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The document discusses the concepts of population and sampling in research, emphasizing the importance of selecting a representative sample from a larger population. It outlines different sampling methods, including probability and non-probability sampling techniques, and their respective advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it highlights the significance of careful sample selection to ensure accurate and reliable research outcomes.
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areas lee” ei debe EEaeeaet
A Samak. nfo fo srr, manageadle vero of @ ey fT
Hise salud amdlaig le chuaceithin of «fae pple
Th off wad, Sanphig iy a preres which allows us fo sholy
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Re .
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hunte
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ME Pppulabion- Gusfad, He usarcher eelede a Sample - Heres, |
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" He Aveouth. G odu fr gta. cleayer Pefue we musf firsf
diMfesipih bean Populahion and a sample
* The Popubrbon is the enfiue
Ieee fae Sep tof a xesouche, carp fy
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(+ The Sample is fhe sui of ine’ |
es trdhui'de
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The population can be de ned yy
| PP : fi m tums HF geogrnphical location,
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will be aon four Really if shoal
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vega ming Company » Your population it all lovo Unpleyees of
dhe co + Your Sarphy ‘
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hich tif fe nas and aufocf defailt_of en : in
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| any
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7 : i a he Shiderft of ardor andl Pe chan. becd tha
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all a wat Inde clo witl be third chvivroness. |
the sheds Sanpl etomes necomary because a ie
Petion eoeald egulie a log Peulod Pins wo a Potent
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hee invefychas le plang of ebrewehion (efudly wilh. dongle As
a Manageable + The impacen purepls cl Sonphin hanna
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7 7 tn mad be indpndb of sack oar
7 bop wal of
I, if 7 a of RY mp should be wed Mavushouf fle. thedy -
| selocfor
i CN parccen should be beset! an sound crifuig and Should
03, bias and cliffs.
Ndond of Sampling
| a Smpling hus sevral adeaudages few are manpovec! below 3—
> : i wt pesibh. tb shely foe nun of Propk. siathied by wide |
5 Peplical nea. Gmpling ell Atduce Poin numbu
7 q Savy dine. and money.
2 OT ww cepuchion of vile
> TD tera aeewiney & dete (having eoufrol
= Tt olives gretu Ae ponie. wade.
on te abtna eb |
|
2 Gh ackieves peed coopuuthine from Moped dy |
> Wee oy tof Sepewlie fo irfaviewers th the Sanh bub difRewep
* Supeunse vey lage nn of infusivoers ir de thus of total Popalog.
fe $$
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Sophy i fe pres . selhig a sengh mall Pep Gong)
Toor ele pyran thely and claw tonchesons abot
he te 7 uy
whol Pypelebie Gruftod of thidyirg wey wif yn dy
PP aten (which mnnyhe fine cong, on impocsile) aenaachen
Shey
y separa Jame -
| Saves Tine Th
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eng Me erchive populafion is dine - consurdig. |
| pes { chosen Sample allows ora J
| hat 4 Seong alle quick dda collecben and futer |
| |
f— Samp ‘
oping ages oor AGources, manpower and!
ey Expecally waefrel iin lange Sealy suave ard vin
if wi
Anew A acy — — Pheduy Pe |
rena hed myo aller, manageabh gaoey seduces |
ae arors» TP done papel, serpling con give, mone -
acewofe null fin a fall census, whee lawge dafa. handhi |
| vray had fo misfakes- 7 |
easily - Sommfirnes Shiels Me efi labor i y
Soong maky Avewach Fol in uch mee Te
Helps in Detailed Study — wif, drnaller
in depp ond pI odlewead teobrtiua.
| —
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dof, sesearchrers can HedyGump
Te an baal npn of pig += Bally ore™7
7 Non pashabilily Sampling
ity Samp is one im which evay wwf of te pple tn
d Sfeal Poebodilify of bung seleched fa the sample HH fas 0 Wi
se of Mpusuedebienys« 1hie method if expensive, time - conan
" 2ulafily templeled ainee if AUquies a lasge sample show and
| Ne wis seeled an waually wily ecatfered
Non ~ Probab |
decid " i the chance of ivg adechedl - FH i flo researcher whe
| Hrd hich Samp wife should be chosen.
Te Radi
: aus Sp isc oe fas foe Thay oe:
) "AL Ron Ga» Ssh ty selri
fikely chance ba
atiiel, depend, bh
of hance Selechion ”
sea stop Aandonn pe of 206
| every fem On fs ppwlotion thas an gual aud
| sued it do sample. Since fhe ihn aelefi
He chance, flie vrethed in Arcwn as Meffod
Seample- Suppose un ceauf
Student Loom a school Huw,
iu fhe schoo! dafabore. fiom Ie 500 aud ws
gems fo add & anple af 200 nurders .
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fas
ee
; we food ovry ~
Bh oy do do ond esp: Designed fo ens wine
"ember of se papalafin: hes 0 equ cha of bang sleet
Medley che ake of bias Compeuad fo non- dando sampling
Com
2D ofhiy no confrol fou the suenrclur ond my tad ®
ROLF ateuph ,
ve Seepings being picked by chame +
.. |
W) & .
| ? Sith Selig > 9 iy sos Singh card Lamphig, |
| |
|
|
buff iy wally aligldly easie fy covdlurf- Fray inurl f fhe
Popelahias bh fished witha umber bef instead of ~orealy souatig
numbers, Mdividuals ave chosen af regula Ifewal «
Example - Ant Crpogees of the Company ant hifed in alphabehical onder
| from dhe fuk to umber, Yor Mavchnly sth a ofeshing poof
nob fom numby ¢ onwntdy wy tol peson on the list ie selecfed
| (6,6, 26,36) and “you end “ wsifA a taonple of too pple.
| Los Ysfomahe Sonpling it ffiient and Shaighf fravrd peciall
woh dealing woifh prpelatons Mafe fove a clear ord. Y crower a J
cuvifosn gulrcfer aeanss fle pepubfin.
dw Thus 4 petusfal isk of induoduety bian j
by scly bias if eres am wrrteeon,
wn en Mi als wih fe py ia
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who @
eee
hi
2 abd Stig» Riso probobilily Sampling fechndge
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"hey and then stops ae standomly qlecfed fom each sfeahim
bea
| Samel - Tew are fee fogs a 8, C) cach wiflt diffind hulb -
Bog A hay Sally B has (00 ball, and bog Chas too balls
© haw fy li
Bina aan a samph of balls from each bo pooposbrally,
| bag ¢.. * from. bag A, to bell thom bag Band 20 balls from
eee Mabie Spy enhances the “epsvorsaplen of all lh Buel
| vial a freee cs fo mor cena. svukfe ir
| Mig peat,
| Com Tet inafhod Atquizes cowrafe
Hasfifecabion and ify as ay
flan ofr mobo)
W) Qlexfred Sampling —> 7 vid
") eet TD abe wwohes diidig the Pipelafio nfo
subgemps : wa myo whould be have Sinan charachuisfe
whole hk. 5
de the whl a Thakod of sampling inbviduals from eceh sub.
Soops pn omy Sie opie fudgacups
Sry compo ha offcws nm ts nova he Cousefay Cott
wsifh 40g YY Fix. ame number af englo 20a tH Siniox soles)
Kuowreche abouef the. Prpelofuns
abesign are axeatfin Can by OAL. i
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Prog ,
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| Vas} and Segeaplieally dhipused poptapva «
tw. Wyo
Date poked sinileifis srflin chufon, di mulled! an
| Mbtolace a |
| Seeks somphisy cus aompaud fo ofc mufleds
| Non Rrobabili Mage
| :
| Thee ae fur Ape of Non- Probl hy Lonp ig “They auti—
) Onveni , |
; ren te ig —> Ge thie mnefled He sompk. ou leche fon
| AL prpelabin dindly because is) au Convenionly available fat the
| doer. The sbnple ae cary fo seheh, anct fhe nercacchr dif uof
| choose de. sample laf ouflins fhe eufiac ppetofons.
Frampl - Sa deseaching
Augon, ue ak yur fay woh
afl the putchao «
cersfomer ppt savices ma papular
mu fo complefe O Seetvey oe Predkueds |
Res> Div the most Hal facie me fled 7
plenwsiy, woking if quick ry bopkmunp-. t
Con > Dur fo Hs Hon aarehon wafaue fle method js highly Hcoohll
fo Liew tm ett os len lackirg x Mal 4 ahs wey
gutting minimal
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sapasive (Sadgemerted Sampling —> This fype of Samphvg
Oy Siejananda Sonphiyg iwvolves dhe searcher wing dyin opotie
to sth q np [Raf ty mart wef fo the pupae f te pocordh
ae You ward dy kneco mere abyef fhe. opinions and expune
drrabled Shiderfs af youn undveasily fo you ppt udle of
& nun :
ae ur of Shicteefe wilh dffoud S¢ppoad heeds in getcer fp
R varid sav :
ee WU lave of clock on lsh epuonces colth, sfuechedf |
foes Gy fa
gd eof Win 0A ft ote
bs Hades eee te
ene Me pid paid a gah |
TA Milly sebpchie tad ba
VS com Hrbedes Baas and [on '
ite f the shel: atal world spplica-
ass |
1) ole lg» Sy A mel ie seule Ba A |
tof tvolve the. indiidvals fo ap awerf be pyar boa ke
apecife ices on qality. The Avearhe hooser he. camel. cs
sulach hat brig fle mel collechan of clef, flap pred
guna te anf pepelotion
|
edon suearchay
MAS yudoenor j
Jidonend
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he Face wd iy dM 8
Peeple. ha city. fo tnaute depawuifelion Hey chide or gu? lo
based On gender. 50 mais ard 50 fenabs + rafeoe f
Stbefiy hem seven, He socordier us fo a mall and
pp reaches thew waif fle. quer 50 mak and opps eee
shoppeus wwf the, yecta of 50 mes and 50 frrals it filled -
Paces
D eu corfaiin seb pong ae adepuafely sepavaite
waking
‘5 it prey whe dom Mg ie
Pavurfap; a ie oe tng on asi but
| Cras “Te.
|
| chu’
on Ig ecyary
stlcfion with each
dsegchon con in fly
| OME He pik of bin
quota ie NOA- Haviden curd seyear-
eee la. 4yptererahion
| :
i) Sroobald Soom tra Pi aby
Seompling fechniue- Te ny
buch boff, whey
kno a Cheu'n refemal
mefbod, fhe Sromples have fail |
each ike fed) munbu of a |
offer Sarling wif Tose opi
fa» Di tapes wef a head fo tach ox deere)
fons, Snowball Lenpting a chicha fa Cenfarr niche
"Pipe
Siding ,
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S fivel Seok.
2D) mean,
and
taf fie fds fom the Lenphe
Pepulaplo,
indice flan jn Ginylox prepeshions «Beis ensures
ee
Ge. “The trofhed can inbioduee Bias fo he. te
Adund, and fe choive of injhal seeds can agpnibeatly 7
Chants of & Coeed Sample :—
pod Seo is oe phef aceitafly aypaserfs the plan fom
whieh i jy Anan. The maf enonpiad charaepeaishe it Jnpacnee ite
| ny the sample murf- aged the tour nah, yoann
New ts erie populah « . 1
ff i} f fla enpise Pr lof tf fhe Pplehon confaing
Jeeps = suck a0 age Sep come Iwvebs ge dea 04 -eqjor
| Ve Semrk. should
can be jueabied fo the whole.
* tis! imafor tues oA Biases.
Anotluy impoafenh charoefeaishi. 'y ackguafe ae. A g00d sangph.
mut be forge arough bP Cophoee
fon TF the. eamph. dhe fit ho
OA "iadig 4 seffeinelly (nape Sah
and inesrasny fle parclion of th
cepurds on fhe nope. of fhe she,
fo (wel of accu ged
H gowd Soph aie aga seca opal in sina shay,
|
Heal una |
Ae vesiabily wif te Ppt
stinall, fe seals may be unstagle
seduces Sonpling Mons
mur gull Th, exe 20
te Comal of fhe popelapen ard
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k Te
a On equal chance of Aug included » Thit clininafes conscious
ae bina dhuing election and Aelpn Prelues unblased, vali! aoulfs:
Te
le Mbusree of bias iy anole fey Feder A sample aflcled by selection
4 ; a Her 0 suxntes bay ceomof be convidrd seballe +
vals ate theeld be ohosen fhrough de orepaus ref loge al and
| Wed ne hods $0
| hang, ene 0 Mel He tel com de dure Bis fr Soglig
| © fle welidehy and eroelinkiy of the shed
| Lindos of. fy
S i in
| ee wry wed tn sveorel, bas sera onion foal
| ie AB aceasaey ave) iabilty of Pacis One rayon f fri
8 fh, 4 Semple smay rn 7 mayen ® hinep-
Gen wh ae “ye poh My aepaoode ple enfie pipelation
7 - Yoarcher we seioufih imeflods plow aliayy a paw bij
foot Fle ; ; 2 |
" et differ from Ke. (ager gacup hy a ty |
9" TH peli betes mest hicbh ny 2.4, p
| highly dvose 04 scan Kolin the popalahinu fe |
| MUMly neue oa ths stmpl sire it fo tall.
| achcal ith. } |
| ie 13 flag. sepling may nof be suitable fon small |
ony
ae populati
rmeawivaful infeurepin, Adify, sor saa nnof fe enough
He al dis Bay done mach tee ey
' hg Pape
| alton: te snack te
| oni ged” M$ dg er ony
|
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neh it an esonpal research qeclniue haf allows invorhia hes fo
J XSmall, manageable portion of a poplafion while shill gover
mean
‘ shel and reliable insigh fe chew} the whob T ofhv sjuiheod
Mendy,
by rug fine, effou! eno! cteroertes, Upecially wher
Shalt
‘J wif lo On Seejrephcally seatfeud pprtabions: whan
Conduct { 5
io pel. wig yppaick semi wufhodh, adeg va
| mpl Sie, au tnbined pocechutes « Simply can predic. souls
Hod ox bo
vale] ond genoualinbl. BP ig quatly Upson fo
eoquiae. Bap pg is riot Pe fre linifafions, enoss and
his may avis. if fle proce» ay sal deigned 04 execufed |
Therefore, fe effecheny of Lonphig chpeuch on cate fl penning,
Sdihe sebchion ancl a chan
ancl ‘undufards of fhe popuelefion bush
Shudied . eu 7
Stuspling vumaina 9 poouhd hol in awearch, enabling effeieng
date collechou asd infoained ket slon- makiog Acuoss youybes held
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Software Project Management: Software project management complexities, Responsibilities of a software project manager, Metrics for project size estimation, Project estimation techniques, Empirical Estimation techniques, COCOMO, Halstead’s software science, risk management.Requirements Analysis and Specification: Requirements gathering and analysis, Software Requirements Specification (SRS), Formal system specification, Axiomatic specification, Algebraic specification, Executable specification and 4GL.
45 pages