Chapter 14

Kinetics of a Particle:
Work and Energy
 Work and Energy
Work is defined as
Horizental plane

𝑑𝑈 = 𝐅 . 𝑑 𝐫 [𝑁. 𝑚 = 𝐽],

𝑑𝑈 = 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝑠

Work of a Variable Force.

𝐫2 𝒔2

𝑈1→2 = න ณ
𝐅 . 𝑑𝐫 = න 𝑭𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝑑𝑠
𝐫1 σ 𝐅𝑒𝑥𝑡. 𝒔1
 Work of a Constant Force on a Particle Moving Along a Straight Line.

𝑠
𝑈1→2 = ‫ 𝑠׬‬2 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (𝑠2 - 𝑠1 )
1

Work of a Weight on Particle.

𝐫2

𝑈1→2 = න 𝐅 . 𝑑𝐫 = −𝑊𝐣. [𝑑𝑥 𝐢 + 𝑑𝑦 𝐣 + 𝑑𝑧 𝐤]

𝐫1

𝑈1→2 = −𝑊 𝑦𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 = −𝑊Δy
the work is independent of the path and is equal
to the magnitude of the particle’s weight times its
vertical displacement

the work is negative, since 𝑦 is ↑+ and W 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒔 ↓−

 Work of a Spring Force on Particle.

𝐅. 𝑑𝐫 = 𝐹𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = −𝑘 𝑠 𝑑𝑠

The work is negative since 𝐅𝐬 acts in the opposite sense to ds

If the particle displaces from 𝑠1 to 𝑠2 , the work of 𝐅𝐬 is then
𝑠2 𝑠2
1 2 1 2
𝑈1→2 = න 𝐹𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = න 𝑘 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = −( 𝑘𝑠2 − 𝑘𝑠1 )
2 2
𝑠1 𝑠1

if both 𝑑𝑠 and 𝐹𝑠 are in the same

sense, the work is positive; if they
are opposite to one another, the
work is negative.
EXAMPLE 14.1

The 10 − 𝑘𝑔 block shown in Fig. 14–6a

rests on the smooth incline. If the spring is
originally stretched 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎, determine the
total work done by all the forces acting on
the block when a horizontal force 𝑷 =
𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑵 pushes the block up the plane 𝒔 =
𝟐 𝒎.
Horizontal Force P:

Spring Force F: In the initial position the spring is stretched 𝑠1 = 0.5 m and in
the final position it is stretched 𝒔𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎 + 𝟐 𝒎 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎.

Weight W. Since the weight acts in the opposite sense to its

vertical displacement, the work is negative;

Total Work.
14.2 Principle of Work and Energy
෍ 𝐅 = 𝐅𝐑 = ෍ 𝑭𝒕 𝐞𝐭 + ෍ 𝑭𝒏 𝐞𝐧

𝑠2 𝑠2
෍ 𝐅𝒕 = 𝑚 𝐚𝐭 , න 𝑚 𝒂𝑡 d𝐬 = ෍ න 𝐅𝒕 . d𝐬
𝑠1 𝑠1

𝑠2 𝑠2
෍ න 𝐅𝒕 . d𝐬 = ෍ න 𝑭 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑼𝟏→𝟐
𝑠1 𝑠1 1 1
𝑈1→2 = 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚 𝑣12
2
2 2
𝑠2 𝑣2
1 1
න 𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑚 න 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑚𝑣2 − 𝑚 𝑣12
2
𝑠1 𝑣1 2 2
1
𝑇 = 𝑚𝑣 2 , define the particle’s kinetic energy,
2

𝑇1 + σ𝑈1→2 = 𝑇2
Procedure for Analysis
Work (Free-Body Diagram).
• Establish the inertial coordinate system and draw a free-body diagram of the
particle in order to account for all the forces that do work on the particle as it moves
along its path.
Principle of Work and Energy.
• Apply the principle of work and energy, 𝑻𝟏 + σ𝑼𝟏→𝟐 = 𝑻𝟐 . The kinetic energy at
the initial and final points is always positive, since it involves the speed squared𝑇 =
1 2
𝑚𝑣
2
• A force does work when it moves through a displacement in the direction of the
force.
• Work is positive when the force component is in the same sense of direction as
its displacement, otherwise it is negative.
• Forces that are functions of displacement must be integrated to obtain the work.
Graphically, the work is equal to the area under the force-displacement curve.
• The work of a weight is the product of the weight magnitude and the vertical
displacement, 𝑈𝑾 = −𝑊Δy . It is positive when the weight moves downwards.
• 1
The work of a spring is of the form 𝑈𝒔 = 2 𝑘𝑠 2 , where k is the spring stiffness and
s is the stretch or compression of the spring.
 14.3 Principle of Work and Energy for a System of Particles

σ𝑻𝟏 + σ𝑼𝟏→𝟐 = ෍ 𝑻𝟐
Work of Friction Caused by Sliding.
EXAMPLE 14.2
The 3500-lb automobile shown in Fig. 14–10a
travels down the 10° inclined road at a speed of
20 ft/s. If the driver jams on the brakes, causing
his wheels to lock, determine how far 𝑠 the tires
skid on the road. The coefficient of kinetic friction
between the wheels and the road is 𝜇𝑘 = 0.5.

Work (Free-Body Diagram).

Principle of Work and Energy.

EXAMPLE 14.4
The Platform P, shown in Fig. 14–12a, has negligible mass and is tied down so that the 𝟎. 𝟒-𝑚-
long cords keep a 𝟏-m-long spring compressed 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒎 when nothing is on the platform. If a 𝟐-
𝒌𝒈 block is placed on the platform and released from rest after the platform is pushed down
𝟎. 𝟏𝒎, Fig. 14–12b, determine the maximum height h the block rises in the air, measured from
the ground.

Fig. 14–12
Work (Free-Body
Diagram).

Principle of Work and Energy.

 EXAMPLE 14.5 Fig. 14–13

The 40-𝑘𝑔 boy in Fig. 14–13a slides down the smooth

water slide. If he starts from rest at A, determine his
speed when he reaches B and the normal reaction the
slide exerts on the boy at this position.
Principle of Work and Energy.

Equation of Motion.

Work (Free-Body Diagram).

 EXAMPLE 14.6 in Fig. 14–14
Blocks A and B shown in Fig. 14–14a have a mass of 10 kg and 100 kg,
respectively. Determine the distance B travels when it is released from rest
to the point where its speed becomes 2 𝑚/𝑠.
Principle of Work and Energy.

Kinematics.

Work (Free-Body Diagram).

14.4 Power and Efficiency
Power is defined as the amount of work performed per unit of time.

If a machine or engine performs a certain amount of work, dU,

within a given time interval, dt, the power generated can be
calculated as
𝑑𝑈
𝑃 =
𝑑𝑡

Since the work 𝑼𝟏→𝟐 can be expressed as 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑭 • 𝑑𝐫, the power

can be written
𝑑𝑈 𝑭 • 𝑑𝐫 𝑑𝐫
𝑃 = = = 𝑭 • = 𝑭 • 𝐯
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Thus, power is a scalar defined as the product of the force and

velocity components acting in the same direction.
Using scalar notation, power can be written
𝑷 = 𝑭 • 𝒗 = 𝑭 𝒗 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
where q is the angle between the force and velocity vectors.

So if the velocity of a body acted on by a force F is known, the

power can be determined by calculating the dot product or by
multiplying force and velocity components.

The unit of power in the SI system is the watt (W) where

1 W = 1 J/s = 1 (N ·m)/s .

In the FPS system, power is usually expressed in units of

horsepower (hp) where
1 hp = 550 (ft · lb)/s = 746 W .
The mechanical efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the useful power
produced (output power) to the power supplied to the machine (input
power) or
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝜺 =
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕

If energy input and removal occur at the same time, efficiency

may also be expressed in terms of the ratio of output energy
to input energy or
𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝜺=
𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
Machines will always have frictional forces. Since frictional
forces dissipate energy, additional power will be required to
overcome these forces. Consequently, the efficiency of a
machine is always less than 1.
Power: P  dU  F . dr  F .v , [ J  W  Watt ],
dt dt s

hp  746 W  .746 kW
hp  550 [Link] / s  33, 000 [Link] / minute

Pout
Efficiency: em  , eoverall  em .ee
Pin
EXAMPLE

Given:A sports car has a mass of 2 Mg and an engine

efficiency of e = 0.65. Moving forward, the wind
creates a drag resistance on the car of FD = 1.2v2 N,
where v is the velocity in m/s. The car accelerates at 5
m/s2, starting from rest.
Find: The engine’s input power when t = 4 s.
Plan: 1) Draw a free-body diagram of the car.
2) Apply the equation of motion and kinematic equations to
find the car’s velocity at t = 4 s.
3) Determine the power required for this motion.
4) Use the engine’s efficiency to determine input power.
 EXAMPLE (continued)

Solution:
1) Draw the FBD of the car.

The drag force and weight are known forces.

The normal force 𝑁𝑐 and frictional force 𝐹𝑐
represent the resultant forces of all four
wheels. The frictional force between the
wheels and the road pushes the car forward.

2) The equation of motion can be applied in the x-direction,

with ax = 5 m/s2:
+ Fx = max => Fc – 1.2v2 = (2000)(5)
=> Fc = (10,000 + 1.2v2) N
 EXAMPLE (continued)

3) The constant acceleration equations can be used to

determine the car’s velocity.

vx = vxo + axt = 0 + (5)(4) = 20 m/s

4) The power output of the car is calculated by multiplying

the driving (frictional) force and the car’s velocity:

Po = (Fc)(vx ) = [10,000 + (1.2)(20)2](20) = 209.6 kW

5) The power developed by the engine (prior to its

frictional losses) is obtained using the efficiency
equation.
Pi = Po/e = 209.6/0.65 = 322 kW
 CONSERVATIVE FORCE
A force F is said to be conservative if the work done is
independent of the path followed by the force acting on a particle
as it moves from A to B. In other words, the work done by the
force F in a closed path (i.e., from A to B and then back to A)
equals zero.
 F · dr  0 z
F B
This means the work is conserved.

A conservative force depends A

only on the position of the y
particle, and is independent of its
velocity or acceleration.

x
 CONSERVATIVE FORCE (continued)

The “conservative” potential energy of a particle/system is typically written using the

potential function V. There are two major components to V commonly encountered
in mechanical systems, the potential energy from gravity and the potential energy
from springs or other elastic elements.

𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 + 𝑉𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

 POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential energy is a measure of the amount of work a conservative force
will do when it changes position.

• In general, for any conservative force system, we can define the potential
function (V) as a function of position.
𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑽𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 + 𝑽𝒔𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒔
The work done by conservative forces as the particle moves equals the
change in the value of the potential function (the sum of 𝑉𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 and
𝑉𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠).
𝑼 = 𝚫 𝑽𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

It is important to become familiar with the two types of potential energy and
how to calculate their magnitudes.
 POTENTIAL ENERGY DUE TO GRAVITY
The potential function (formula) for a gravitational force, e.g., weight (𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔),
is the force multiplied by its elevation from a datum. The datum can be defined at
any convenient location.

𝑉𝑔 = ± 𝑊 𝑦

𝑉𝑔 is positive if y is above the

datum and negative if y is
below the datum. Remember,
YOU get to set the datum.
 ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
Recall that the force of an elastic spring is 𝐹 = 𝑘 𝑠. It is important to realize that the
potential energy of a spring, while it looks similar, is a different formula.

𝑉𝑒 (where ‘e’ denotes an elastic spring)

has the distance “𝑠” raised to a power
(the result of an integration) or
1 2
𝑉𝑒 = 𝑘 𝑠
2
Notice that the potential function 𝑉𝑒
always yields positive energy.
 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
When a particle is acted upon by a system of conservative forces, the work
done by these forces is conserved and the sum of kinetic energy and potential
energy remains constant. In other words, as the particle moves, kinetic energy
is converted to potential energy and vice versa. This principle is called the
principle of conservation of energy and is expressed as

𝑻𝟏 + 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐 + 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕

T1 stands for the kinetic energy at state 1 and V1 is the potential energy function
for state 1. T2 and V2 represent these energy states at state 2. Recall, the kinetic
1
energy is defined as 𝑇 = 𝑚 𝑣2.
2
 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

Given: Block A has a weight of 60 lb and

block B has a weight of 10 lb. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between
block A and the incline is mk = 0.2.
Neglect the mass of the cord and pulleys.
Find: The speed of block A after it moves 3 ft down the plane,
starting from rest.

Plan: 1) Define the kinematic relationships between the blocks.

2) Draw the FBD of each block.
3) Apply the principle of work and energy to the system
of blocks.
 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)
Solution:
1) The kinematic relationships can be determined by defining
position coordinates sA and sB, and then differentiating.

Since the cable length is constant:

2𝑠𝐴 + 𝑠𝐵 = 𝑙
sA 2Δ𝑠𝐴 + Δ𝑠𝐵 = 0
sB
Δ𝑠𝐴 = 3𝑓𝑡 ⇒ Δ𝑠𝐵 = −6 𝑓𝑡
and 2𝑣𝐴 + 𝑣𝐵 = 0
⇒ 𝑣𝐵 = −2𝑣𝐴

Note that, by this definition of sA and sB, positive motion for each block
is defined as downwards.
 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued) T
2) Draw the FBD of each block. WA
2T
y x
B
A m NA

5
3 NA WB
4
Sum forces in the y-direction for block A (note that there is no
motion in this direction):
4
𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝑁𝐴 – 𝑊𝐴 = 0 ⇒ 𝑁𝐴 = (4/5)𝑊𝐴
5
 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)
3) Apply the principle of work and energy to the system (the
blocks start from rest).
𝑇1 + 𝑈1→2 = 𝑇2

2
32
0.5𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴 + 0.5𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵 + 𝑊𝐴 – 2𝑇 – 𝜇𝑁𝐴 Δ𝑠𝐴
1 1 5
2 2
+ (𝑊𝐵 – 𝑇)Δ𝑠𝐵 = (0.5𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴2 + 0.5𝑚𝐵 ( 𝑣𝐵2 )
𝑣𝐴1 = 𝑣𝐵1 = 0;
Δ𝑠𝐴 = 3𝑓𝑡; Δ𝑠𝐵 = −6𝑓𝑡,
4
𝑣𝐵 = −2𝑣𝐴 , 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑊𝐴
3 5
⇒ 0 + 0 + ( ) 60 3 – 2𝑇 3 − (0.2)(0.8)(60)(3) + (10)(−6) – 𝑇 −6 =
5
60 2 10 2
0.5 𝑣𝐴2 + 0.5 −2𝑣𝐴2
32.2 32.2
Note that the work due to the cable tension force on each block cancels out.
⇒ 𝑣𝐴2 = 3.52 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
 EXAMPLE
Given: The girl and bicycle
weigh 125 lbs. She moves from
point A to B.
Find: The velocity and the
normal force at B if the velocity
at A is 10 ft/s and she stops
pedaling at A.

Plan: Note that only kinetic energy and potential energy due to
gravity (Vg) are involved. Determine the velocity at B using the
conservation of energy equation and then apply equilibrium
equations to find the normal force.
Solution: EXAMPLE (continued)
Placing the datum at B:
TA + VA  TB + VB
1 125 1 125 2
( 2
+
)(10) 125(30)  ( )v B
2 32.2 2 32.2
VB  45.1 ft
s

Equation of motion applied at B:

2
v
 Fn  man  m r

125 (45.1) 2
N B - 125 
32.2 50
N B  283 lb
Example 12: The spring has an unstretched
length of 0.4 m and a stiffness of 200N/m.
The 3-kg slider and attached spring are
released from rest at A and moves in the
vertical plane. Calculate the velocity v of the
slider as it reaches B in the absence of
friction.
 +y
Datum

E1 + U1-2  E2 -h
1 1
(V s +V g )1 + mV12 + U1-2  (V s +V g )2 + mV 22
2 2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒌 𝜟𝒍𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒎𝒈 𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 = 𝒌 𝜟𝒍𝟐𝟐 + 𝒎𝒈 −𝒉 + 𝒎 𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝜟𝒍𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖 − 𝟎. 𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒎, 𝜟𝒍𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒎,

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟒 𝟐 + 𝟑 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟔 𝟐 + 𝟑 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟖 + 𝟑 𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒎
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟑
𝒔
Example 13:
The 2-kg plunger is released from rest in the
position shown where the spring of stiffness
k=500 N/m has been compressed to one half its
uncompressed length of 200 mm. Calculate the
maximum height h above the starting position
reached by the plunger.
 Released from 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎.
Maximum height 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑬𝟏 + 𝑼𝑹𝟏→𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐

1 𝟏 1 𝟏
𝒎𝒗𝟏 + 𝒌𝚫𝒙𝟏 + 𝒎𝒈𝒚𝟏 + 𝑼𝑭𝑹 ,𝟏→𝟐 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 + 𝒌𝒌𝚫𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝒎𝒈𝒚𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Assume h > 50mm
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝟎 + (𝟓𝟎𝟎) 𝟎. 𝟏 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 = 𝟎 + (𝟓𝟎𝟎) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 + 𝒎𝒈𝒚𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏
𝟓𝟎𝟎 (𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟐 )
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟔 𝒎𝒎
𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
Since h > 50mm , your assumption is correct.
Example 13: The system is released from rest when 𝜽 = 𝟔𝟎𝒐 . Determine the
velocity of the sphere when 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒐

qo  60 , v  0 𝑫𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒎
q  180 , vsphere  ??

σ 𝑽𝟏 + 𝐓𝟏 + 𝐔𝟏→𝟐 = σ 𝑽𝟐 + 𝐓𝟐

σ 𝐕𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 + 𝐕𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓
𝟏
= σ V𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 + V𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 + 𝑻
𝟐
𝐕𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 + 𝐕𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 = 𝟔 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎𝒐 + 𝟒 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐 −𝟎. 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎𝒐 = −𝟐. 𝟗𝟒𝟑 𝑱
𝟏

𝐕𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 + 𝐕𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 = 𝟔 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟎. 𝟑 + 𝟒 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟐 −𝟎. 𝟑 = −𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝟔 𝑱

𝟐
𝒚
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
σ𝑻𝟐 = 𝒎𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒗𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 + 𝒎𝒄𝒚𝒍 𝒗𝒄𝒚𝒍 = 𝟔 𝒗𝟐𝒔𝒑𝒉 + 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝑫𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒎
𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒅
𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓=𝟎

σ𝑻𝟏 + 𝐕𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 + 𝐕𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 = σ𝑻𝟐 + 𝐕𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 + 𝐕𝒄𝒚𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓

𝟏 𝟐

𝟏
𝟎 − 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒𝟑 𝑱 = 𝟔 𝒗𝟐𝒔𝒑𝒉 + −𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝟔 𝑱
𝟐

𝒗𝒔𝒑𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
Example 14:The 0.6-kg collar slides on the curved rod in the vertical
plane with negligible friction under the action of constant force F in the
cord guided by the small pulleys at D. If the collar is released from rest
at A, determine the force F which will result in the collar striking the stop
at B with a velocity of 4m/s.
𝑉1 + 𝑇1 + 𝑈1→2 = 𝑉2 + 𝑇2 𝐿2

𝑈1→2 = 𝐹. 𝐿2 − 𝐿1
𝐿1

𝐿1 = 0.6 + 0.2 2 + 0. 22 = 0.82452m

𝐿2 = 0. 22 + 0. 22 = 0.282843m
𝑈1→2 = 200. 𝐿1 − 𝐿2 = 𝐹 0.82452 − 0.282843 = 0.54178 𝐹
ΔD = 0 𝐹B
𝑈1→2 = 𝐹A 0 + 𝐹B 0 + 𝐹D 0 ΔB = 0
+200. 𝐿1 − 𝐿2 = 𝐹 0.82452 − 0.282843
𝐹D
= 0.54178 𝐹 ΔD = 0
𝑇1 = 0, 𝑉1 = 0
1
𝑇2 = 0.6 𝑣22 = 0.3 16 = 4.8𝐽,
2
𝑉2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ = 0.6 9.81 0.4 = 2.3544𝐽
𝐹A , Δ𝐴 = 0
𝑉1 + 𝑇1 + 𝑈1→2 = 𝑉2 + 𝑇2 ⇒ 0 + 0 + 0.54178 𝐹
= 4.8 + 2.3544 ⇒
𝐹 = 13.2 N
Problem:
A 0.7-lb block rests on top of a 0.5 − 𝑙𝑏 block supported by
but not attached to a spring of constant 9 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡. The upper
block is suddenly removed. Determine (a) the maximum
velocity reached by the 0.5 − 𝑙𝑏 block, (b) the maximum
height reached by the 0.5 − 𝑙𝑏 block.

Datum
Datum
(a) the maximum velocity reached by the 0.5-lb block
Solution #1:
System: composed of the 0.5 𝑙𝑏 block, the spring and the gravity
Assume max velocity of the 0.5 𝑙𝑏 block occurs while the
spring is still in contact with the block.
(𝟎.𝟕+𝟎.𝟓)
2
Spring deflection: 𝒙𝟏 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒇𝒕.
𝟗
𝟏 y
𝑽 𝟏 = 𝑽𝒈𝟏 + 𝑽𝒔𝟏 , 𝑽𝒆 = 𝒌 𝒙𝟐 .
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝑽𝒆𝟏 = 𝟗 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 0.08 𝐥𝐛. 𝐟𝐭, 𝑽𝒆𝟐 = 𝟗 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝒚 = (0.08 − 1.2 + 𝟒. 𝟓𝐲 𝟐 )
𝟐 𝟐
1
𝑽𝒈𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝑽𝒈𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒚
𝟏 𝟎. 𝟓 Datum
𝟏
𝑻 𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝑻𝟐 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟔 𝒗𝟐 , 𝑼𝟏→𝟐 = 𝟎
𝟐 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐
𝑻𝟏 + 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏→𝟐 = 𝑻𝟐 + 𝑽𝟐 ⇒
𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 + 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟔 𝒗𝟐 + (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 − 𝟏. 𝟐𝐲 + 𝟒. 𝟓𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒚

𝐯 𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟓𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝒚𝟐

(a) the maximum velocity reached by the 0.5-lb block

𝟐
𝟎. 𝟕𝐲 − 𝟒. 𝟓𝐲
𝐯𝟐 = = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟓𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝒚𝟐
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟔

𝒅 𝐯𝟐 𝟗𝟎. 𝟐
= 𝟗𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟎𝒚 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟔𝟏𝒇𝒕
𝐝𝐱 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟎

𝐯 𝟐 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟔 − 𝟓𝟕𝟗. 𝟗 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟔 𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟓

𝒗 = 1.87 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
(a) Alternative solution:
System: only the 0.5 block
At the initial position (1), the force in the spring equals
the weight of both blocks, i.e., 1.2 𝑙𝑏.
Thus at a distance 𝑥, the force in the spring is,

𝑭𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟐 − 𝒌𝒙 ⇒ 𝑭𝒔 = 𝟏. 𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙

Max. velocity of the 0.5 𝑙𝑏 block occurs while the

spring is still in contact with the block.
 (a) Alternative solution:
𝑻𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏→𝟐 = 𝑻𝟐
At position 1, the kinetic energy is 𝑇1 = 0.0
𝟏 𝟎.𝟓
At position 2, the kinetic energy is 𝑇2 = 𝐯𝟐
𝟐 𝟑𝟐.𝟐

Spring Force: 𝐹𝑠 = 1.2 − 9𝑥 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝒍𝒃

𝐹, 𝑙𝑏
𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
1.2 𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑦 Datum

0.133𝑓𝑡
 (a) Alternative solution: 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝒍𝒃

Datum

Spring Work done on the 0.5 lb block by the spring and gravity
𝒚 𝒚
𝑼𝟏→𝟐 = න (𝑭𝒔 − 𝑾)𝒅𝒚 = න (𝟏. 𝟐 − 𝟗𝒚 ) 𝒅𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝒚
𝟎 𝟎
 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝒍𝒃

(a) Alternative solution:

𝒚 𝒚
Datum
𝑼𝟏→𝟐 = න (𝑭𝒔 − 𝑾)𝒅𝒚 = න (𝟏. 𝟐 − 𝟗𝒚 ) 𝒅𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝒚
𝟎 𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐

𝑻𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏→𝟐 = 𝑻𝟐

𝟏 𝟎.𝟓
0 + 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝒚 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐 = 𝑣𝟐 𝐯 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐 𝐟𝐭/𝐬
𝟐 𝟑𝟐.𝟐
(b) the maximum height reached by the 0.5-lb block.
System: composed of the 0.5 lb block, the spring and the gravity

1 2
𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 𝑻𝟏 + 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐 + 𝑽𝟐 ⇒ 2 𝑘 𝛥𝑥 + 𝟎 = 𝟎 + 𝑚𝑔ℎ

1 2
9 0.1333 = 0.5ℎ
2

1 2
9 0.1333
ℎ= 2 = 0.16 𝑓𝑡
0.5
Problem 13-29
A 7.5-lb collar is released from rest in the
position shown, slides down the inclined
rod, and compresses the spring. The
direction of motion is reversed and the
collar slides up the rod. Knowing that the
maximum deflection of the spring is 5 in.,
determine (a) the coefficient of kinetic
friction between the collar and the
rod,(b) the maximum speed of the collar.
Position 1, initial condition
Position 2, spring deflected 5 inches
Position 3, initial contact of spring with collar
 5+18
𝒚𝟐 =
18
sin 30o = − 0.75ft, 𝒚𝟑 = sin 30o = −0.95833ft
12 12

5 + 18 1
𝑁 = 7.5cos(30) = 6.495191𝑙𝑏, 𝑈1→2 = −𝜇𝑁 = −12.45𝜇,
2 12 Datum
1 5
𝑉𝑠,2 = 60 = 5.208𝑓𝑡. 𝑙𝑏, 𝒚𝟑
2 12 2 3 𝒚𝟐

5 + 18
Vg,2 = −7.5 sin 30o = −7.1875 [Link], 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟎,
12

𝑇1 + 𝑉𝑠,1 + 𝑉𝑔,1 + 𝑈1→2 = 𝑇2 + 𝑉𝑠,2 + 𝑉𝑔,2

0 + 0 + 0 − 12.45𝜇 = 0 + 5.208 − 7.1875 ⇒ 𝜇 = 0.159

18 18
𝑈1→3 = −𝜇𝑁 𝑉
= −1.5491 𝑓𝑡. 𝑙𝑏, 𝑔,3 = −7.5 sin(30) = −5.625𝑓𝑡. 𝑙𝑏,
12 12
1 7.5
𝑇3 = 𝑣32 = 0.11646𝑣32
2 32.2
0 + 0 + 0 − 1.5491 = 0.11646𝑣32 − 5.625 ⇒ 𝒗𝟑 = 𝒗𝟑,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 7.8𝟓 𝒇𝒕/𝒔
Problem A 10-kg block is attached to spring A and
connected to spring B by a cord and pulley. The
block is held in the position shown with both
springs un-stretched when the support is removed
and the block is released with no initial velocity.
Knowing that the constant of each spring is 2
kN/m, determine (a) the velocity of the block after it
has moved down 50 mm, (b) the maximum
velocity achieved by the block.
Solved problems
• Define:
𝚫𝒙𝑨 = 𝒙𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝑨𝟏 ,
𝚫𝒙𝑩 = 𝒙𝑩𝟐 − 𝒙𝑩𝟏 , 𝚫𝒙𝒄 = 𝒙𝒄𝟐 − 𝒙𝒄𝟏

• Kinematics:

 𝒙𝑪 + (𝒙𝑨 −𝒙𝑩 ) = 𝒍𝟏 ,
 𝒙𝑩 + 𝒙𝒄 = 𝒍 𝟐 𝒙𝑩 𝒙𝑨

𝚫𝒙
𝚫𝒙𝑪 + (𝚫𝒙𝑨 −𝚫𝒙𝑩 ) = 𝟎, 𝚫𝒙𝑪 = − 𝟐𝑨, 𝒙𝒄
𝚫𝒙𝑩 + 𝚫𝒙𝒄 = 𝟎, 𝚫𝒙𝑩 = −𝚫𝒙𝒄 . Datum

when 𝚫𝒙𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 and 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒎

𝚫𝒙 𝟎.𝟎𝟓
a) 𝚫𝒙𝑪 = − 𝟐𝑨 = − 𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝒎,
b) 𝚫𝒙𝑩 = −𝚫𝒙𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒎
 Solved problems
𝑭𝟏
• Conservation of Energy Method: 𝑼𝟏→𝟐 =? 0
𝒛, 𝒅𝒛 = 𝟎
Draw FBD of the system as shown inside the dashed
rectangle:
 Notice the point of application of forces 𝐹1 , 𝐹2 , and 𝑇
are fixed. Therefore, they do not do work and the
external work done the system is zero. 𝑼𝟏→𝟐 =0

𝟎 𝟎
𝟎
𝑼𝟏→𝟐 = න 𝑭𝟏 𝒅𝒛 + න 𝑭𝟐 𝒅𝒒 + න 𝑻𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎,

𝑬𝟏 + 𝑼𝟏→𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐 ⇒ 𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐

𝒚, 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒒, 𝒅𝒒 = 𝟎
𝑻 𝑭𝟐
 Solved problems

• Initial springs’ deflections 𝐒𝐀𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐁𝟏 :

𝐒𝐀𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝐒𝑩𝟏 = 𝟎
• final springs’ deflections 𝐒𝐀𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐁𝟐 𝒙𝑩
𝑺𝑨𝟐 = 𝑥𝐴2 − 𝑥𝐴1 , 𝑺𝑩 = 𝑥𝑩2 − 𝑥𝑩1 ,
𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 ⇒ 𝑻𝟏 + 𝑽𝟏𝒆 + 𝑽𝟏,𝒈 = 𝑻𝟐 + 𝑽𝟐𝒆 + 𝑽𝟐,𝒈

• Initial a𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝒚𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝𝒚𝟐 :

𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒚𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒙𝑨

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒌𝑨 𝑺𝟐𝑨𝟏 + 𝒌𝑩 𝑺𝟐𝑩𝟏 + 𝒎 𝒈𝒚𝟏 + 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝑨𝟏 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝑨𝟐 + 𝒌𝑨 𝑺𝟐𝑨𝟐 + 𝒌𝑩 𝑺𝟐𝑩𝟐 + 𝒎 𝒈𝒚𝟐 𝒚
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑨 Datum
𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝑨𝟐 + 𝒌𝑨 𝑺𝟐𝑨𝟐 + 𝒌𝑩 𝑺𝟐𝑩𝟐 + 𝒎 𝒈𝒚𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟎 + 𝟎 +𝟎 + 𝟎= 𝟏𝟎 𝒗𝟐𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝟐
+ 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝟐
− 𝟏𝟎 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟓)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒙𝒄
𝒗𝑨𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
Solved problems
(b) Let 𝒚 = −𝒙 is the distance moved down by the 10 𝑘𝑔 block
𝒙 1 2
𝒙𝑩
𝒚 = −𝒙, ⇒ 𝑥𝐵2 = , and 𝑇2 = 𝑚𝑣𝐴,𝒂𝒕 𝒙
𝟐 2

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝒙 𝟐
𝟎 = 𝑻𝟐 + 𝒌 𝒙 + 𝒌 − 𝑾 𝒙. (1)
𝟐 𝑨 𝟐 𝑩 𝟐

Find the maximum 𝑻𝟐 𝒙𝑨

𝒅𝑻𝟐 𝒌𝑩 𝑾
= 𝟎 = − 𝒌𝑨 𝒙 − 𝒙 +𝑾⇒ 𝒙= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟔𝒎
𝒅𝒙 𝟒 𝒌 𝒚
𝒌𝑨 + 𝟒𝑩

At this value of 𝒙 eq. 1 become Datum

𝟏
𝟎= 𝟏𝟎 𝒗𝟐𝑨,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒙
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
+ 𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟔 + 𝟐 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟖 𝟐
+ 𝟏𝟎 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟔)
𝒙𝒄

𝒗𝑨,𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝒎/𝒔

Solved problems
Problem: The sphere at 𝐴 is given a downward velocity
𝑣0 and swings in a vertical circle of radius 𝑙 and center 𝑂.
Determine the smallest velocity 𝑣0 for which the sphere
will reach point 𝐵 as it swings about point 𝑂 (a) if 𝐴𝑂 is a
rope, (b) if 𝐴𝑂 is a slender rod of negligible mass.
Solved problems
𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
𝒚
𝑼𝟏→𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝑬𝑨 = 𝑬𝑩 ⇒𝑻𝑨 + 𝑽𝑨 = 𝑻𝑩 + 𝑽𝑩
𝒍 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐦
𝟏
𝑻𝑨 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝑨 , 𝑽𝑨 = 𝟎, 𝑻
𝟐
𝟏
𝑻𝑩 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝑩 , 𝑽𝑩 = 𝒎𝒈𝒍,
𝟐

𝑭
𝒎𝒈
𝟎 𝒗𝟐𝑩
𝒎𝒈 + 𝑭 = 𝒎 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒎 ⇒ 𝒗𝟐𝑩 = 𝒈𝒍
𝒍 𝑭=𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
𝒎𝒗𝑨 + 𝟎 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝑩 + 𝒎𝒈𝒍 ⇒ 𝒗𝟐𝑨 + 𝟎 = 𝒗𝟐𝑩 + 𝟐𝒈𝒍
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒗𝟐𝑨 = 𝒈𝒍 + 𝟐𝒈𝒍 = 𝟑𝒈𝒍 ⇒ 𝒗𝟎 = 𝒗𝑨 = 𝟑𝒈𝒍
𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
𝑻𝑨 + 𝑽𝑨 + 𝑼𝑨→𝑩 = 𝑻𝑨 + 𝑽𝑩
𝑙 Datum
𝟏 𝟏
𝒎𝒗𝑨 + 𝟎 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝑩 + 𝒎𝒈𝒍,
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

→ 𝒗𝟐𝑨 = 𝒗𝟐𝑩 + 𝟐𝒈𝒍,

→ 𝒗𝟐𝑨 = 𝟎 + 𝟐 𝒈𝒍 ⇒ 𝒗𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒈𝒍,

𝒗𝟎 = 𝒗𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒈𝒍,
 Solved problems
Problem: A section of track for a roller coaster consists of two circular arcs AB and
CD joined by a straight portion BC. The radius of AB is 27 m and the radius of CD is
72 m. The car and its occupants, of total mass 250 kg, reach point A with practically
no velocity and then drop freely along the track. Determine the normal force
exerted by the track on the car as the car reaches point B. Ignore air resistance and
rolling resistance.
Solved problems
Solved problems: