2024 5th International Conference on Communications, Information, Electronic and Energy Systems (CIEES)

20 – 22 November, 2024, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria

Academic Certificate Verification: A Practical

2024 5th International Conference on Communications, Information, Electronic and Energy Systems (CIEES) | 979-8-3503-5286-3/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/CIEES62939.2024.10811200

Comparison between Centralized and Blockchain-

Based Systems
Avni Rustemi Fisnik Dalipi
Dept. of Informatics Dept. of Informatics
University of Tetovo Linnaeus University
Tetovo, N. Macedonia Kalmar, Sweden
[Link]@[Link] [Link]@[Link]

Abstract— Digitizing the internal services of higher

education institutions (HEIs) for generating and verifying
academic credentials is crucial for society, as it helps prevent the
misuse of diplomas. Although many solutions have been
proposed, there is still no unified platform that addresses the
limitations of HEIs’ outdated systems. Blockchain technology is
often seen as an ideal solution for this purpose, but practical
applications are challenging to implement. This article outlines
the key features of the DIAR prototype system, a blockchain-
based solution for diploma generation and verification, and
compares it with other solutions from state-of-the-art. The
DIAR system offers a potential solution with its blockchain-
based, multi-level secure architecture that emphasizes
immutability, identity preservation, traceability, and
cryptographic mechanisms. Further, we evaluate and compare
the implementation of DIAR and centralized systems.

Keywords—academic credentials, diploma, blockchain

technology, DIAR blockchain system, architecture, security
Fig. 1. Blockchain network of the blockchain system for more HEIs
I. INTRODUCTION
Digitization of services in higher education institutions Through the distributed ledger, BT also offers data
(HEI), including the generation and verification of important integrity protection and the prevention of various misuses that
academic documents such as diplomas, is a challenge that may occur in academic credentials. BT is also seen as a basis
researchers are facing recently. Even though Blockchain for the adaptation of technological developments and can be
Technology (BT) is seen as a hope in this direction, used for the creation of decentralized platforms which are
nevertheless practically the same is showing good results in more easily adaptable to those technological developments
some spheres, while in the generation and verification of [3]. Forgery and the giving of fake diplomas is a worrying
academic credentials through HEIs, it is facing different issue these days, as many people fall prey to online fraud and
practical challenges [1]. Addressing the challenges and misuse of various certificates. The recent research shows that
constraints related to the full implementation of BT in over 5000 institutions globally are suspicious for issuing
education, particularly in the generation and verification of certificates, which produce over 200,000 fake certificates and
diplomas, continues to be a component of Education 4.0, huge profits. India is the country that leads with this type of
owing to the numerous limitations inherent in blockchain misuse and fraud of fake certificates [4]. Despite the fact that
technology and the platforms that utilize it. [2]. BT is seen as many efforts are being made towards the creation of a
a solution for overcoming financial problems regarding the standardized blockchain platform for the generation and
generation of academic credentials, offering faster processing verification of credentials, it is facing real practical problems
and overcoming numerous administrative procedures. With related to the limitations of blockchain technology itself, smart
the digitization of academic credentials, it is possible to contracts, blockchain platforms, to additional tools that are
generate and verify them very quickly, through smart necessary for the operation of a decentralized blockchain
contracts and their automation. In addition to complete network. Building upon this premise and the tangible
digitalization, through blockchain a wider network of services challenges confronting existing blockchain solutions, we
can be created that can be distributed either within a HEI, or introduced the DIAR system [5], a continuation of the Verde
to connect with more HEIs and create a decentralized network platform [6]. This system facilitates the tokenization process
for the distribution of services, scientific qualifications, and the blockchain storage of diplomas as unique tokens, with
scientific research, etc. Fig. 1 shows how a blockchain future potential for the modification and utilization of fungible
network would look like with multiple HEIs connected to each and non-fungible tokens, although it is presently structured
other, with the respective faculties and departments. using the ERC-20 token due to its open-source characteristics.

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 The DIAR system has a clearly defined multi-level are [Link], which enables us to verify and validate smart
architecture, with a conceptual model and systematic contracts by enabling client communication with the
architecture, and a clear definition of the smart contract blockchain network, IPFS (Inter Planetary File System), a
necessary for operation. Among other things, the DIAR protocol peer-to-peer which enables communication with
system offers preservation of data integrity, transparency, distributed file systems to store and distribute data.
stability, security, user-friendly interface, generation and Progressive web applications, which are web technologies that
verification of diplomas, and the possibility in the future of are created and used ready-made, similar to HTML, CSS,
implementing different intelligent agents. While the Javascript, and are used in situations where ready-made
integration of artificial intelligence into blockchain systems services are needed that are not related to data security,
presents a significant challenge for researchers, we have OpenShift Online and Docker. In addition to blockchain
conducted an analysis of the potential application of natural solutions presented in [1] and [5], where, among other things,
language processing and machine learning techniques within analysis and comparisons have been made, in the following
the DIAR system. This integration could facilitate the we also present some blockchain solutions that have recently
prevention of various attacks, provide timely information been created and are not part of the above-mentioned research.
regarding potential abuses, and create a more user-friendly
interface, allowing intelligent agents to enhance the services In [8], the authors propose a platform and framework
offered by the DIAR system, thereby ensuring that students regarding the validation, authentication and equivalence of
feel safer and more comfortable utilizing these services. Fig. academic credentials. The platform uses the Elliptic Curve
2 presents some main concepts of the DIAR system Digital Signature Algorithm for digital signature. As a
architecture, defined in [5]. mechanism for on-chain data encryption, the AES algorithm
is used, preventing the access of any user who is not part of
the network. This blockchain framework actually enables
students and all learners to keep records of the credits and
academic achievements they have obtained with digital
signatures from the authorities, in order to verify their
authenticity more easily and quickly. Also, students and
learners can share their academic achievements with any
employer who can quickly verify them based on the digital
signatures of the relevant authorities.
Another framework for safe and notarized authentication
and verification of certificates is EduCert-Chain, proposed by
[4]. Also, this framework uses EllipticCurve Digital Signature
Fig. 2. Main concepts of DIAR blockchain system Algorithm, SHA-256 algorithm for encryption, shelf
consensus mechanism for validating transactions. This
This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of framework uses the Hyperledger fabric platform, CouchDB as
coherent solutions for the digitization of academic credentials the base database. DVD is another model proposed by [9],
using blockchain technology, with a comparison of the DIAR which is based on SSI (Self-Sovereign Identity) and
system and centralized systems. Subsequently, we provide a blockchain mechanisms. The system is mainly based on the
pragmatic solution that we have executed with a centralized creation of an account using decentralized self-identification
MongoDB database, and we compare it with the DIAR methods, where the diploma will be saved in the same account
blockchain system. We implement the prototype with Python after the HEI generates the same. Another proposal that gives
and [Link]. Ultimately, comparisons drawn between importance to fungible and non-fungible tokens for the
decentralized and centralized systems, using the DIAR system generation and verification of academic credentials is also
and the developed prototype as real-world examples. [10]. The university will generate fungible tokens based on the
credits that the teaching subjects possess, and when a student
II. RELATED WORK passes the subject, then the tokens will be exchanged non-
Blockchain technology is characterized by immutability, fungible with credit tokens that are fungible. Only when the
secure authentication of data, decentralization of data, student accumulates the number of credits needed to generate
preservation of integrity, privacy and reliability of data in the certificate or diploma, the tokens can be exchanged from
networks, non-repudiation, provenance [7]. The falsification fungible to non-fungible, which in fact represents the diploma
of academic credentials is evident, and it is a disturbing fact as an immutable asset.
that people even in the days of today fall prey to such frauds, Another slightly different proposal is Creducate [11],
due to the lack of national platform for their verification. which uses the Solana network, unlike most who use
Among the countries that have been detected with fraudulent Ethereum or Hyperledger. This is because the authors
academic credentials are: USA, UK where a large number of consider that the Solana network is much faster and offers
sites have been closed as a result of sales of fake diplomas, more secure mechanisms for preserving integrity, executing
Armenia in 2018 detected 40 Israeli doctors who had received processes for generation and verification as well as making
fake Armenian diplomas, China in 2008 detected a large transactions between handlers and requestors. Another
number of people using fake degree certificates, and finally blockchain-based system for generating academic credentials,
India, which holds the fraud record, is thought to have issued which uses the Auditable Merkle Tree structure, is proposed
36,000 fake diplomas across different countries in 2021 from in [12]. The proposed approach enables issuers to create
a university that was actually fictitious. auditable data files, which enable a slower process for data
Among the most important technologies used in verification. However, for large amounts of data, the use of
blockchain systems for verification of academic certificates

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techniques for minimizing the volume of data such as zero- The authors have given, among other things, a detailed
knowledge proofs or Verkle tree data structures is necessary. description of the BSign Remote Signing System, on which
all security, integrity, immutability of data in the B4E system
CREDERE [13], a blockchain platform for storing, is based. For each of the blockchain solutions being reviewed,
processing and distributing academic credentials in digital Table 1 lists their major flaws along with some short
form and for national identification is another work. The information.
platform is based on the Hyperledger Fabric network and uses
permissioned blockchain. The platform uses Amazon Elastic III. DESIGN OF CENTRALIZED SYSTEM FOR GENERATION AND
Compute Cloud web services, Curl, Docker, Goland, [Link] VERIFICATION DIPLOMAS
and Python. Here, for static databases, CouchDB is used due
to its JSON-like structure. Another system called B4E is Starting from the fact that more of the created systems
presented in [14, 15], where, among other things, the main used by different researchers used centralization database, we
importance is given to two phenomena namely the distance have developed a prototype based on the programming
digital signature and the blockchain network for processing languages Python, [Link] and MongoDB, to show the
and storing academic credentials. Description and limitation difference and describe in detail advantages and
of blockchain based solution regarding generation and disadvantages between the centralized and decentralized
verification diplomas. systems [16]. Instead of storing data in the form of tables,
MongoDB stores data in the form of JSON documents, which
TABLE I. DESCRIPTION AND LIMITATION OF BLOCKCHAIN BASED makes it compatible for many web and mobile applications
SOLUTION REGARDING GENERATION AND VERIFICATION DIPLOMAS that have a dynamic nature of the data structure. With
MongoDB it is very easy to add new attributes to the stored
Blockchain
solution / Description Limitation
documents and to change the data models depending on the
Study needs of the implemented system [17].
BSV Blockchain for Data entry into the database, which is necessary for the
Blockchain framework, AES generation and verification of diploma data, is done through
security is based on
system UAE encryption algorithm,
[8] Public Key Cryptography
digital signature. the Python programming language. First, a connection is made
(PKC) to the main Python driver (pymongo), which allows to import
Hyperledger Fabric the classes that are used in the system and at the same time
network, SHA-256 connects the programming language to the MongoDB
algorithm for cryptography, limited number of database. Then the data is inserted based on the relevant
EduCert- notarized system for chains, limited number functions that enable insertion depending on the collections
Chain[4] verification of academic of nodes, lack of we created. During each data insertion, we associate it with a
credentials, permissioned consensus mechanisms.
blockchain, CouchDB for
unique ID to each record that is inserted into the database.
state database Once the data is inserted into the database, it can be generated
Decentralized Verification
via Python or [Link], generating diplomas for each student,
of Diplomas using lack of security either in the form of reports, in PDF or even in a form using a
blockchain and SSI (self- mechanisms, consensus direct digital signature of the HEI itself. The generation is
sovereign identity), to mechanisms, and obviously done depending on the template used by the HEI
DVD [9] facilitate the distribution of cryptographic itself, designing it with all the necessary elements that should
academic credentials, mechanisms that enable
be public.
verifiable credentials and encryption and
decentralized identifiers are decryption In the system that was designed, it is only necessary to
used.
look at the diploma number and the ID number that the
blockchain solution for generating a lot of diploma should have to know if the degree is valid or not.
Digital storage and generation of unnecessary tokens,
Token [10] diplomas based on fungible which depends on the
Through the program we can make any change in the database
and nonfungible tokens number of credits. through the system, inform the management and other persons
architecture limited to
responsible for the diplomas. The notification can be done
Solana network for faster the STRIDE framework, either by e-mail notification, or even the notification itself on
Creducate the account of the responsible persons. This method attempts
processing data, low cost the difficulty of adapting
[11]
for transaction, the Solana network to to preserve the integrity of student data. However, if changes
current systems occur directly in the database, where there is no access except
Auditable Merkle Tree data
inadequate for large for administrators and people who maintain the system, then
amounts of documents, a such a change will not be noticed, which makes the use of
IU- structure, the possibility of
technique for data centralized systems questionable. The change can be detected,
TransCert automatic auditing without
minimization and
[12] the involvement of a third
privacy preservation is but requires detailed checks by IT experts, which requires
party additional time, effort and cost.
required
Hyperledger Fabric System validations are Therefore, the use of centralized systems, despite the
network, a modular missing, distribution of
CREDERE advantages in generating, checking, the possibility of updating
blockchain implementation, node servers, test
[13]
Chaincode is developed in deployments are data that were wrong, has disadvantages in preserving
specific channel, missing. identity, privacy and transparency of services, which makes it
lack of security doubtful for use in environments where we have private
system for digital validation mechanisms for remote information. Although cryptographic algorithms can be used
B4E [14] of credentials using digital signing, lack of adequate to encrypt and decrypt data during the generation and
remote signing testing and concrete verification of diplomas [6].
analyses.

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 Fig. 5. Administrators log

Using Python, the generation of diplomas is done, either

in PDF or other possible applications (exp. Excel), because
MongoDB is a semi-structured database, and in Excel the data
comes out in a more structured form.
Also, about the generation of diplomas, the system notifies
the student and the HEI management, not only in the system
log, but also in their e-mails, which are confirmed. In Fig. 6
the interface for generating diplomas via button coded in
Python is presented.

Fig. 3. A simplified view of the operation of the centralized system

This does not prevent the possibility of modifying the data

directly from the database, which could undoubtedly make an
IT [Link], not by chance, to date we do not have any
case of diploma generation and verification in digital form, in
any web system of any HEI that is used for diploma generation
and verification. All HEIs use digital degree management
systems, but they are only used by academic staff, to facilitate Fig. 6. Generate diplomas in PDF or Excel
the work of generating, printing and searching for the
information they need [18]. Fig. 3 gives a simplified view of IV. ANALYSIS AND COMPARISONS WITH THE DIAR SYSTEM
the operation of the centralized system, describing the front Centralized systems offer many advantages and are widely
end, which actually represents the system designed for users used in various applications, they also have their own
such as students, academic staff and verifiers. The backend is limitations and considerations that should be taken into
actually Python, [Link], and MongoDB that interact with account when designing and implementing a diploma
each other depending on the fact that student degrees need to generation and verification system. Presently, blockchain
be inserted, generated, or checked. technology can be considered as the only hope that offers
complete digitization of the generation and verification of
The prototype we created for the generation and diplomas, offering the possibility of digital signature in
verification of diplomas, in a centralized way, was created in addition to other unique characteristics that it possesses as
the simplest form to clarify the difference and at the same time well as the fast verification of diplomas.
the possibilities of a centralized system. With the help of
[Link], data is inserted, deleted and updated in the system. Although practical implementation and testing in real
Fig. 4 represents the system interface that this section displays. situations is more challenging when we talk about blockchain
systems for generating and verifying diplomas, however,
Every change to the system, whether it is a delete, update many research endeavors in this direction, up to the creation
or even insert, is saved in the admin log, as shown in Fig. 5. of real prototypes, have been developed [1,5].
Also, any change, depending on where the grade change was
made or to which student, simultaneously notifies the The DIAR system is a blockchain system described in
administrator, the student, and the appropriate professor by detail, with a multi-level architecture, giving great importance
email of the change made. to security, consensus mechanisms, cryptographic
mechanisms, secure on-chain and off-chain transfer
mechanisms [5].
Practically, both the prototype, which works in a
centralized form, and the DIAR system are feasible, they offer
generation and verification of diplomas, they have been tested
and validated, and based on the challenges and limitations we
have had in practice, we are making a comparison between the
two prototypes. Table 2, presents the comparison between
them, based on some main characteristics that are important
for the functionality of centralized or blockchain systems.

Fig. 4. Inserting, updating and deleting data through the system

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 TABLE II. COMPARISON BETWEEN DIAR BLOCKCHAIN SYSTEM AND providing the level of security, integrity, immutability, and
CENTRALIZED SYSTEM
traceability required for sensitive data, such as academic
Centralized prototype credentials. The lack of these features can lead to
Description /
Characteristics
(Python, MongoDB, DIAR blockchain system vulnerabilities, including data breaches and unauthorized
[Link]) alterations, which are critical concerns for higher education
MongoDB, NoSQL institutions. On the other hand, blockchain technology, as
database, with a IPFS (Interplanetary file demonstrated by the DIAR system, addresses these security
Database flexible structure and storage), not very suitable concerns effectively. Additionally, blockchain’s traceability
suitable for any type of for large volumes of data
application allows for transparent verification processes, ensuring that all
transactions are recorded and can be audited. The DIAR
Python library as well AES, SHA256 and
Security
as get/post functions Homomorphic encryption system, with its multi-level secure architecture, offers a
promising solution that combines immutability, identity
Digital signature, QR
Identity and
Digital signature, QR
code, private and public preservation, traceability, and cryptographic mechanisms. Our
code, single point prototype, developed using Python, [Link], and MongoDB,
access key, biometrics, multiple
control
points demonstrates the practical feasibility of such a system. In
The system has an comparing the DIAR blockchain system with centralized
activity log, the data is Consensus layer, data solutions, we found that while centralized systems excel in
controlled by the layer, off-chain storage, operational efficiency, they lack the robust security features
Immutability
administrator, there is a Distributed ledger saves that blockchain provides. In our opinion, the decentralized
and traceability
risk of data changes every action in the system,
directly from the the data is immutable blockchain system is the superior approach for diploma
database verification. Despite the challenges in implementation, the
Much faster, more security, integrity, and trust it offers make it a more reliable
On-chain blockchain, and future-proof solution for HEIs. The DIAR system
efficient to use,
ethereum network, are not
Efficiency and however, many security
very efficient and fast due
exemplifies how blockchain technology can be effectively
execution issues are missing and utilized to address the limitations of traditional centralized
to a lot of cryptography
there is more risk of systems, ensuring the authenticity and security of academic
mechanisms
attacks
credentials.
Lower costs for both
Cost and
system creation and Very high costs for both The future work involves the practical implementation of
maintenance, more creation and maintenance, the DIAR system to conduct detailed analyses of transaction
maintenance
software in this lack of developers execution metrics and to further compare blockchain solutions
direction
with centralized systems.
It depends on the
It depends on an entity
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