-

--

*
Pag
e1:
Wha
tisS
cie
nce
?*

Sci
enceist hesystemat
icstudyofthe
str
uctureandb ehavi
orofthephysic
aland
natur
alwo r
ldthroughobser
vati
o n
,
exper
ime nt
a ti
on,andthetest
ingof
theor
iesagainsttheevi
denceobtained.
The
wordsciencec omesfr
omt heLati
nwo r
d
_sci
entia_,me ani
ngknowledge.I
tisbotha
bodyofk [Link]
ofknowledge ,
itin
clude
sf a
cts,pr
inci
ples,
andlawst h
a texpl
ainnatu
ralphenomena.
Asaproc ess,i
tisthemethodbywh ic
hwe
i
nve
sti
gat
etheuni
ver
se,
askq
ues
tio
ns,
a
ndseekr
eli
abl
eans
wers
.

Thema i
np urposeofscie
nceistop r
oduce
usefulmo del
so fre
ali
ty.
Thesemo del
shelp
uspredictfutureevent
s,unders
tandpast
event
s ,andc r
ea t
etechnol
ogie
st h
at
i
mp ro
v ehu manlif
[Link]
enceisnotstat
ic.
It
evol
vesa sn ewe v
idenc
eisd i
scover
ed.A
theor
yt hatwa saccept
ed100y e
a r
sago
mayb emo difi
edo rr
epl
acedwh enbett
er
databec omesa vai
la
ble.
Thissel
f-
corr
ectingn a
tu r
eisoneofscie
nce’s
gr
e at
es tstre
ng th
s.
Sci
enceisdi
v i
dedintosever
a lmajor
br
[Link] i
ncategori
e sare
nat
u r
alsci
ences,soci
alsci
en ces,and
fo
rmalscien
c [Link]
uralsc
iencess tudythe
physi
calworl
da ndincl
udephy si
cs,
chemis
try,bi
ology,ast
ronomy ,a
nde arth
sci
[Link]
alscience
ss t
udyh uma n
behavi
orandso ci
eti
esandinclude
psy
c ho
logy,soci
o l
ogy,e
cono mics,and
ant
h r
opolo
gy .
Fo r
ma l
scie
nce sare
concer
nedwithfo r
malsystemslikelogi
c,
mathemati
cs ,
andt heo
reti
calcomp uter
sci
[Link] nemp ir
ic
a l
obser
vati
onb utondefin
iti
onsa ndrules.

T
hes
cie
nti
fi
cme
tho
dist
hef
oun
dat
iono
f
al
lsci
enti
fi
cinquir
[Link]
h
obse
rvat
ion.S
cientis
t snoti
cesome t
hingin
th
en at
ural
worldanda skaq uest
ionabout
i
[Link]
xample,whyist heskyblu
e?Ne xt,
th
eydob ac
kgroundre se
a r
chtoseewh ati
s
al
read
yk n
own.T he
nt heyc ons
truc
ta
hypo
thesi
s,whichisat e
s t
ableexpl
anati
on
fo
rtheobser
[Link] o
o dhypoth
e s
is
mustbefal
si
fia
b l
e,me aningther
emu stbe
apossi
bl
eo bs
ervatio
nt hatcoul
dp ro
veit
wron
g.

Af
terfor
min
gah ypoth
esis
,scie
nti
s t
stest
i
tthro
ughexpe
rimentat
ion.E
xperi
me n
ts
mustbecon
tro
ll
e d,
me an
ingonl
yon e
va
ri
ablei
schangedatati
mes othatthe
c
auseofanyobser
vede f
fectcanbe
d
eter
[Link]
aiscoll
ectedduri
ngthe
e
xperi
mentandthenanaly
[Link]
a
s
upport
sthehypothesi
s,i
tma ybecomea
t
heor
yafterr
epeat
edt es
tingbyd i
ffe
rent
s
cie
nti
sts.I
fthedatadoesnots u
pp o
rti
t,
t
hehypoth
esisi
srevis
edo r
d i
scarded.

Asci
entif
ictheo
ryisnotaguess.I
n
ev
erydaylang
uage,theor
yme an
sah unc
h.
I
nscie
nc e,at
heoryisawell
-sub
stant
iat
ed
ex
plana
t i
onofsomea spec
tofthenatur
al
wor
ldthatisbase
do nabodyoffact
sthat
ha
vebee nrepe
atedlycon
fir
medthrough
ob
servati
onandexpe r
iment
.Exampl
es
i
ncl
udeth eth
eoryofgravi
ty,
thegerm
th
eoryofdi
sease,
andth eth
eoryof
evol
uti
[Link]
enti
fi
clawd e
scri
beswha
t
happe
nsu nd
ercer
taincondi
ti
[Link]
r
exa
mp l
e,Newton
’sLawo fUni
ver
sal
Gr
avit
ati
ond e
scr
ibestheatt
racti
on
bet
we e
ntwoma sse
s .

*
Pag
e2:Ph
ysi
cs-
TheS
tud
yofMa
tte
ran
d
E
ner
gy*

P
hysi
csist
hemo stfund
ame nta
lofthe
n
atu
ralsci
ences
.Itdeal
swithma t
ter
,
e
ner
gy,moti
on,andforc
[Link]
p
hysi
csgover
neve r
yth
ingfr
o mthe
s
mall
estsuba
tomicpart
icl
estothela
rges
t
g
ala
xie
[Link]
sic
sseek
stou
nde
rst
andh
ow
t
heuni
ver
sebehav
es.

Cl
as si
calme c h
a n
ics,dev
elopedbyIsaac
Newt onint he17thcentu
ry,desc
ribesthe
motiono fma croscopi
cobject
[Link] o
n’s
th
re elawso fmo ti
onarecentr
altoclassi
cal
mec [Link]
tlaw,th
elawo finer
ti
a,
st
at estha tano b
jectatres
tstaysatrest
anda nob j
e cti
nmo tio
ns t
aysinmo ti
onwith
th
es a
mes peeda nddir
ecti
onunlessacted
uponb ya nun bal
ancedforc
[Link] co
nd
l
aws t
atest hatforceequal
sma s
st i
me s
accelerat
io n
, $F=ma $.T
hethir
dlaws tat
es
th
a tforev er
ya cti
on,ther
eisaneq ual
and
oppo s
itere a
c t
ion.
I
nthe20 thcentury
, physi
csunderwe nttwo
majo
rrevo l
uti
[Link]
twa sEinstei
n’s
th
eoryofre l
ati
vit
y.S p
ecialr
elat
ivity
,
publ
is
he din1905,showedt ha
tsp acea n
d
ti
mea r
elinkedinas i
ngleconti
nuu mc al
led
spac
eti
me .I
tin
t r
oducedthefamo u s
equa
tion$ E=mc ^2$,whichstat
e sthat
ener
gyan dma ssareint
e r
changeab l
e.
Gener
alrelat
ivi
ty,publi
shedin1915,
desc
ri
be dg r
avi
tyno tasaforcebu tasthe
cur
vatur
eo fspacetimec a
u s
edb yma ssa n
d
ener
gy.

Th
eseco
ndrev
olut
ionwa
squa
ntu
m
mech
ani
cs.
Itdes
cri
best
heb
ehavi
oro
f
matt
erande ne
rgyattheatomicand
su
batomicscal
[Link]
keclas
sicalph
ysic
s,
qua
ntumme chani
csisprobabi
li
sti
c.
Par
ti
cle
sc anexi
stinmult
ipl
es ta
tesat
onc
e,aphen o
me noncal
ledsuper
posit
ion.
Th
eycana l
sobee n
tangle
d ,
me ani
ngthe
st
ateofonep a
rti
cl
einstant
lyi
n f
luenc
es
ano
ther,
noma tter
h o
wf arapa
rttheyare
.
Quan
tumme chani
csisessenti
alfor
unde
rsta
n d
ingchemist
ry,el
ectron
ics,
and
moder
ntech n
ologi
esli
kelaser
sa n
dMR I
machi
nes.

T
her
modynami
csisanot
herk e
ybran
cho
f
p
hys
ics
.Itdea
lswit
hheat,work,
t
emper
atur
e,andene
rgy.
Th efi
rs
tla
wof
ther
modynamicssta
test ha
tenergycanno
t
becrea
tedordestr
oyed,onlytr
ansfor
med.
Thesecon
dlaws t
atesthatthetotal
entr
opy,ord
isord
er,ofanisol
atedsyst
em
canonl
yincr
[Link]
sexpla
ins
whyheatfl
owsfromh ottocol
da ndwhy
perp
etualmoti
onma chi
nesa r
eimpossi
bl
e.

El
ectr
omagnet
ismu n
ifi
eselect
ri
cityand
magneti
smint
oas i
nglefor
[Link] sCl
erk
Maxwel
l’
sequat
ionsdescri
behowe lect
ri
c
an
dma gnet
icfi
el
dsa r
eg ene
rate
da nd
al
ter
edbyeachotherandbychargesa n
d
cu
rrent
[Link]
ect
romagneticwaves
, which
i
ncl
udevisi
bl
eli
ght,r
ad i
owaves,X-rays,
an
dg ammarays,
trave
l a
tthespee dofli
ght
i
navacuu
m. Moder
nte
chnol
ogy
,inc
ludi
ng
p
hones,
radi
os,andWi
-Fi
,de
pendson
e
lec
tro
ma gn
e t
ism.

*
Pag
e3:
Che
mis
try-
TheC
ent
ral
Sci
enc
e*

Che
mistr
yisofte
nc al
le
dthecent
ral
sc
ienc
eb ecau
seitconnec
tsphys
icswit
h
bi
ol
ogy,medici
ne,andenv
ir
onmental
sc
ienc
[Link]
sthestudyofmatt
er,
its
pr
oper
tie
s ,
howa ndwhysubs
tances
co
mb i
neo r
separ
atetofor
mo t
her
su
bstanc
e s,
andho wsubs
tanc
esinte
ract
wi
thener
g y.
Al
lma tt
e ri
sma [Link]
co
n si
stso fanucl
eusco n
tai
n i
ngprotons
an
dn eutrons,sur
roundedbyelec
trons.T
he
numb e
r ofprot
onsdefi
n e
sthee l
eme n
[Link]
ex
a mple,all
carbonatomshave6p r
o t
ons.
El
eme ntsarearr
angedintheperi
odictabl
e,
whichorganiz
esthemb yatomicnumber
an
dc hemi cal
proper
tie
[Link],
or
co
lumn s,contai
nelementswithsi
milar
be
h avi
[Link]
ods,orro
ws ,r
epres
ent
el
ectrons he
ll
sbe i
ngfi
ll
ed.

C
hemic
albondshol
datomstoget
her
.Io
nic
b
ondsfor
mwh enel
ectr
onsaretr
ans
fer
red
f
romoneato
mt oanot
her,c
reat
ingc
harge
d
i
onst
hatatt
ract
.Cova
lentbond
sfor
m
whenato
mss h
areele
ctron
[Link]
li
cbonds
i
nvol
veaseaofshar
ede l
ect
ronsamong
metal
atoms.T
hetypeofbonddeter
mine
sa
su
bstance’
spr
opert
ies,
suchasme l
ti
ng
poi
nt,
conduct
ivi
ty,
andsolub
il
ity
.

C
hemicalre
ac t
ion
sinvol
vethebreaki
ngand
f
ormi
ngo [Link]
eya r
erepre
s e
ntedby
c
hemicalequati
ons.I
nab a
lancedequati
on,
t
henumb erofato
mso feachele
me nti
sthe
s
ameo nbothsides,
refl
ecti
ngthelawof
c
onser
[Link]
onscan
r
el
easeen e
rgy,cal
le
de xo
thermic,
or a
bsorb
e
nergy
, c
a l
l
ede ndot
hermic
.Therateofa
r
eact
iondependsontemp er
atur
e ,
c
oncentr
ation,s
urfac
ea r
ea,andthe
p
res
enc
eofc
ata
lys
ts.

Aci
dsandb asesareimport
antcl
assesof
[Link]
leasehydr
ogenionsi
n
waterandhaveap Hlessth
[Link]
re
leas
eh ydr
ox i
deionsandhaveapH
gre
atertha
n7 .ThepHs cal
eisl
ogari
thmic
,
soeachuni
tre pr
esentsatenfo
ldchangein
aci
dit
[Link]
iz
a t
ionoccur
swh e
na naci
d
andbasereacttofor
mwa t
erandasalt
.

Org
anicche
mistr
ystudi
escar
bon-
cont
aini
ngcompound
[Link]
boncanfo
rm
fou
rbonds,al
l
owingcompl
excha
insand
ri
ngs.
T h
isi
swhycarbo
nistheba
sisofl
i
fe.
Hydr
oc a
rbonsarethesimplestor
gani
c
compounds,contai
ningonlycar
bonand
hydr
og e
[Link]
onalgroupsli
keal
cohol
s,
aci
ds,andaminesgiveorgani
cmo l
ecul
es
th
e i
rchemical
be h
[Link]
ochemis
try
appl
iesorga
nicchemistrytol
ivi
ngsyst
ems,
st
u d
yingprot
eins,car
b ohy
d r
ates
,li
pi
ds,
andnuclei
caci
ds .

*
Pag
e4:
Bio
log
y-T
heS
cie
nceo
fLi
fe*

B
iol
ogyisthestudyofl
iv
ingorg
anis
msa n
d
t
hei
rint
eracti
onswitheac
ho t
herandt
heir
e
nvi
[Link]
feischa
ract
eri
zedby
o
rgan
izati
on,metabol
is
m, ho
me os
tasi
s,
g
rowt
h,r
eprod
uct
ion
,re
spo
nset
ost
imu
li
,
a
ndevol
uti
on.

T
hecelli
st hebasi
cu ni
to fli
[Link]
o
rgani
smsa recomp osedo fcel
[Link]
t
woma intypes:pr
okaryoticande ukaryot
ic.
P
rokar
y oti
ccell
s,l
ikeba c
t er
ia,l
ac ka
n
ucle
u sandme mbrane-bou ndorganel
les.
E
ukar
y oti
cce l
l
s,foundinp la
n t
s ,
a ni
ma l
s,
f
ungi
,a ndproti
sts
,h avean ucl
e usand
c
omplexo r
ga n
ell
[Link] ell
the o
rystates
t
hatal
l l
ivi
ngthing
sa rema deo fcell
s,cel
ls
a
retheb asi
cunitofstructur
ea ndf u
nc t
ion,
a
ndallcell
sc o
mef romp r
e -e
x i
sti
n gcel
ls.
DNA,orde ox
yri
b onucl
eicacid,c
a r
ri
est h
e
geneti
cinstruc
tionsforlif
e.I
tisad oubl
e
hel
ixma deofnu c
leotidesconta
iningfour
bases:adeni
ne, t
hymi n
e, cy
tosi
ne ,
a n
d
guanin
[Link] air
swi t
hT ,andCp a
irswithG.
Theseque nc
eo fbasesen code
sg enes,
whichareinst
ructio
n sformakingprotei
ns.
Thecentraldogmao fbiol
ogyisthatDNAis
tr
anscri
be di
ntoR NA,wh i
chisthen
tr
anslat
e dint
op r
o t
e i
n.

Ph
otosyn
thesisistheproces
sbywh i
ch
pl
ant
s,al
gae,ands omeb ac
teri
aconver
t
l
ig
htenerg
yintoc hemi
c al
energ
[Link]
urs
i
nchl
oropl
astsan dusescar
bondioxi
deand
wat
ertopro
du ceg l
uco
s eandoxyg
e n
.The
over
all
equati
onis$6CO_2+6 H_2O+
\text
{l
ight
}\ri
ghtarr
owC _6H_{12}
O_6+
6O_2$.Ce
ll
ular
respi
rati
ondoest he
opposi
te.
Itoccur
sinmitoch
o ndri
aand
brea
ksdowng l
ucosetorel
easee ne
rgya
s
[Link]
eeq u
ati
onis$C_6H_{12}O_6+6O_2
\ri
ghtar
row6CO_2+6 H_2O+
\text
{ener
gy}$.

Ev
olut
ionbyn atur
alsel
ecti
onisthe
uni
fy
ingtheoryofbiol
[Link]
o p
osedb y
Cha
rl
esDa r
win,itst
atesthatorgani
sms
wi
thtr
aitsbettersui
tedtothei
r
en
vir
onme ntaremoreli
kelytosurv
iveand
r
eprod
uce .
Ove rgen
erati
ons,these
ad
vantageoustrai
tsbecomemo recommon.
Ev
ide
ncefore
voluti
oncomesfr
omf o
ssil
s,
co
mp a
rat
ivean
a t
omy,embryo
logy,
mol
ecul
arbi
ol
ogy,anddi
rectobs
ervat
ionof
na
tur
alsel
ect
ioninbac
teri
aandins
ects.

*
Pag
e5:
Ear
tha
ndS
pac
eSc
ien
ce*

Ea
rthsci
enc
es t
udi
esourpl
aneta
ndits
pl
acei
ntheuniv
ers
e.I
tinc
lude
sg e
olo
gy,
meteo
rol
ogy,o
ceanog
rap
hy,andast
ronomy
.

Ge
ologyexamine
stheEart
h ’
sstr
uct
ure,
hi
stor
y,andproc
esses.T
heE a
rthha
sthre
e
mai
nlayer
s:thecru
st,mantl
e,andco
re.
Pl
atetec
tonic
sexplai
nsthemovementof
t
hecrus
[Link]
thosp
herei
sbrokenint
o
p
lat
esthatfl
oatonthesemi-
fl
uid
a
sthen
[Link]
eiri
nter
act
ionscause
e
art
hquakes,vo
lcanoes
,andmou n
tai
n
b
uil
di
[Link]
edescr
ibe
sh owrock
s
t
ran
sfor
mb etweenigne
ous,se
dimentar
y,
a
ndme t
amo r
phicfor
ms.

Meteorol
ogyisthes t
udyo fthea t
mo s
phere
andwea t
he r
.We atheri
sthes hort
-ter
m
st
a t
eo ftheatmosp h
ere,whilecli
mateis
th
elong -
terma ve
[Link] mospher
eis
compos e
dma inl
yo fni
trogena ndoxygen
.
Thegreenhouseeffect
,wh eregasesli
ke
car
bond io
x i
detrapheat,keepsE ar
thwarm
enoughforli
[Link],huma nacti
vit
ies
h
avein
cre
asedgr
eenho
useg
ase
s,l
ead
ing
t
oglo
balcl
i
matecha
nge.

Astro
no myisthes tudyofcel
e st
ialobj
ects
andphe nomen a
. Oursol
arsystemc onsi
sts
oftheSu n,ei
ghtp l
anets,dwarfplanet
s,
moo ns
, ast
eroids,andcome t
s. T
heS unisa
med i
um- s
izedsta r
thatproducese n
ergy
thr
o u
ghn uclearfusi
ono fhydr
o genint
o
hel
ium. Gr
avityho l
dsthesola
r system
together.
B e
yo ndthesolarsy
s te
m, star
s
cl
us t
erintogalaxies
.TheMilkyWa yisour
gal
a x
y,c o
n t
aini
n gbil
li
[Link]
uni
v e
rseisexp andin
g,asd i
scoveredby
EdwinHu bbl
[Link] i
gB angtheorystate
s
thattheuniversebeganf r
oma nex t
remely
h
ot,
den
ses
tat
eab
out1
3.8b
il
li
ony
ear
sag
o.

*P
age6:Sc
ient
if
icMe
tho
dan
d
Meas
ure
me nt
*

Goodsci
enced ependsonaccurat
e
measur
emen tandc l
earco
mmu nicat
ion.
The
I
ntern
ati
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Tr
ai
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Er
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se
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ate
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r.

*
Pag
e7:
Tec
hno
log
yan
dSc
ien
ce*

Sci
enceandtec
h n
ologyar
ec l
oselyl
in
ked.
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encepro
ducesknowledge,an
d
te
chnolo
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lve
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heinvent
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scope
l
edtocell
theor
ya n
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[Link]
unde
rstan
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ectri
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ic
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s,andtheint
ernet
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Thes
cie
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cre
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uti
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thcent
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esthat
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c hno
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kesolarpanelsandwind
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basedonco mp u
terscie
n ceandphysi
cs,
hasrevol
uti
o ni
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*
Pag
e8:
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icsi
nSc
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ce*

Withgreatpower come sgreat

re
sponsibil
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s tsmus tcons
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ty.

*
Pag
e9:FamousS
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nti
stsa
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sl
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*
Pag
e10
:Th
eFu
tur
eofS
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nce
*
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physi
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on
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senti
al.

*
Pag
e11
:Wh
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tte
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