is no real solution.
Imaginary numbers …
Imaginary numbers …
Operations with imaginary numbers
Operations with imaginary numbers
Operations with imaginary numbers –
Powers of i
Complex Numbers
A complex number has the form z = a + bi
a is the real component, or Re(z) = a
bi is the imaginary component, or Im(z) = b
Examples
z = 2 + 3i z = 7 – 5i z = -6 + i
Re(z) = 2 Re(z) = 7 Re(z) = -6
Im(z) = 3 Im(z) = -5 Im(z) = 1
Operations with Complex Numbers
Key Ideas
Operations with Complex Numbers
Note:
This property does not
always hold in normal
arithmetic or algebra.
Operations with Complex Numbers
Adding complex numbers
Add the components
Subtracting complex numbers
Subtract the components
Operations with Complex Numbers
Multiplying complex numbers
FOIL method /
binomial expansion
Operations with Complex Numbers
Dividing complex numbers
Multiply by the complex conjugate
THEN
FOIL method / binomial expansion
Operations with Complex Numbers
Dividing complex numbers
Multiply by the complex conjugate
THEN
FOIL method / binomial expansion
Simple operations
z1 = a + bi z2 = c + di
Adding and z1 + z2 = (a + c) + (b + d)i
subtracting
Multiplying z1 z2 = (a + bi) (c + di)
= ac + adi + bci +bdi2
= (ac – bd) + (ad + bc)i
Dividing
Using an Argand z1 = 3 – 2i
Diagram
z2 = 2 + i
OR
Complex
numbers on a z2
complex plane
z1
Notation for complex numbers
z=a+bi Component form
= r (cos θ + i sin θ) Modulus-Argument form
Im
b r is the modulus of the complex number (or its length)
r
θ
a Re
θ is the argument of the complex number (or its angle
with the positive real axis)
Argand Diagrams (OR the complex plane)
z=a+bi = r (cos θ + i sin θ)
r is the modulus of the complex number (or
Im
its length)
b
θ θ is the argument of the complex number
a Re
(or its angle with the positive real axis)
Modulus and Argument
z1 = 3 – 2i z2 = 2 + i
z2 = 2 + i
z1 = 3 – 2i
Example:
Find the modulus and argument for the following complex numbers
(a) z = 2 + 2i
(b) z = -1 + 2i
Another example:
Find the modulus and argument for the following complex numbers
Notation for complex numbers
Im z=a+bi
b
= r (cos θ + i sin θ)
θ
a Re
= r cis θ
= r eiθ More on this later!
Simple operations
z1 = a + bi z2 = c + di
Adding and z1 + z2 = (a + c) + (b + d)i
subtracting
Multiplying z1 z2 = (a + bi) (c + di)
= ac + adi + bci +bdi2
= (ac – bd) + (ad + bc)i
Dividing
Adding & subtracting complex
z1 = 3 – 2i numbers on a complex plane
z2 = 2 + i
z1 + z 2 = 5 – i
z1 – z2 = 1 – 3i
Multiplying complex numbers on a
z1 = 3 – 2i complex plane
z2 = 2 + i z1 × z2 = (3 – 2i) (2 + i)
= 6 + 2i – 4i – 2i2
= 8 – 2i
z1 = 3 – 2i
z2 = 2 + i
Notation for complex numbers
Im z=a+bi
b
= r (cos θ + i sin θ)
θ
a Re
= r cis θ
= r eiθ More on this NOW!
For easier proof see over page …
Example
Convert these complex numbers from Cartesian to exponential form
Example
Convert these complex numbers from Cartesian to exponential form
More stuff ……
Inequalities & Regions in Argand Diagrams (8.2.5) | CIE A Level
Maths: Pure 3 Revision Notes 2020 | Save My Exams
z1 = 3 – 2i
z2 = 2 + i
z3 = 4 – 3i
(a) z1 = 3 – 2i
z3 = 4 – 3i
z1 + z3 = (3+4) +(–3– 2) i = 7 – 5 i
(b) z1 = 3 – 2i
z2 = 2 + i
z1 – z3 = (3– 2) +(–2 – 1) i = 1 – 3i
(c) z1 = 3 – 2i
z3 = 4 – 3i
-2z1 + z3 = -2 (3 – 2i) + (4 – 3i)
= -6 + 4i + 4 – 3i
= -2 + i
(d)
z2 = 2 + i
z2 i = 2i + i2
= - 1 + 2i
z1 = 3 – 2i
z2 = 2 + i
z3 = 4 – 3i
w* = 4 cis (120°) z = 4 cis (60°)
w = 4 cis (-120°) z* = 4 cis (-60°)
Multiplying complex numbers
(a + bi)(c + di) (r1cis ɑ) (r2cis β) = r cis θ
= ac +adi + bci +bdi2 |r| = |r1| |r2|
= (ac - bd) + (ad +bc)i θ=ɑ+β
r = |r1| |r2| cis (ɑ + β)
Multiplying complex numbers (r1cis ɑ) (r2cis β) = r cis θ
Example / Inductive proof |r| = |r1| |r2|
(3 + 2i)(1 - i)
θ=ɑ+β
= 3 - 3i + 2i - 2i2
r = |r1| |r2| cis (ɑ + β)
=5-i
z3 = 5 + i
z1 = 3 + 2i z2= 1 - i
33.7 - 45 = -11.3
Multiplying complex numbers
PROOF!
Multiplying complex numbers
Multiplying complex numbers (r1cis ɑ) (r2cis β) = r cis θ
Example / Inductive proof |r| = |r1| |r2|
(3 + 6i)(5 + 2i)
θ=ɑ+β
= 15 + 6i + 30i + 12i2
r = |r1| |r2| cis (ɑ + β)
= 3 + 36i
z3 = 3 + 36i
z1 = 3 + 6i z2= 5 + 2i
63.4+21.8 = 85.2
Multiplying complex numbers (r1cis ɑ) (r2cis β) = r cis θ
Example / Inductive proof |r| = |r1| |r2|
(3 + 6i)(2)
θ=ɑ+β
= 6 + 12i
r = |r1| |r2| cis (ɑ + β)
z3 = 3 + 36i
z1 = 3 + 6i z2= 2
63.4 + 0 = 63.4
Multiplying complex numbers (r1cis ɑ) (r2cis β) = r cis θ
Example / Inductive proof |r| = |r1| |r2|
(3 + 6i)(2i)
θ=ɑ+β
= 6i + 12i2
r = |r1| |r2| cis (ɑ + β)
= -12 + 6i
z3 = -12 + 6i
z1 = 3 + 6i z2= 2i
Dividing complex numbers
(r1cis ɑ) / (r2cis β) = r cis θ
|r| = |r1| / |r2|
θ=ɑ-β
r = |r1| / |r2| cis (ɑ - β)