11 Senior
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 High
School
Quarter 2: Module 1-Week 1
Prepared by: NOVALYN T. RAMOS, RMT
SST-II
Module 6: Transport Mechanism
REMINDER: DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING IN THIS LEARNING MATERIAL.
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MODULE 1: ENERGY COUPLING, ATP, CHLOROPHYLL AND OTHER PIGMENTS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate understanding of
1. ATP- ADP Cycle
2. Photosynthesis
Performance Standard:
The learners should be able to Prepare a simple Fermentation setup using common fruits to produce
wine or vinegar via microorganisms
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
1. Explain coupled reaction processes and describe the role of ATP in energy coupling and transfer
2. Explain the importance of chlorophyll and other pigments
Specific Objectives:
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Differentiate anabolic and catabolic reactions
2. Explain cellular respiration
3. Correlate ATP regeneration to body condition
4. Explain the role of chlorophyll and other pigments in certain seasons of certain places in the
earth.
5. Verify the effects of chlorophyll (in food supplements) to human health.
What I Know
Choose the letter of your best answer and write on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is a chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy?
A. Endergonic reaction C. Metabolic reaction
B. Exergonic reaction D. None of these
2. It is a chemical reaction that releases energy?
A. Endergonic reaction C. Metabolic reaction
B. Exergonic reaction D. None of these
3. Which of the following is an example of endergonic reaction?
A. Photosynthesis C. Anabolic reaction
B. Cellular respiration D. All of these
4. Which reaction/s are often coupled in an organism?
A. Endergonic and exergonic C. Hydrolysis and dehydration
B. Anabolic and catabolic D. All of these
5. Hydrolysis is the addition of water to ATP breaking the bonds of its phosphate group. What type of
chemical reaction is hydrolysis?
A. Endergonic reaction C. Metabolic reaction
B. Exergonic reaction D. None of these
6. Cells need energy to perform their works. What type of energy is used by the cell?
A. Adenosine triphosphate C. Adenosine monophosphate
B. Adenosine diphosphate D. All of these
7. Which of the following works is/are performed by the cells?
A. Muscle contractions C. Making polymers
B. Pumping across membranes D. All of these
8. Which of the following is/are component/s of ATP?
A. Nitrogenous base C. Phosphate group
B. Ribose sugar D. All of these
9. What happened when ATP is broken down?
A. Energy is released C. energy is lost
B. Energy is absorbed D. None of these
10. Which of the three phosphate groups bond in ATP contains most of energy?
A. First-second C. Both
B. Second-third D. None of these
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11. What kind of photosynthetic pigment is found in plants and algae that absorbs blue-violet and red
spectrum of the visible light?
A. Chlorophyll C. Lycopene
B. Zeaxanthin D. carotene
12. What type of chlorophyll can be found in higher plants chloroplasts?
A. Chlorophyll a and b C. Chlorophyll b and c
B. Chlorophyll a and c D. Chlorophyll c and d
13. On what cellular structure does chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments reside?
A. Cell Wall B. Chloroplast C. Nucleus D. Ribosome
14. What color of the visible light is reflected when the plant leaves appear as green in color?
A. Red B. Blue C. Green D. Yellow
15. Which of the following statement is TRUE about photosynthetic pigments?
A. Each type of pigment can be identified by the specific pattern of wavelength it absorbs from the
visible light.
B. Chlorophyll and carotenoids are the two major classes of photosynthetic pigments in plants.
C. Many photosynthetic organisms have a mixture of pigments
D. All of the above
What’s In
ATP in Energy Coupling and Transfer
A living cell cannot store significant amounts of free energy. Excess free energy would result in an increase
of heat in the cell, which would result in excessive thermal motion that could damage and then destroy
the cell. Rather, a cell must be able to handle that energy in a way that enables the cell to store energy
safely and release it for use only as needed. Living cells accomplish this by using the compound adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) which known as the “energy currency” of the cell due to its versatility to fill any energy
need of the cell.
What is It
Energy and ATP
Energy plays a vital role in almost every biological activity may it be in an ecosystem or in a
living organism’s body. Every activity in a living organism’s body require energy. Cells require energy
in its functions. The breakdown of macromolecules like carbohydrates also require energy.
The sun provides this energy either directly or indirectly for nearly all life forms
Autotrophs – manufacture organic material from inorganic material (e.g., plants, algae and
cyanobacteria)
Heterotroph – obtain organic material by feeding on other organisms (or their products)
(e.g., animals, fungi most bacteria and some protists)
All living organisms require a constant supply of energy to survive example: cellular processes,
growth, movement and reproduction.
Energy = the capacity to do work
In plants and animals glucose is the main source of chemical energy
If there is insufficient glucose available, fatty acids and amino acids can be used instead
Chemical energy is present in the chemical bonds when the bonds break, energy is released
(exergonic reaction)
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[Link]
Energy Flow and Chemical Recycling in Ecosystems
Energy flows into ecosystem as sunlight and ultimately leaves as heat, while the chemical
elements essential to life are recycled.
Forms of Energy
Energy is the capacity to cause change. It is also the ability to rearrange a collection of matter.
In the environment different forms of energy exist: Kinetic, Light and Potential energy.
• Kinetic- energy associated with relative motion of objects
• Thermal energy-type of kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms. When
thermal energy is transferred in the form of heat.
• Light Energy- main energy source is the sun and powers photosynthesis (anabolic process).
• Potential Energy- possessed energy of a matter at rest (non- moving form)
• Chemical energy- potential energy released in a chemical reaction
Laws of Energy Transformation
Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations that occurs in a system (collection of
matter). Living systems are considered as open systems because energy and matter are transferred
between systems and the surroundings. 1st Law: The energy of the universe is constant: Energy can
be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created nor destroyed. Plants do not produce energy
but transforms energy from the sun. Some energy becomes unavailable to do work because most is
lost as heat. Transfer of energy and transformation makes the matter more disordered. Disorder of
matter is measured through entropy.
1st Law:
The energy of the universe is constant: Energy can be transferred and transformed but it
cannot be created nor destroyed. Plants do not produce energy but transforms energy from the sun.
Some energy becomes unavailable to do work because most is lost as heat. Transfer of energy and
transformation makes the matter more disordered. Disorder of matter is measured through entropy.
2nd Law:
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the energy of the universe.
• i.e., In a room full of people, breathing increases entropy since all are exhaling carbon dioxide.
• Organisms as open system increase order as long as the order in their surroundings decreases.
This shows that as living organism transfers/transforms energy to its surroundings, the
disorder increases, thus increases entropy.
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Free Energy
• Energy that can do work under cellular conditions
• Gibbs free energy is the energy in the system that can perform work when temperature and
pressure are uniform throughout the system: ∆G = ∆H – T∆S
• Also known as free energy change
• Measure of system’s instability (trend: tendency to change to a more stable state)
• Increase in G: UNSTABLE i.e., concentrated dye
• Decrease in G: STABLE i.e., dye dispersed in water
• In chemical reactions: as reaction precedes equilibrium, the free energy of reactants and
products decreases (decreases free energy). If products will be removed free energy will
increase
• When systems reach maximum stability, the system reaches the state of equilibrium. If
equilibrium is reached there is NO WORK. In chemical reactions proceeding equilibrium NO
NET CHANGE in the relative concentration of reactants and products.
Free Energy and Metabolism
[Link]
• Exergonic reactions- energy is released (energy outward), more decrease in free energy=
more work done
• Endergonic reactions- energy is absorbed (energy inward). Plants stores energy in the form of
glucose (from carbon dioxide and water
Energy transformation and metabolism
Cellular metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions of the cell.
Catabolism refers to reactions that break down large molecules into smaller molecules
Anabolism – refers to reactions that make large molecules from smaller molecules
Equilibrium and Metabolism
• Equilibrium = NO WORK. This usually happens in isolated systems that reach equilibrium.
• A cell that reaches the state of equilibrium is DEAD
• A normal cell is not in equilibrium, because its products are not accumulated within its system,
INSTEAD the products become reactants in the next step.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Adenosine triphosphate is the energy currency of a cell.
• Structure composed of: sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine and a chain of 3-phosphate
groups
• Mediates most energy coupling in cells
• Powers cellular work
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• 3 main kinds of work of a cell: chemical work, transport work and mechanical work. These are
possible through energy coupling, where the cells use and exergonic process to drive an
endergonic reaction.
• chemical work: synthesis of polymers from monomers (pushing of endergonic reactions) •
• transport work: pumping of substances across membranes (against the direction of
spontaneous movement)
• mechanical work: beating of cilia, contraction of muscles
• also used to make RNA (since ATP is used as one of the nucleoside triphosphate)
Hydrolysis of ATP
• process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups
• this happens when a water molecule breaks the terminal phosphate bond
• HOPO32-, abbreviated P I leaves ATP
• Forming Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
• Energy is released. This comes from the chemical change of the system state of lower free
energy and NOT from the phosphate bonds.
• Hydrolysis releases so much energy because of the negative charges of the phosphate groups.
These charges are crowded together and their mutual repulsion contributes to the instability
of that region of the ATP. The energy equivalent of the triphosphate tail of ATP is compared
to a compressed spring.
[Link]
How the Hydrolysis of ATP Perform Work
• Proof that ATP releases heat: in a test set up, the hydrolysis of ATP releases energy in the
form of heat in the surrounding water.
• Most of the time when an animal is exposed in a cold environment, the reaction of the body
is through shivering. In this reaction of the organism, shivering uses ATP during muscle
contraction to warm the body. Since it will also be a disadvantage for organisms to generate
heat during ATP hydrolysis, in order to maintain the living conditions inside the cell, the
energy released during ATP hydrolysis is used by proteins to perform work: chemical,
transport and mechanical
➢ Hydrolysis of ATP leads to change in the shape of protein and in its ability to bind to
another molecule. Phosphorylation (ADP to ATP) and dephosphorylation (ATP to ADP)
promote crucial protein shape changes during important cellular process.
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[Link]
The Regeneration of ATP
• ATP is a renewable it can be regenerated by the addition of phosphate to ADP
• Catabolism (exergonic) provides the free energy to phosphorylate ADP.
• ATP formation is not spontaneous, so there is a need to use free energy for the process to
work.
• ATP cycle is the shuttling of inorganic phosphate and energy.
• It couples the cell’s energy yielding processes (exergonic) to energy consuming process
(endergonic)
• ATP regeneration happens very fast (10M molecules of ATP used ad regenerated per second)
• If ATP could not be regenerated by phosphorylation of ADP, HUMANS would use nearly their
body weight in ATP each day.
[Link]
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Chlorophyll and Other Pigments Pigments
Pigments are substances that absorb visible light. Different pigments absorb light of
different wavelengths. Light, as it encounters an object, is either reflected, transmitted, or
absorbed. Visible light, with a wavelength of 380–750nm, is the segment in the entire range of
electromagnetic spectrum that is most important to life on earth. It is detected as various colors by
the human eye. The color that is not absorbed by pigments of objects is transmitted or reflected
and that is the color of the object that we see.
[Link]
Pigments are the means by which plants capture sun’s energy to be used in photosynthesis.
However, since each pigment absorbs only a narrow range of wavelength, there is usually a need to
produce several kinds of pigments of different colors to capture more of sun’s energy. Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is the greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of a
plant cell. The figure below shows the location and structure of a chloroplast.
Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light while it transmits and reflects green light. This is why leaves
appear green.
There are several kinds of chlorophyll. Among these, chlorophyll a plays the most important
role in photosynthesis. It directly participates in converting solar energy to chemical energy. Other
pigments in the chloroplast play the part of accessory pigments. These pigments can absorb light
and transfer the energy to chlorophyll a. One of these accessory pigments is chlorophyll b. Some
carotenoids also contribute energy to chlorophyll a. Other carotenoids, however, serve as
protection for chlorophyll by dissipating excessive energy that will otherwise be destructive to
chlorophyll.
Structure of chlorophyll
• Head—a flat hydrophilic head called porphyrin ring. It has a magnesium atom at its center.
Different chlorophylls differ on the side groups attached to the porphyrin.
• Tail—a lipid-soluble hydrocarbon tail.
[Link]
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How does photoexcitation of chlorophyll happen?
1. A chlorophyll molecule absorbs photon or light energy.
2. An electron of the molecule in its normal orbital, said to be in its ground state, will be elevated
to an orbital of a higher energy. The molecule is now in an excited state. The molecule only
absorbs photon that has the energy that is equal to the energy needed for it to be able to
elevate from the ground state to the excited state.
3. The excited state is unstable. Hence, excited electrons drop back down to the ground state
immediately after, releasing energy in the form of heat and photon. This happens in isolated
chlorophyll molecules. However, chlorophyll molecule that is found in its natural environment
in the thylakoid membrane forms a photosystem together with proteins and other organic
molecules to prevent the loss of energy from the electrons.
[Link]
Photosystem
A photosystem is an aggregate of pigments and proteins in the thylakoid membrane responsible for
the absorption of photons and the transfer of energy and electrons. It is composed of:
• Light-harvesting complex— is also called the ‘antenna’ complex and is consisted of several
different pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) bounded with proteins.
When a pigment molecule absorbs a photon, energy is passed on from one pigment molecule
to another pigment molecule until the energy reaches the reaction center.
• Reaction-center complex—is composed of a pair of chlorophyll a and a primary electron
acceptor. The primary electron acceptor is a specialized molecule that is able to accept
electrons from the pair of chlorophyll a. The pair of chlorophyll a in the reaction-center is also
specialized because they are capable of transferring an electron to the primary electron
acceptor and not just boosting the electron to a higher energy level.
There are two types of photosystem:
• Photosystem II—was discovered later after the discovery of Photosystem I, but functions first
in the light reaction of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll a in the reaction-center of
Photosystem II effectively absorbs light with a wavelength of 680nm and thus called P680.
• Photosystem I—was discovered first. Its reaction-center has a chlorophyll a called P700
because it is effective in absorbing light with a wavelength of 700nm.
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What’s More
Activities: Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper
Activity 1
Answer the following questions. Be guided with the scoring rubrics in answering these questions.
1. What is the difference between Catabolic and Anabolic reaction? How do each process
complement one another?
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the importance of having exergonic reactions in the body?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the disadvantage if there are not enough endergonic reactions in the body? Relate
this to the ATP cycle.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. What happens when energy transforms to another form? Is the yield unchanging for every
transformation? Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Which law of thermodynamics states that energy transfer or transformation increases the
state of disorder of the universe?
___________________________________________________________________________
6. Why do we consider living organisms as open systems?
___________________________________________________________________________
7. If free energy is higher, does it mean that the system is more stable (Y/N) N? What does this
imply in the amount of work that can be done?
___________________________________________________________________________
8. If free energy is lower, does it mean that there is greater work capacity? (Y/N) N What does
this imply about the systems stability?
___________________________________________________________________________
9. Describe how phosphorylation works (what drives it)?
___________________________________________________________________________
10. How does the cell go about the continuous release of heat during ATP hydrolysis?
___________________________________________________________________________
11. What will happen to the body if the regeneration of ATP is very slow?
___________________________________________________________________________
12. How does the multi-step open hydroelectric system explain cellular respiration?
___________________________________________________________________________
13. In places where there are four seasons (i.e., winter, spring, summer, and fall), how do plants
cope with the change in season? Give a detailed description and explanation.
___________________________________________________________________________
14. Chlorophyll-enriched products and supplements are now being sold in the market. Find out
what benefits these products claim. With your knowledge about chlorophyll, do you think
these claims are valid? Support your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________
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Rubrics for Essay Questions’ answer.
Topic 3 2 1 0
Sentence
Is prompt The Main Idea is Main Idea is Main Idea is present Main idea is
restated into a clear restating present and but does not restate not present or
a topic of the prompt. clearly written. the prompt. is unclear.
sentence?
Supporting 2 1.5 1 0
details
Each detail Each detail Some of the details The details do
supports, or tells supports the support the main not support
Does each more about the main idea, but idea, but there are the main idea.
detail topic. Follow up there are no some that do not.
support, or sentences follow up
tell more provide sentences.
about the additional
topic? support.
Assessment
Directions: Read and understand each question. Choose the letter of your best answer. Use a separate
sheet of paper for your answers.
1. Cells need energy to perform their works. What type of energy is used by the cell?
A. Adenosine triphosphate C. Adenosine monophosphate
B. Adenosine diphosphate D. All of these
2. Which of the following works is/are performed by the cells?
A. Muscle contractions C. Making polymers
B. Pumping across membranes D. All of these
3. Which of the following is/are component/s of ATP?
A. Nitrogenous base C. Phosphate group
B. Ribose sugar D. All of these
4. What happened when ATP is broken down?
A. Energy is released C. energy is lost
B. Energy is absorbed D. None of these
5. Which of the three phosphate groups bond in ATP contains most of energy?
A. First-second C. Both
B. Second-third D. None of these
6. When ATP release energy, the molecule that is left after the bond break off is called _________.
A. ATP B. ADP C. AMP D. All of these
7. Hydrolysis is the addition of water to ATP breaking the bonds of its phosphate group. What type of chemical reaction
is hydrolysis?
A. Endergonic reaction C. Metabolic reaction
B. Exergonic reaction D. None of these
8. What happen during the ATP-ADP cycle?
A. ATP is synthesized from the chemical energy in glucose
B. ATP release energy, turning the molecule into ADP with lesser amount of energy
C. ATP are being constantly rebuilt from ADP and lone phosphate group to ensure continuous supply of energy
D. All of the above
9. What instrument is being used to differentiate which wavelengths of light a substance can absorb?
A. Photo paper B. Spectrogram C. Spectrophotometer D. Prism
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10. What kind of photosynthetic pigment is found in plants and algae that absorbs blue-violet and red spectrum of th
visible light?
A. Chlorophyll B. Zeaxanthin C. Lycopene D. carotene
11. What type of chlorophyll can be found in higher plants chloroplasts?
A. Chlorophyll a and b C. Chlorophyll b and c
B. Chlorophyll a and c D. Chlorophyll c and d
12. On what cellular structure does chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments reside?
A. Cell Wall B. Chloroplast C. Nucleus D. Ribosome
13. What color of the visible light is reflected when the plant leaves appear as green in color?
A. Red B. Blue C. Green D. Yellow
14. The type of pigment can be identified by the specific pattern of wavelengths it absorbs from the visible light. What do
we call this portion of the visible light?
A. Visible light spectra C. Reflection spectra
B. Absorption spectra D. Absorption of light
15. Which of the following statement is TRUE about photosynthetic pigments?
A. Chlorophyll and carotenoids are the two major classes of photosynthetic pigments in plants and algae.
B. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b can be found on higher plants chloroplasts
C. Many photosynthetic organisms have a mixture of pigments
D. All of the above
References
Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SPECIALIZED SUBJECT |ACADEMIC-STEM
[Link]
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