UPDATED

MAINS 365
SUMMARY
LEGEND BHAIYA
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Table of contents: Security

Polity and Governance  Disturbance in Neighboring Nations and India's

Internal Security
 Emergency at a Glance
 Role of Community in Border Management.
 Coalition Government
 25 Years of Kargil War
 Sub-classification in SC, ST for Quota
 Terrorism in J&K
 Local Reservation in Private Sector
 National Security Strategy
 Comparison of Constitutional Features
 National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS)
 Special Packages
 Urban Naxalism
 Demand for New States
 UN Treaty on Cybercrime
 Mission Karmayogi
 Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations
 Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
 Online Misinformation
 Gram Nyayalayas
 Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
 Post Office Act 2023
 India's Ballistic Missile Defence Program
 Failing Public Examination Systems
 Aircraft Carrier
 India's Sports Ecosystem
 Safety of Healthcare Professionals Environment
 Auditing of Local Bodies
 Climate Change
International Relations  Air Pollution
 Water and Land Degradation
 India: Global Peacemaker
 Sustainable Development
 Sovereign Debt Vulnerability
 Renewable and Other Alternative Sources of Energy
 Instability in India's Neighbourhood
 Act East Policy Social Issues
 Rise of Minilaterals
 Emerging Technologies and Contemporary Society
 Group of 7 (G7) at a Glance
 Technology and Education at a Glance
 India-Pacific Islands Nations Relations at a Glance
 Technology and Socialization at a Glance
 Western Indian Ocean
 Technology and Family at a Glance
 India-Japan Relations at a Glance
 Technology and Sexuality at a Glance
 India-Eurasia Relations at a Glance
 Nari Shakti: From Women's Development to
 International Humanitarian Law at a Glance
Women-led Development
 Energy Diplomacy
 Market Society
 Space DiplomacyI
 India-Russia Relations Science & Technology

Economy  IT, Computer, Robotics

 Awareness in the Field of Space
 Labour, Employment and Skill Development
 Health
 Growth and Development
 Miscellaneous
 Banking, Payment Systems & Financial Markets
 External Sector Ethics
 Agriculture and Allied Activities
 Frauds in Civil Services Examination
 Industry and Industrial Policy
1 LEGEND BHAIYA

 Conflict of Interests of Public Officials

 Digital Economy
 Public Infrastructure and Public Service Delivery.
 Logistics and Infrastructure
 Ethics of Whistleblowing
 Mining and Energy
 Good Life: The Art of Balancing Work and Leisure.
 Innovation and Entrepreneurship
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Polity and Governance Crackdown on dissent and arrest of opposition leaders.

Social Impact: Misuse of power, including torture and forced

sterilizations.

Banning of organizations and displacement of people.

Institutional Impact : Compromised judicial independence

and Erosion of trust in government institutions.

Changes Post-Internal Emergency (44th Amendment Act,

1978)

 Emergency requires written advice from the Cabinet to

the President.
 Fundamental Rights: Article 20 and Article 21 remain
enforceable; Article 300A replaces the right to property
as a fundamental right.
 Term of Lok Sabha reduced to 5 years.
Procedure of Proclamation of Emergency:
 Removal of Article 275A concerning deployment of
Approval armed forces.

 Must be approved by both houses of Parliament within Coalition Government

one month from its issue.
Recent 2024 General Elections resulted in a coalition
 If approved, Emergency lasts for 6 months and can be government formation.
extended for indefinite periods with Parliament's
approval every six months (44th Amendment Act, 1978). Coalition Government: A political arrangement where
 If Lok Sabha is dissolved, Emergency continues until 30 multiple parties collaborate to form a government when no
days from the first sitting of Lok Sabha after single party secures a majority.
reconstitution, provided Rajya Sabha approves its
continuation.
 Resolutions for approving or continuing Emergency
require a special majority in either House of Parliament.

Revocation

 Revoked by the President at any time through a

subsequent proclamation, without needing
parliamentary approval.
 Resolution for disapproval of National Emergency
requires a simple majority in Lok Sabha.

Internal Emergency (1975-77)

Reasons for Imposing Internal Emergency

 Economic hardship due to rising prices. Challenges:

 Student protests affecting national politics.
 Divergent interests causing frequent disagreements (e.g.,
 Conflict with judiciary over appointments.
NDA government fall in 1998).
Implications/Criticism  Frequent changes in HRD Ministry leading to inconsistent
education policies.
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Political Impact: Suspension of civil liberties and pre-

 Regional parties pushing for state-specific benefits.
censorship of the press.
Way Forward
Centralization of power and extension of Lok Sabha term
(42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976).  Amend legislative rules for a constructive vote of no
confidence.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Provide mechanisms for the election of the Leader of Lok Arguments Against Sub-Classification
Sabha and Prime Minister.
 Risks weakening overall reservations and causing intra-
 Mandate public reporting on Common Minimum
group disparities.
Program and introduce coalition impact assessments.
 May create divisions and competition within SC and ST
NOTA (None of The Above) communities.
 Risks undermining uniform status and purpose of
 Introduced in 2013 following a Supreme Court direction
reservations.
in a PIL by People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL).
 Allows voters to reject all candidates, indicating Way Ahead
disapproval of choices.
 Use empirical data to justify sub-classification.
 If NOTA gets the most votes, the candidate with the
 Focus on affirmative action beyond reservations, such as
second-highest votes wins.
improving education and facilities.
Judicial Pronouncements
Local Reservation in Private Sector
 People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India
Punjab and Haryana High Court quashed Haryana State
(2013): SC ruled that NOTA allows voters to express
Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020.
disapproval while preserving secrecy.
 Shailesh Manubhai Parmar v. Election Commission of Arguments For Local Arguments Against Local
India (2018): SC held NOTA applies only to direct Reservation Reservation
elections, not indirect ones like Rajya Sabha polls.
Protects livelihoods of  Violates Articles 14,
Benefits Concerns local residents. 16, and 19(1)(g) by
 Encourages democratic  Symbolic as it doesn't  Addresses shrinking job favoring locals.
participation. impact election opportunities and  Can lead to businesses
 Promotes high ethical outcomes. discriminatory practices. relocating due to
standards in politics.  Limited voter turnout  Reduces reliance on restricted local
 Pressures parties to for NOTA. migrant labor and workforce.
select better  No mechanism to potential crime rates.  May revive outdated
candidates. address reasons behind  Aims to create local jobs practices and limit
high NOTA votes. and alleviate agrarian competitiveness.
Sub-Classification in SC, ST for Quota distress.
Important Judicial Pronouncements
Supreme Court ruled States can sub-classify SCs and STs for
additional quotas for disadvantaged groups.  Dr. Pradeep Jain Case (1984): Legislation favoring "sons
Background: E.V. Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh of the soil" deemed unconstitutional.
(2005): SC previously ruled that SCs and STs are a single  Sunanda Reddy v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1995): State
homogeneous group and cannot be subdivided. policy giving extra weightage for local education ruled
unconstitutional.
Key Highlights of Supreme Court Judgment

 States cannot reserve 100% for a sub-class.

 Requires empirical studies before sub-classification.
 Subject to judicial review and does not violate equality
principles.
 'Creamy layer' concept applied to SCs for reservations.

Arguments for Sub-Classification

 Targets benefits to the most disadvantaged within SCs

3 LEGEND BHAIYA

and STs.
 Promotes more equitable distribution of affirmative
action.
Way Forward
 Aligns with Article 16(4) for adequately represented
backward classes.  Improve regional education and skill development.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Promote labor-intensive industries and incentivize local  Secular State: Both uphold religious freedom.
employment.  Fundamental Rights (FRs): Comprehensive rights,
including socio-economic rights.
International Relations  Bicameral Parliament: Executive accountable to the
Comparison of Constitutional Features: India and France legislature.
 Head of Government: President is ceremonial; Prime
Recent political events in France involved a caretaker Minister is the real head of government.
government scenario.  Affirmative Action: Provisions for marginalized groups to
Similarities promote inclusivity.
 Other Features: Universal adult suffrage, multi-party
 Both countries transitioned from monarchy to republic system, constitutional supremacy, and an independent
with foundational ideals from the French Revolution. judiciary.
 Both have written constitutions emphasizing liberty,
Differences
equality, and fraternity.
 Both feature universal adult franchise and bicameral  India: Quasi-federal structure.
parliaments.  Nepal: Federal democratic republic established by the
 Provisions for emergency situations are included in both 2015 constitution, with a focus on federalism.
constitutions.
Special Packages

Bihar and Andhra Pradesh requested special financial

packages from the central government.

Purpose: Provide additional financial support for

infrastructure, disaster relief, and regional development.

Constitutional Provisions: Articles 371A to 371H provide

special status and privileges to certain states.

Special packages are discretionary and fall under Article 282

(Miscellaneous Financial Provisions).

Implications:

India and the UK  Increases fiscal burden on the Centre and other states.
The UK has recently elected a new Prime Minister.  Risk of mismanagement and fund leakage.
 May discourage structural reforms and create reliance on
Similarities central aid.
 Both countries follow a parliamentary system of Way Ahead
democracy.
 Prime Minister leads the majority party/coalition in the  Develop a clear framework for allocation based on
lower house (Lok Sabha in India; House of Commons in measurable criteria.
the UK).  Create customized development plans and promote
 Use of the First-Past for general elections. public-private partnerships.
 Both have a Supreme Court as the highest court.  Enhance monitoring and reduce leakage.
 Both adhere to the Rule of Law, emphasizing freedom, Demand for New States
equality, and accountability.
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Bhil tribe is demanding an independent state, Bhil Pradesh,

Comparison of Democratic Dimensions comprising parts of multiple states.

Procedure for Formation of New States

India and Nepal
 Article 3: Parliament can form new states by law, alter
Constitutional Similarities areas, boundaries, or names of existing states.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Requires Presidential recommendation.  Address revenue shortfalls, e.g., Andhra Pradesh post-
 President must consult with state legislatures before bifurcation.
recommending the Bill.  Support for disaster-impacted states and infrastructure
 Parliament can create a new state through ordinary projects.
legislation with a simple majority.  Channel resources to poorer regions for balanced
development.

Implications:

 Increased fiscal burden on the Centre and other states.

 Risk of mismanagement and fund leakage.
 Short-term aid might discourage long-term structural
reforms.

Way Ahead:

 Develop criteria for allocation based on measurable

factors like poverty and infrastructure deficits.
Special Packages and Their Implications  Address specific state needs through targeted initiatives.
 Mobilize private sector expertise and funding.
Recently, Chief Ministers of Bihar and Andhra Pradesh
demanded special financial packages for their respective Demand for New States
states. The Bhil tribe has demanded an independent tribal state, Bhil
Announcements Made: Pradesh, including parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat, and Maharashtra.

Procedure for Formation of New States:

 Article 3: Allows Parliament to create new states or alter

state boundaries.
 Presidential Recommendation: A bill must be introduced
in Parliament on the President's recommendation.
 Consultation: The President must consult with affected
state legislatures before recommending the bill.

Judicial Pronouncement:
 Bihar: ₹11,500 crore allocated for irrigation and flood
Berubari Union Case (1980): The Supreme Court ruled that
mitigation projects, including the Kosi-Mechi intra-state
Parliament’s power to diminish state territory does not
link.
include cession to a foreign country, which requires a
 Purvodaya: A plan focusing on economic development in
constitutional amendment.
eastern states, including Bihar.
 Andhra Pradesh: ₹15,000 crore allocated under the Arguments for Creation of Arguments Against
Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014 for the New States: Creation of New States:
completion of the Polavaram irrigation project.
Administrative Efficiency: Economic Strain:
About Special Packages: Smaller states may lead to Establishing infrastructure
better governance and for new states is costly.
 Provide additional financial aid to states facing
resource management. Resource Allocation:
geographical and socio-economic challenges. Innovation: Smaller states Division of resources can
 Articles 371A to 371H of the Constitution grant special can foster innovative lead to disputes.
5 LEGEND BHAIYA

status and privileges to certain states. Special packages, governance practices. Boundary Disputes: New
however, are discretionary and fall under Article 282 Trade and Development: boundaries can cause
("Miscellaneous Financial Provisions"). Smaller states often territorial conflicts.
experience higher economic Pandora's Box: May lead
Need for Special Packages: activity and improved to demands for additional
development metrics. new states.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Way Ahead:  Encourages online training to cut costs.

 Promotes role-based governance and service delivery.
 Focus on equitable development within existing states.
 Form committees to assess the demand and impact of Concerns:
new states.
 Ensure new states can sustain themselves financially.
 Challenges in training a large number of officials.
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
 Resistance from states could impact implementation.
Consent of State for CBI:  Bureaucratic inertia may hinder reform.

 Section 6 of DSPE Act: States can grant or deny consent Way Forward:
for CBI investigations.
 Current Status: States like West Bengal, Punjab,  Constantly evolve training programs to meet needs.
Mizoram, and Telangana have withdrawn general  Engage with states and other stakeholders.
consent, requiring specific consent for investigations.  Tailor training to specific needs and challenges.

Important Judicial Pronouncements: Lateral Entry in Bureaucracy

 Common Cause vs Union of India (2019): SC ruled that There was a recent request to cancel a UPSC advertisement
the CBI Director should be appointed by a committee for lateral entry positions.
including the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition, and About Lateral Entry: Recruitment of individuals from outside
Chief Justice of India. traditional government services for senior roles.
 CPIO CBI vs Sanjiv Chaturvedi (2024): Delhi High Court
ruled that CBI must disclose information under RTI Act. Began in 2018, recommended by NITI Aayog and the Second
 Vineet Narain v Union of India (1997): SC directed the Administrative Reforms Commission.
creation of the Central Vigilance Commission to oversee
Appointments: 63 lateral entries so far, with a significant
the CBI’s functioning.
number from the private sector.
Concerns Associated with CBI:
Arguments in Favor: Arguments Against:
 Significant vacancies impacting operational efficiency.  Brings specialized  Short tenures may
 Case details are not publicly accessible. knowledge to affect accountability.
 Investigation capability due to states withdrawing
government roles.  External candidates
 Addresses shortage of might lack relevant
consent.
experienced personnel. experience.
 Need for prior approval for investigating senior officials.
 Increases options for  Unclear how
Way Ahead: qualified candidates. reservations apply to
lateral entrants.
 Fill vacant positions and improve operational efficiency. Way Forward:
 Publish case statistics and annual reports.
 Ensure clarity in selection processes and contractual
 For cases impacting national security and integrity.
terms.
Mission Karmayogi  Integrate lateral entries with existing talent pools.
 Strengthen internal goal-setting, tracking, and
About NPCSCB-Mission Karmayogi:
performance evaluation mechanisms.
 Objective: Enhance civil service professionalism and align Gram Nyayalayas
training with national priorities.
 Training Mandate: 70-20-10 model—70% learning on the  Established under the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008, to
job, 20% through others, 10% formal training. provide affordable and accessible justice at the village
 Platform: Government Online Training (GOT-Karmayogi) level.
6 LEGEND BHAIYA

for training and evaluation.  They are mobile courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction,
settling petty disputes.
Significance:
 Their jurisdiction is based on principles of natural justice
 Offers opportunities for skill development. rather than strict evidence rules.
 Standardizes training across ministries.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Appeals are directed to higher courts, with specific Social  Widespread skepticism about the
timelines for disposal. fairness of examinations.
 Widening Social Inequalities
Issues:  Significant anxiety among students and
parents due to uncertainty.
 Poor implementation: Only 481 Gram Nyayalayas set up,
 Repeated scandals may normalize
with around 300 functional.
cheating and affect societal ethics.
 Lack of mandatory establishment: States are not obliged
Economic  Costs associated with re-examinations.
to set them up.
 Economic losses from students choosing
 Resistance in tribal areas due to local laws. to study abroad.
Conclusion: Gram Nyayalayas are a step towards judicial
Political Hasty Policy Changes Driven by political
reform but face implementation and functional challenges.
pressures rather than educational
Post Office Act 2023 needs.
 Disagreements between Centre and
Key Provisions: States, e.g., over NEET.
Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 :
 DGPS heads India Post with powers to regulate charges
To enhance transparency, fairness, and credibility in public
and postal services.
examination systems.
 Central Government can empower officers to intercept
postal articles under specific grounds. Key Provisions:
 Post Office exempt from liability for service lapses unless
prescribed otherwise.  Coverage: Includes examinations held by UPSC, SSC,
Railways, National Testing Agency, etc.
Concerns:  Defines Unfair Means: Unauthorized access to or leakage
of question papers, assisting a candidate, tampering with
 Lack of procedural safeguards for intercepting mail.
computer networks, etc.
 Potential conflict of interest and unclear consequences
 Punishments: Imprisonment from three to five years and
for misuse of interception powers.
fines up to ten lakh rupees for resorting to unfair means.
Conclusion: The Act needs clear rules for interception to
Way Forward:
ensure transparency and protect privacy.
 Improve exam design and security.
Failing Public Examination Systems
 Reform institutional structures and governance.
Controversies with NEET UG and UGC NET exams highlight  Encourage corporate funding and accountability.
systemic issues in public examinations.
Restoring Education to State List
Challenges:
Background about listing of Education:
 Systemic issues: Policy instability, corruption, and
 Under Government of India Act, of 1935, Education was
cheating.
kept under Provincial Legislative List.
 Cultural and technological issues: Sophisticated cheating
 After independence, education was on State list of
methods.
seventh schedule.
 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976) moved it to
Concurrent list of Schedule 7, following Swaran Singh
Committee's recommendation.

Benefits of education under concurrent list

7 LEGEND BHAIYA

 To evolve all-India policies on education as a subject.

 Lack of professionalism and corruption in state run
universities.
Potential Implications of Failure of Public Examinations  Improvement in standards and synergy between Centre
and States.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Arguments for State list include better regional  Limited or no transportation facilities for safe commute
adaptation and expenditure control. to hostels or accommodations.

Conclusion: Balancing national standards with state-specific Initiatives for Ensuring Safety of Healthcare Professionals
needs could improve education policies and outcomes.
National Global
India’s Sports Ecosystem  NCAHP Act, 2021:  UK: Zero-tolerance
Regulates and maintains policy on violence
India’s Olympic ranking dropped, reflecting challenges in the standards of education and in healthcare,
sports sector. services for allied and supported by
healthcare professionals. security teams and
India's Sporting Ecosystem: Sports is a state subject.
 Epidemic Diseases reporting systems.
However, Central government, through its various schemes,
(Amendment) Act, 2020:  ILO and WHO:
supplements the efforts for state government. Defines violence against Framework
Only around 6% of India's population participates in sports, healthcare personnel during guidelines for
epidemics as cognizable addressing
which is much lower than around 20% in countries like US,
and non-bailable offenses. workplace
Australia and as high as 60% in Japan.
 Kerala Healthcare Service violence, involving,
Challenges: Persons and Healthcare governments,
Service Institutions employers,
 Lack of early-stage talent identification: India sent only (Prevention of Violence workers, unions,
117 athletes to Paris Olympics, compared to 594 (U.S), and Damage to Property) and the public.
572 (France), and 460 (Australia). Amendment Act, 2023
 India's sports budget is low as compared to countries like Way Forward:
US, Germany, and China.
 State governments should enhance safety measures and
 Mismanagement of athletes: For example, Vinesh
infrastructure.
Phogat's disqualification from Paris Olympic for being
 Implement the NCAHP Act provisions.
100 grams overweight cost India confirmed silver and a
 Improve safety audits and work hour regulations for
potential gold medal.
healthcare professionals.
Way Ahead for Strengthening India's Sports Ecosystem
Auditing of Local Bodies
 Driving Mindset Change: Inform parents about benefits
ICAL inaugurated in Rajkot, Gujarat.
of state/national sports accreditation, including
educational and job reservations. About ICAL
 Increase Talent Pool: Advocate 'One Panchayat, One
Playground' initiative nationwide to boost grassroots  First in India; aims to set global standards for auditing
sporting culture. local governance bodies.
 One State-One Sport Policy: Promote region-specific  Provides a platform for collaboration among
traditional sports to increase mass participation and policymakers and auditors.
interest.  Builds auditors' capacity.
 Corporate Funding: Increase corporate investment in the Need for ICAL in India
sports sector.
 Enhance collaboration among 2.5 lakh panchayats and
8,000 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
Safety of Healthcare Professionals  Align with global practices; 40 countries have similar
institutions.
Supreme Court's order leads to forming a National Task Force  Support local governments in achieving SDGs.
to address safety issues for healthcare professionals.  Address inefficiencies in fund utilization.
 Foster community engagement and effective policy
8 LEGEND BHAIYA

Challenges:
implementation.
 Insufficient security staff in medical care units.
Current Auditing Mechanism
 Inadequate CCTV Coverage.
 Lack of proper resting areas for medical professionals on
night duty.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Constitutional Provisions: Articles 243G, 243J, and 2432  Cultural Diplomacy: Emphasis on global peace
mandate accounts maintenance and auditing for local philosophy.
bodies.
Barriers to India Leadership:
 CAG’s Role: Controls and supervises accounts and
auditing for PRIs/ULBs through Examiner of Local Fund  Regional Conflicts: Persistent tensions with neighbors.
Accounts (ELFA) or Director of Local Fund Accounts  Internal conflicts and poverty.
(DLFA).  Limited financial and diplomatic resources.
Importance of Auditing  Limited influence in global peace processes.

 Ensures financial accountability and performance Way Forward

evaluation.  Embrace the role of Vishwabandhu (world’s friend).
 Enhances service delivery and strengthens grassroots  Collaborate with nations like Brazil and Switzerland.
democracy.  Establish peace teams and study global conflicts.
 Promotes transparency and safeguards public funds.
Sovereign Debt Vulnerability
Issues in Auditing
India hosted the 3rd Voice of Global South Summit (VOOSS).
 Poor record-keeping and inconsistent financial records.
 Lack of qualified auditors. Aim: To unite Global South countries for sharing perspectives
 Overlapping jurisdictions between various auditing on various issues, in line with the philosophy of Vasudhaiva
agencies. Kutumbakam (the world is one family).
 Outdated procedures and low awareness of audit
 In the Summit India had proposed a comprehensive
processes.
"Global Development Compact" (GDC)
Way Ahead (2nd ARC Recommendations)  GDC will facilitate trade, sharing of technologies and
concessional financing based on India's growth journey.
 Simplified audit standards for Panchayats.
 Ensure institutional independence of auditing agencies. Global Development Compact (GDC)
 Legislative scrutiny of audit reports.
 Focus: Development priorities set by Global South
 Improve access to records and build local bodies' countries.
capacity.
 Nature: Human-centric, multi-dimensional, promotes
India: Global Peacemaker balanced development.
 Funds: $2.5 million for trade promotion and $1 million
Summit on Peace in Ukraine held in Switzerland; India for capacity building.
abstained from the joint communique.
Reasons for the growing debt Issue of debt
India's Role and Interests of developing countries sustainability
 When developing  The burden of debt
 Global Impact: Conflicts disrupt trade, cause inflation,
countries borrow money, pushes them to
and affect security.
they have to pay much borrow from more
 UN System: Ineffectiveness in resolving conflicts. higher interest rates. expensive sources,
 Potential Global Influence: India’s mediation can  Currently, half of Increasing their
enhance global status and address external security developing countries vulnerabilities. E.g.,
concerns. devote more than 1.5% of Sri Lanka's public
their GDP and 6.9% of debt crisis of 2022
India’s Contributions/Potential their government  Chinese company
revenues to interest acquired the Lankan
 Voice of the Global South: Inclusion of African Union in
payments. port of Hambantota
G20.
 Outsider creditors avoid on a lease for 99
 Non-Alignment Movement (NAM): Historical neutrality.
9 LEGEND BHAIYA

debt restructuring of a years.

 Conflict Resolution Experience: Stabilizing Afghanistan, country in crisis.  Decreased
assisting Sri Lanka. Developmental
 Growing Influence: Mediation role in US-Iran tensions. spending.
 Peacebuilding through Development: Projects in Africa Sovereign Debt Vulnerability
and Afghanistan.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Risk: Potential violation of solvency and liquidity  Myanmar: 2021 military coup led to instability and
conditions. widespread violence.
 Reasons: High borrowing costs, significant interest  Afghanistan: 2021 Taliban takeover resulted in the
payments, debt restructuring issues. collapse of the democratic government.
 Consequences: Erosion of sovereignty, decreased  Sri Lanka: 2022 economic crisis caused political instability
developmental spending. and public unrest.
 Nepal: Persistent political instability due to frequent
Initiatives to Address Debt Vulnerability
government changes.
 IMF: $272 billion approved for 94 countries.
Impact on India
 G7: Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment.
 G20: Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI) and  Myanmar: Shared border increases risk of insurgency and
Common Framework for Debt Treatments. refugee flows (e.g., over 32,000 ethnic Chin in India).
 India: Contributions to SDG Stimulus Leaders group.  Afghanistan: Concerns about investment safety and
national security due to Taliban rule.
Way Forward
 Sri Lanka: Potential refugee influx, economic spillover,
 Strengthen multilateral development banks and IMF. and strategic issues related to Chinese influence.
 Improve fiscal policies and transparent financial systems.  Nepal: Frequent leadership changes and growing Chinese
 Enhance global collaboration to address debt issues. influence complicate regional interests.

Instability in India’s Neighbourhood Way Forward

Bangladesh’s Prime Minister resigned amid mass protests.  Policy Development: Create flexible and forward-looking
strategies for the South Asian political landscape.
Recent Developments  5S Approach: Emphasize Samman (Respect), Samvad
(Dialogue), Sahyog (Cooperation), Shanti (Peace), and
 An interim government led by Bangladesh’s Nobel
Samriddhi (Prosperity).
Laureate has been established.
 Political upheavals in South Asia impact India’s strategic India-Bangladesh Relations
interests and regional stability.
 Regional Cooperation: Bangladesh joined Indo-Pacific
Possible Implications Oceans Initiative; significant bilateral trade.
 Security and Border Management: Cooperation on
 Unrest in neighboring countries affects India's strategic
border security, anti-corruption, and drug trafficking.
interests.
 Land Boundary Agreement (2015): Peaceful resolution of
 Potential impacts on security and diplomatic relations.
boundary disputes.
 Increased illegal migration and forced displacement.
 Cultural Relations: Active cultural exchange through
 Increase of foreign power in Bangladesh politics.
Indian Cultural Centres.
 Developmental Partnership: $8 billion in Lines of Credit
extended to Bangladesh.

Challenges

 River Water Dispute: Example of Teesta.

 Role of China: China as Bangladesh’s strategic partner
and major arms supplier.
 Internal Security Issues: Illegal migration and rising
radicalization in Bangladesh.
 Policy Impact: Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA)
10 LEGEND BHAIYA

affecting relations.

Steps to be Taken

 Negotiations for CEPA: Early commencement.

 Hydro Diplomacy: Conclusion of a Water Sharing Treaty.
Instability in India's Neighborhood
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Power and Energy Collaboration: Expand to develop Advantages of Minilateralism

regional electricity trade.
 Provides a nimble alternative to complex multilateralism,
 Connectivity Projects: Accelerate to boost exports to
facilitating quicker responses.
Bangladesh.
 Enables like-minded countries to address specific issues,
 Regional Integration: Envision Bangladesh as a key
such as the Supply-Chain Resilience initiative involving
anchor in BIMSTEC, SAARC, and IORA.
Australia, India, and Japan.
Act East Policy  Addresses challenges from de-globalization and
protectionism, exemplified by the US-China Trade War.
 Background: AEP is the evolution from Look East Policy
 Preventive Diplomacy: Helps prevent conflicts from
(1992), focusing on Indo-Pacific region with ASEAN at its
escalating, e.g., OSCE's Conflict Prevention Centre.
core.
 Objectives: Promote economic cooperation, cultural ties, Benefits of Minilaterals for India
and strategic relationships in the region.
 Enhances India’s multi-alignment policy, e.g., QUAD
Achievements partnership.
 Strengthens security and economic ties, e.g., India-
 Regional Integration: Strengthened partnerships with
Australia-France trilateral for regional security, India-
Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Japan.
Iran-Armenia for INSTC.
 Northeastern States: Enhanced integration with ASEAN.
 Facilitates solutions to global challenges like water,
 Defense Exports: BrahMos missile supply to the energy, and food security, e.g., India-France-UAE
Philippines. trilateral.
Challenges:

 Chinese Integration: Deeper Chinese involvement in

ASEAN economies.
 Economic Underperformance: Trade deficit of $43.57
billion.

Way Forward

 Review ASEAN FTA: Enhance trade agreements.

 Promote Tourism: Boost tourism and collaboration with Conclusion: Embrace minilateralism alongside
Singapore and Malaysia. multilateralism, while advocating for reforms at the
 Semiconductor Mission: Partner to strengthen the Indian multilateral level to support a universal rules-based
Semiconductor Mission. framework.

Rise of Minilaterals Group of 7 (G7) at a Glance

 New Developments: Emergence of groupings like Quad,

AUKUS in response to Chinese aggression.
 Minilaterals: Informal groupings of 3-4 states addressing
specific threats or issues.

Failure of Multilateral Institutions

 Great-Power Rivalry: Rising tensions among major

powers hinder consensus, leading to a dysfunctional
WTO.
Significance:
 Emergence of New Groupings: Aggressive Chinese
11 LEGEND BHAIYA

policies have spurred formations like QUAD and AUKUS.  Global Governance: Central role in AI governance and tax
 Developed nations view the influence of developing governance.
countries as excessive, with disagreements over  Rules-Based Order: Defends democratic values and
principles like CBDR (Common But Differentiated international norms.
Responsibilities).  Crisis Resolution: Platform for addressing global issues
like the Ukraine-Russia war.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Way Forward:

 Collaborate on initiatives to enhance climate resilience.

 Focus on illegal fishing, piracy, and marine pollution.
 Allocate resources strategically for sustainable
development.
 Focus on IT, cybersecurity, desalination, and other
specific needs.

Western Indian Ocean (WIOR)

About WIOR: Stretches from the east coast of Africa to the

Limitations: western shores of India.
 Economic Shift: G7’s share of global GDP fell from over Includes Eastern African coastal states (Kenya, Mozambique,
60% in the 1970s to 26.4% in 2023. Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania), island states (Comoros,
 Discord Among Members: Internal disagreements affect Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles), and French territories
effectiveness, e.g., US withdrawal from climate (Mayotte, Reunion).
commitments.
Significance
India-Pacific Islands Nations Relations
 Major routes and chokepoints, such as the Cape of Good
 Geography: Includes Melanesia, Micronesia, and Hope and Mozambique Channel, handling 30% of global
Polynesia. oil trade.
 Aid and Trade: India has provided aid (e.g., to Papua New  Facilitated by the Information Fusion Centre-Indian
Guinea) and had $571.66 million in trade with FIPIC in Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) for real-time data exchange.
2021-22.  Rich in offshore oil, gas, and fisheries, with a Gross
Significance: Marine Product of $20 billion annually.

 Geopolitical Strategy: Key for India’s Indo-Pacific strategy Significance for India
and maritime alliances.  Countering Chinese Influence: India’s military base in
 Economic Leverage: Potential for partnerships in Blue Madagascar helps neutralize Chinese advances.
Economy and strategic resource use.  Blue Economy: Supports India’s Deep Ocean Mission and
 Climate Commitment: Supports climate initiatives and Blue Economy 2.0.
has a strong diaspora presence in Fiji.  Energy Security: Key routes like the Suez Canal are vital
India's Engagement with Pacific Island Nations for India’s energy needs.

Initiatives: Challenges

 Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI, 2019): An open, non-  Risks from rising sea levels, ocean acidification, and
treaty-based global initiative promoting maritime extreme weather.
cooperation.  Chinese Debt Trap: High debt levels in East Africa, e.g.,
 Grant-in-Aids and Concessional Lines of Credit: For Kenya, pose economic risks.
renewable energy and climate projects.  Militarization: External powers' military bases (US in
 Facilitation in Election Processes: E.g., supplying Diego Garcia, China in Djibouti) could disrupt regional
indelible ink to Papua New Guinea. security.

Challenges: India-WIOR Engagement

 Increased Chinese Influence: China’s security pact with  Mission SAGAR: Provides COVID-19 assistance, including
12 LEGEND BHAIYA

the Solomon Islands (2022) poses a strategic challenge. food aid and medicines.
 Limited international aid capability due to focus on  Joint Military Exercises: Example: Africa-India Field
domestic investments. Training Exercise (AFINDEX-19).
 Vast distance between India and Pacific Island Nations  Operation Sankalp: Indian Navy’s maritime security
(PINS) complicates engagement. operations in key areas.
 IFC-IOR: Central hub for maritime information exchange.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Conclusion: The Western Indian Ocean is a vital geopolitical Challenges

and economic hub. Continued focus on security, joint
exercises, and strategic partnerships will enhance maritime  Project Progress: Slow progress on INSTC (International
stability and regional cooperation. North-South Transport Corridor) and IMEC (India-Middle
East-Europe Economic Corridor).
India-Japan Relations  Chinese Influence: BRI’s growing footprint.
 Indo-Russia Relations:
 PM of India and Japan held a bilateral meeting at the G7
Managing ties with both
Summit in Naples, Italy.
China and Russia,
 2024 marks 10 years of the India-Japan Special Global
balancing maritime (e.g.,
and Strategic Partnership.
QUAD) and continental
 Bilateral trade stood at $21.06 billion for FY 2022-23.
(e.g., SCO) interests.
Significance
Opportunities
 Alignment of Japan's 'Free and Open Indo-Pacific' and
 Energy Grid: Develop a
India's Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI).
Eurasian energy grid (e.g.,
 Linking South Asia and Southeast Asia through India's Green Grids Initiative).
'Act East' and Japan's 'Partnership for Quality
 Non-Traditional Security: Address food and
Infrastructure.'
environmental security.
 Connecting East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia to
 Arctic Cooperation: Explore peace-building efforts in
Africa.
Afghanistan and cooperation in the Arctic.
 Science & Technology: Collaboration on Lunar Polar
 Peace Efforts: India proposed as a venue for a Russia-
Exploration Mission (LUPEX).
Ukraine peace summit.
Challenges
Way Forward
 Trade remains low despite the CEPA (Comprehensive
 Consider joining Russia’s Greater Eurasian Corridor and
Economic Partnership Agreement).
Northeast Passage.
 Differences on China, Russia-Ukraine war (Japan supports
 Hold annual India-Central Asia Summit; balance with Act
sanctions against Russia).
East Policy and Indo-Pacific Strategy using BRICS and SCO
 Project Delays: Slow progress on initiatives like the Asia- memberships.
Africa Growth Corridor.
International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
Steps Forward
2024 marks 75 years of the Geneva Conventions (1949), the
 Review and update CEPA; revise rules of origin. foundation of IHL.
 Enhance co-production and co-development.
 Align on freedom of navigation and rule-based order. IHL aims to limit conflict impacts and protect non-
 New Areas: Deepen cooperation in modern biology, combatants.
biotechnology, etc.
Key Treaties
India-Eurasia Relations
 1954 Hague Convention: Protection of Cultural Property.
Eurasia: Vast region combining Europe and Asia (includes  1972 Biological Weapons Convention.
Ukraine, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia,  1993 Chemical Weapons Convention.
Azerbaijan, etc.).  1998 Rome Statute.

Changing Dynamics: Conflicts like Russia-Ukraine, growing Principles of IHL

Chinese influence via BRI, and shifting US strategic priorities.
 Distinction: Between civilians and combatants.
13 LEGEND BHAIYA

India’s Eastern European Pivot  Proportionality: Minimizing incidental harm.

 Precaution: Protecting civilians in military operations.
 Increased engagement with Ukraine, Poland, and Greece.
 Poland and India elevated to a Strategic Partnership. Challenges
 India’s independent stance on Ukraine, demonstrating
 National security often outweighs humanitarian
strategic autonomy.
concerns.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Many armed groups do not adhere to IHL.  Invest in renewable energy, nuclear power, and explore
 Sovereignty limits international jurisdiction (e.g., new oil and gas sources.
Myanmar’s Rohingya crisis).  Strengthen strategic partnerships and involvement in
 Technology: Challenges from autonomous weapons like international forums.
lethal drones.  Invest in energy grids, pipelines, and LNG terminals for
better distribution and resilience.
Way Forward
Space Diplomacy
 Global Governance: UNSC Reforms: Limit veto power use
in mass atrocities, as advocated by G4 Nations. India and Nepal signed an MOU for the launch of Nepal's
 Regional Organizations: Enhance their role in enforcing Munal satellite, highlighting the role of space technology in
International Humanitarian Law (IHL). diplomacy.
 Political: National Legal Systems: Strengthen prosecution
About Space Diplomacy: Uses space science and technology
mechanisms for IHL violators.
to achieve foreign policy goals and strengthen space
 Non-State Actors: Encourage signing Deeds of
capabilities.
Commitment to uphold IHL norms.
Significance for India
Energy Diplomacy
 Investments in space technology and resources, such as
Energy Diplomacy: Diplomacy aimed at managing energy
the South Asia Satellite Project.
relations with hydrocarbon-rich nations and promoting
 Agreements like the India-US space situational
renewable energy transitions.
awareness agreement.
Nord Stream  Capacity building through programs like UNNATI
(UNispace Nanosatellite Assembly & Training).
 Overview: Offshore pipelines from Russia to Germany  Conflict-Free Space: Commitment to peaceful use of
through the Baltic Sea. outer space.
Implications: Challenges
 EU: Reduced dependence on Russian gas, high financial  Private Sector Participation: Limited involvement from
costs, increased energy dialogue with other regions. private companies.
 Russia: Revenue decline, exit of major European energy  Deep Space Missions: Few missions and collaborations in
firms, exploration of new markets like Asia-Pacific. deep space exploration.
India’s Energy Diplomacy  Multilateral Partnerships: Need for more extensive
international space partnerships.
 Regional Integration: Cross-border electricity trade with
Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh. Conclusion: Space diplomacy offers new opportunities to
 Oil & Gas Diplomacy: Strategic reserves agreements with strengthen international relations and national autonomy
UAE, Saudi Arabia; investments in global assets. through technological advancements.
 Renewable Energy: Initiatives like One Sun One World India-Russia Relations
One Grid (OSOWOG); collaborations on green hydrogen.
 Multilateral Engagements: Involvement with IEA and PM of India visited Russia in July 2024 for the 22nd India-
other international bodies. Russia Annual Summit.

Concerns Key Outcomes

 87.3% of crude oil imports, exposing India to price  Trade & Economic Partnership: Set a bilateral trade
fluctuations. target of $100 billion by 2030, promote national currency
 Balancing relationships with energy suppliers and use in trade, and signed cooperation agreements for the
14 LEGEND BHAIYA

partners. Russian Far East and Arctic.

 Insufficient for efficient energy storage and distribution.  Military Cooperation: Joint manufacturing of Russian-
 Rivalry with China for energy resources, particularly in origin arms and equipment under Make-in-India.
Africa and Central Asia. ECONOMICS
Way Forward Nobel Prize in Economics: Women in Labour Force
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Claudia Goldin received the Nobel Prize for her research on  The 'Global Skill Gap Study' by the National Skill
women's labour market outcomes. Development Corporation (NSDC) highlights growing
global demand for Indian talent across various sectors.
Historical Change: Women's paid work has tripled in high-
income countries over the past century, though gender Impacts of Labour Mobility
differences persist.
 Global Labour Market: High-income countries face
Global Status: 50% of women are in paid employment vs. shrinking working-age populations and ageing
80% of men. demographics.
 Labour Mobility: Enhances global productivity and equity
India: Female labour force participation is 24% compared to
but can lead to brain drain.
73.6% for males (2022).
 India’s
U-Shaped Relationship: Development affects female labour Advantage:
participation differently at various GDP per capita levels. Leveraging its
demographic
Gender Differences: Women often earn less and face fewer advantage
opportunities compared to men. India sees significant through skill
earnings gaps, especially among self-employed women. development
Factors: Goldin’s research highlights that women's and migration
participation is influenced by social norms, technological agreements.
advancements, and parenthood. Challenges:
Way Forward:
 Covid-19: Impacted migrant workers.
 Understand reasons for gender differences.  Anti-Immigration: Policies in high-income countries.
 Equal access to education and healthcare.  Automation: Changes in job nature.
 Improve tax systems, public spending, and financial Way Forward:
infrastructure.
 Combat practices like child marriage and domestic  Match Indian labour with global demand.
violence.  Invest in skills training.
 Simplify processes and provide clear information.
Bridging Global Workforce Gaps
 Lower transaction costs and facilitate reintegration.
ORF’s India Employment Outlook 2030 reports India will
Gig Economy
contribute 24.2% of the global workforce growth over the
next decade. Karnataka's draft bill aims to improve social security for gig
workers.
Global Labour Market Scenario
Definition: Gig workers operate outside traditional
 Shrinking Working Age Population
employment relationships.
 Demographic Shifts: Rapid changes in high-income
countries due to declining birth rates. Types:
 Projected Decline: Expected reduction of over 92 million
Platform-Based: E.g., delivery workers for Zomato.
working-age people by 2050.
 Ageing Population: Elderly populations (65 and older) set Non-Platform-Based: Casual workers in various sectors.
to grow by over 100 million in many high-income
countries. Drivers: Technology, demand for on-demand services, work-
 Labour mobility connects potential migrants with life balance.
employers, enhancing global productivity and equity. Challenges:
15 LEGEND BHAIYA

India's Demographic Advantage  Digital Divide: Access to technology issues.

 India’s population exceeds 1.4 billion, with nearly 65% in  Data Protection: Privacy concerns.
the working age group (15-64 years), and over 27%  Job Security: Lack of stable employment and benefits.
between 15 and 24 years.  Algorithmic Management: Stress from performance
metrics.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Boost infrastructure and productivity.

Inclusive Growth

Economic development benefiting all societal sections,

particularly marginalized groups.

Initiatives:

 Livelihood & Employment: MGNREGA, NRLM.

 Social Security: Ayushman Bharat, NFSA.
 Financial Inclusion: Jan Dhan Yojana.
Steps Taken:
 Skilling: Skill India Mission.
 Codes: Social Security (2020) and Wages (2019) provide  Agriculture: PM-KISAN, KCC.
benefits.  Education: SSA, NEP 2020.
 e-SHRAM Portal: Database for unorganised workers.  Infrastructure: PM Gram Sadak Yojana, Bharatmala.
 Insurance: Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana offers
Challenges:
accidental cover.

Way Forward:  Wealth concentration among the top 1%.

 11.28% of the population in multidimensional poverty.
 Social Protection: Expand coverage for gig workers.  Disparities in income and amenities.
 Development: Enhance digital economy skills and  Exclusion: Vulnerable groups facing marginalization.
financial inclusion.  Infrastructure Gaps: Particularly in rural areas.
 Universal social security coverage.
Way Forward:
India's Structural Transformation
 Education and Skills: Enhance access and quality.
IMF's working  Financial Inclusion: Expand services and literacy.
paper examines  Job Creation: Support labour-intensive sectors and
India's structural MSMEs.
transformation  Improve infrastructure and productivity.
and
technological Revised Priority Sector Lending Norms
catch-up.
Revised PSL guidelines aim to boost small loans in
Key Points economically disadvantaged districts.

 Economic Changes: Decline in agriculture’s share (42% to Revised Norms

15%); rise in services (34.5% to 55.3%).
 Incentive Framework: Higher weight (125%) for fresh
 Employment: Agriculture’s share in jobs decreased
priority sector loans in districts with low credit
(73.9% to 42%); services increased (14.8% to 30.7%).
availability (less than ₹9,000 per person).
 Urbanization: By 2036, 40% of the population will live in
 Disincentive Framework: Lower weight (80%) for loans in
cities.
districts with high credit availability (more than ₹42,000
Key Issues: per person).
 Other Districts: Maintain current weight of 100% unless
 Sectoral Imbalance: Agriculture’s high employment they are outliers with very low or high credit availability.
share despite low output.  MSME Loans: All bank loans to MSMEs now qualify for
 Tech Adoption: Services outperform manufacturing in PSL classification.
technology.
16 LEGEND BHAIYA

 Job Creation: Need for 143-324 million jobs by 2050. Need for New Norms

Policy Recommendations:  Address Regional Disparities: Improve credit flow to

underserved areas.
 Improve education quality and skilling.  Support MSMEs: Encourage manufacturing and
 Trade Integration: Remove trade barriers. production industries.
 Reduce Red Tape: Simplify regulations.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Positive Impact Issues with MFIs: Challenges: Low outreach, high-interest

rates, neglect of urban poor, and ever-greening of overdue
 Ensures credit reaches underbanked populations. loans.
 Increased agricultural credit due to PSL.
 Boosts local economies and job creation. FinTech Sector at a Glance
 Enhanced income reported in case studies.
 Market Value: Indian FinTech industry valued at $50-60
Issues with PSL billion in FY21, projected to reach $150 billion by 2025.
 Adoption Rate: 87% in India as of March 2020, compared
 Non-Performing Assets (NPAs): PSL has led to higher to the global average of 64%.
NPAs and increased write-offs.  Global Standing: India has the 3rd largest FinTech
 Increased Costs: Higher administrative and transactional ecosystem globally.
costs for banks.  Real-Time Transactions: India accounted for 46% of all
 Other Concerns: Low profitability and government real-time transactions worldwide in 2022.
interference.
Growth Drivers
Way Forward
 Advances in AI and systems like the Inter-Operable
 Strengthen Microfinance Institutions: Expand credit Regulatory Sandbox (IORS).
supply to rural areas.  India has the 2nd highest number of mobile internet
 Use of Technology: Implement mobile banking for users.
efficient credit delivery.  Addition of 140 million middle-income and 21 million
Microfinance in India high-income households by 2030.
 Programs like PMJDY, DAY-NRLM, Direct Benefit
Recent Report: "Micro Matters: Macro View" by Microfinance Transfers, and Atal Pension Yojana.
Industry Network (MFIN)
Government Initiatives
Role: Umbrella body for Non-Bank Finance Company Micro
Finance Institutions (NBFC-MFIs), established in 2009.  ONDC: Open Network for Digital Commerce to enhance
digital exchanges.
Key Findings  DIGIDHAN Mission: Promoting digital payment
infrastructure.
 Largest Providers: NBFC-MFIs and banks are major micro-
 IFSCA: Regulating financial products, institutions, and
credit providers.
services.
 NPA Improvement: Gross NPAs decreased from 5.6%
(FY22) to 2.7% (FY23). Challenges
 Geographic Shift: East and Northeast states' share fell to
34.9% from 37.7%.  Rapidly changing regulations and compliance costs.
 Limited awareness, especially in rural areas.
Government Initiatives  Risks from Big Tech dominance and potential
monopolistic issues.
 SHG-Bank Linkage Program: Increase loan volumes for
Self-Help Groups (SHGs). Way Forward
 E-shakti Programme: Digitize SHG accounts.
 PM SVANidhi: Affordable working capital loans for street  Enhancing telecommunications and regulatory
vendors. frameworks.
 Harmonizing standards and building consensus.
Significance  Increasing knowledge and skills to assess digital
guidance.
 Integrates the unbanked into the formal financial system.
 A large proportion of microfinance beneficiaries are
17 LEGEND BHAIYA

FinFluencers
women.
 Provides access to credit for income-generating activities. SEBI Regulations: New rules set by SEBI for unregistered
 Promotes social cohesion through SHGs. financial influencers.

About FinFluencers : Individuals providing financial advice on

various platforms, including stock trading and personal
investments.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Rise Factors  Major Partners: China, USA, UAE, Russia, and Saudi
Arabia.
 Increased Retail Investment: Growth in retail investors.
 Surplus Partners: USA, Netherlands, UK, Belgium, and
 Technological Advancements: Democratization of trading
Italy.
via digital platforms.
 Revenue Sources: Earnings from ads, collaborations, and Impact
affiliate marketing.
 Negative: Depletion of forex reserves, widening current
Issues account deficit, and strategic implications.
 Positive: Access to a broader range of goods and
 Lack of Regulation: Difficulty in assessing expertise and
increased domestic investment.
liability.
 Market Manipulation: Risks of influencers manipulating Reasons
stocks.
 Reliance on Imports: Crude oil, pharmaceuticals.
 High-Risk Investments: Promotion of high-risk options
 Changing Consumption Patterns: Increased demand for
without proper disclosures.
durables and luxury goods.
 Ethical Concerns: Potential for misleading information
 Structural Factors: Growth issues in manufacturing, high
and unethical practices.
logistics costs.

Horticulture Clusters

About Horticulture Clusters: Regional concentrations of

targeted horticulture crops.

Benefits

 Efficiency: Reduces post-harvest losses and facilitates

technology.
 Specialization: Enhances production, management, and
export processes.

Regulatory Actions Current Status

 SEBI Regulations: Framework for financial advice  Contribution: 33% of agriculture GVA, 2nd in global fruit
providers. and vegetable production.
 ASCI Guidelines: Mandating SEBI registration and  Production: 355.48 million tonnes in 2022-23.
disclosure of paid content.  Challenges: Seedling quality, pests, climate change.
 Global Examples: Regulations in Australia, Europe, New Government Steps
Zealand, Singapore, and China.
 MIDH: Holistic growth of horticulture.
Way Forward
 Clean Plant Programme: Access to virus-free planting
 Improved Registration: For financial advisors and material.
disclosure requirements.  CHAMAN: Scientific methodology for crop production.
 Real-time supervision and code of conduct.  Capital Investment Subsidy Scheme: For cold storage
 Programs to improve financial literacy and critical expansion.
appraisal skills.
PDS and Household Expenditure
 Self-Regulation: Industry bodies to uphold standards.
HCES Data: Analyzing the impact of social security programs
India’s Trade Deficit like PDS.
18 LEGEND BHAIYA

Trade Deficit: India recorded trade deficits with 9 out of 10

About PDS
top trading partners in FY 2023-24.
 Food Security Program: Ensures subsidized food to 75%
Current Status
of rural and 50% of urban populations.
 Trade Deficit: When imports exceed exports.  Operational Responsibility: Jointly managed by Central
and State governments.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Commodities: Under the POS, presently wheat, rice, Objective: Support young innovators and startups in technical
sugar and kerosene are being allocated to the States/UTs textiles.
for distribution.
Grant: Up to ₹50 lakhs for 18 months.
 Some States/UTs also distribute additional items such as
pulses, edible oils, iodized salt, spices, etc. Technical Textiles : Textile materials used for their technical
performance rather than aesthetics.
Impact on Household Expenditure
Significance for India

 Productivity: Agro-textiles enhance farm productivity.

 Decline in Food Expenditure: Share of food expenditure
 Growth: 5th largest market globally, with a significant
has decreased.
export increase.
 Shift in Spending: More on nutritious and processed food
 Export Potential: Grew from USD 2.21 billion to USD 2.85
items.
billion in 2021-22.
 Rice and Wheat: Dominates cereal consumption at 90%
of per capita intake. Challenges
Textile Sector at a Glance  Import Dependence: Machinery largely imported.
 Standardization: Lack of standards affects product
 Economic Contribution: 2.3% of Indian GDP, 12% of
quality.
export earnings, and 5% of global trade in textiles and
 Entrepreneurial Gap: Limited culture and skill training.
apparel.
 R&D: Inadequate facilities hinder innovation.
 Production: Major producer of cotton, jute, silk, and
technical textiles; 95% of hand-woven fabric globally. Way Forward
 Employment: Directly employs over 45 million people
(21% of total employment).  Education: Develop skilling and entrepreneurship
programs.
Government Initiatives  Branding: Position Indian brands globally.
 Infrastructure: 7 Mega Integrated Textile Region and  PPP Models: Establish centers of excellence.
Apparel Parks (PMMITRA).  Start-ups: Support through incubation centers.
 Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: For the textile Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
sector.
 GREAT Scheme: Startup guidelines for technical textiles SEZ (Fifth Amendment) Rules, 2023: Allow designation of
innovation. non-processing areas in IT/ITES SEZs.
 ATUFS: Upgrades technology in the textile industry.
About SEZs
 IndiaTex: Promotes circularity in textiles.
 Duty-free enclaves
Challenges
for trade operations
 Dominated by unorganized sector and small industries. and tariffs.
 Rising due to market conditions and supply shortages. Governed by SEZ
 Poor conditions increase lead times and costs. Act 2005 and rules
effective from
Way Forward 2006.
 280 SEZs with
 Focus on non-wovens and technical textiles.
$163.69 billion in
 Develop mega apparel parks with integrated facilities.
exports (2023-24).
 Address inverted duty issues.
 Promote reuse and natural dyes. Incentives
19 LEGEND BHAIYA

Technical Textiles  Duty-Free Imports:

For SEZ
GREAT Initiative: Approved seven startup proposals to development.
support innovation in technical textiles.
 Tax Exemptions: Central and state taxes.
About GREAT Initiative  Single Window Clearance: For approvals.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Challenges  Inclusivity:
Enhances
 Policy Reversals: Reduced incentives impact SEZ
access for
attractiveness.
vulnerable
 Idle Lands: 52% of SEZ land remains unused. groups.
 Procedural Issues: Documentation and WTO compliance  Banking
problems. Impact:
Recommendations Tripled bank
accounts
 Competitiveness: Enhance infrastructure and focus on from 2015
employment. to 2023,
 SEZ Focus: Expand beyond export to economic growth. with 55% owned by women.
 Infrastructure Status: Improve access to finance.
Global Efforts for Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)
 Flexibility: Optimize land use and integrate with PLI
schemes.  Digital Economy Working Group (DEWG): Reached
Standardization Framework international consensus on DPI approach.
 One Future Alliance (OFA): G20 initiative for capacity
Call for Leadership: Union Minister emphasizes India's role in building, technical assistance, and funding in Low and
standardization. Middle-Income Countries (LMICs).
 Global DPI Repository (GDPIR): Launched at G20 summit
Significance of Standardization
to focus on DPI challenges.
 Economic Growth: Supports competitiveness and  Social Impact Fund (SIF): Announced to accelerate.
innovation.
Challenges for Global DPI Advancement:
 Health & Safety: Addresses various concerns.
 Funding and resource allocation.
Standards Development in India
 Digital divide and accessibility issues.
 BIS: National Standards Body established under BIS Act  Developing appropriate policies and regulations.
2016.  Data privacy and security concerns.
 Certifications: ISI, BIS Hallmark, ECO Mark.  Cultural and social acceptance.
 Initiatives: SNAP, INSS, and QCI schemes.
India's Role in Promoting DPI
About Quality Council of India (QCI)
 Identity System: Modular Open-Source Identity Platform
 Role: Promotes quality through accreditation and (MOSIP) launched to help countries implement Aadhaar-
standards. like systems.
 Achievements: COVID-19 testing, cleanliness  Payment Linkages: Agreements with nations like
certifications, and agricultural standards. Singapore, Malaysia, UAE, and France to expand
payment systems.
Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)  G20 Consensus: Under India's presidency, G20 leaders
G20 Report: Released by India’s G20 Task Force on DPI. endorsed DPI framework.
 Alternative Model: Emphasizes public ownership and
What is DPI: Shared digital systems for secure, interoperable, control over critical infrastructure.
and equitable access to services.
Way Forward:
Significance of DPI
 Adopt a three-pillared DPI approach with open and
 Development: Accelerates economic growth and reusable technology frameworks.
20 LEGEND BHAIYA

innovation.  Establish annual DPI forums and Global South Forums for
shared experiences.
 Develop focused institutions for policy formulation and
technical expertise.

Digital Monopoly
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Google violated anti-trust laws by monopolizing General Railway Safety

Search Services and Text Advertising markets.

 Digital Monopoly : A single company controls significant

digital ecosystems and markets.
 Google's Market Share: 89.2% in General Search Services,
94.9% on mobile devices, and 88% in text advertising.
 Anti-Competitive Practices: Control over distribution
channels, exclusive deals with major tech companies.
Causes of Railway accidents:
India's Initiatives:
 Derailment: Poor maintenance of locomotives, rolling
 Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020: Aims to
stock, tracks, and signals.
prevent anti-competitive practices in e-commerce.
 Operational issues: Mistakes by railway staff (75% of
 Competition (Amendment) Act, 2023: New thresholds for
derailments).
merger notifications to address digital monopolies.
 Human Error: Errors by road users, passengers, and
 Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: Regulates
others.
data concentration by dominant players.
 Signal Failure: Defective or damaged track circuits and
 Proposed Digital India Act (DIA): Comprehensive
axle [Link]: Faulty signal modifications led to
regulation of digital enterprises.
the Balasore collision in 2023.
 Draft National Data Governance Framework Policy:
Standardizes data management and security. Safety Measures:
Way Forward:  KAVACH System: Automatic Train Protection system for
collision avoidance.
 Introduce a Digital Competition Act with ex-ante
 Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh (RRSK): Rs. 1 lakh crore
measures.
fund for safety upgrades.
 Identify Systemically Important Digital Intermediaries
 Eliminated UMLCs: Unmanned level crossings removed.
(SIDIs) for specific regulations.
 Safety Information Management System (SIMS):
 Implement merger control reforms and strengthen the
Improved accident reporting and analysis.
Competition Commission of India (CCI).
 Improve coordination among regulatory bodies and align Way Forward:
with global best practices.
 Create a statutory body for safety oversight.
Dark Patterns  Develop safety frameworks for RRSK-funded projects.
ASCI Report: Found deceptive "dark patterns" used by almost  Use AI for safety monitoring and irregularity detection.
all Indian apps.  Replicate successful models like Mumbai's Automatic
Train Protection Systems.

Transshipment Port

Dark Patterns: Manipulative design practices impairing New Port: Vizhinjam International Transshipment
consumer choice and autonomy. Deepwater Multipurpose Seaport in Kerala welcomed its first
cargo ship.
Key dark pattern identified:
Port Model:
 Privacy Deception: Unintentional data sharing. Landlord model
 Interface Interference: Hiding actions to mislead users. with Public-Private
21 LEGEND BHAIYA

 Drip Pricing: Revealing additional fees gradually. Partnership

 False Urgency: Artificial pressure to act quickly. (DBFOT).
 Confirm-Shaming: Guilt-tripping users into actions.
Transshipment:
Initiative: ASCI and Department of Consumer Affairs issued Process of
guidelines to regulate deceptive patterns. transferring cargo between ships at a transit hub.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Why Vizhinjam? Report Release: The "e-mobility R&D Roadmap for India"
outlines measures to achieve net-zero targets.
Strategic Location: Positioned 10 nautical miles from major
international shipping routes connecting Europe, the Persian Proposed R&D Roadmap
Gulf, and the Far East. Sphere Measures required
Energy Increase lithium reserves and utilize
Natural Advantage: With a deep draft of 18 meters and a Storage existing technologies.
curvilinear coast, it minimizes tsunami impact and erosion, Cell
reducing maintenance costs. EV Focus on hybrid energy storage systems
Aggregates: combining batteries and supercapacitors.
Transshipment Hub: Positioned to transfer Indian and
Material Analyze recycling value-chains and
regional cargo to mainline vessels more cost-effectively than
and monitor environmental impacts.
competitors. Recycling:
Significance of India as a Transshipment Hub Charging Develop infrastructure for dynamic
and wireless charging and scalable systems.
 Revenue Generation: Potential to save $200-220 million Refueling:
currently lost to foreign ports. Need/Requirement for E-Mobility
 Reduced Logistic Costs: Turnaround time has improved
 Reduces CO₂ emissions from the transport sector,
from 4.3 days in 2012-13 to 2.1 days in 2022-23, still
aligning with global climate goals.
lagging behind the global median of 1.04 days.
 Dependence: Lessens reliance on imported crude oil,
 Stimulating Economic Growth: Expected to save foreign
with transport sector energy accounting for 18% of
exchange, attract foreign investment, and reduce
imports.
dependence on foreign ports, enhancing national
 India’s large automobile market can drive EV exports.
security.
 Job creation and lower maintenance costs.
Issues in Development
Challenges
 Major Indian ports have depths of 10-14 meters,
 Expensive batteries and limited charging infrastructure
whereas transshipment hubs need at least 20 meters.
(2000 stations).
 DIndian ports are far from key international routes.
 90% of used batteries are improperly processed.
 Frequent strikes and inefficiencies at Indian ports.
 Lithium resources are concentrated in limited regions.
 Other Challenges: Funding, land acquisition delays,
 Varying battery chemistries and charging connectors.
logistics inefficiencies, and competition from foreign
ports. Government Initiatives
Steps Taken  Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme 2024 (EMPS 2024):
For boosting EV manufacturing.
 Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047: A plan to transform
 PLI Schemes: Incentives for advanced automotive
India’s maritime sector.
technologies and battery production.
 New Terminals: Development of international container
 FAME India Scheme Phase-II: Supports phased
transshipment terminals at Galathea Bay and
manufacturing.
Vallarpadam.
 GST Rationalization: Reduced rates on EV components
 Tariff Guidelines 2021: Aims to create competitive and
and charging stations.
rationalized logistics costs.
Way Forward
Way Forward
 Implement swapping stations for EV batteries.
 Infrastructure Investment: Upgrade cargo handling at
existing ports.  Adopt common standards for charging and battery
technologies.
 PPP Projects: Rationalize taxes and streamline approvals
22 LEGEND BHAIYA

for private investment.  Encourage charging station setup and manufacturing

hubs.
 Skill Development: Collaborate with IITs/NITs/IIMs for
research and development. Offshore Minerals in India
E-Mobility The Central Government has introduced Offshore Areas
(Existence of Mineral Resources) Rules, 2024 under the
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act Way Forward

2002.
 Pricing Recommendations: Implement free and market-
About Offshore Minerals determined pricing.
 Demand Stimulation: Use tax benefits and incentives.
 Offshore Mining: Extracts minerals from the deep
 Utilize Existing Assets: Focus on stranded gas-based
seabed at depths over 200 meters.
plants.
 Extent: India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) holds
extensive offshore mineral resources.  R&D: Advance technologies for extraction and utilization,
 Mineral Deposits: Includes gold, diamonds, copper, such as the Cool-to-SNG project.
nickel, cobalt, manganese, and rare earth elements.
 Reserves: Identified reserves include lime mud, Coal Sector in India
construction-grade sand, heavy mineral placers,
phosphorite, and polymetallic nodules. CAGR Drop:
Imported coal
Rules 2024 share fell from
13.94% (2004-
 Applicability: Covers all minerals except hydrocarbons 14) to 2.29%
and specified minerals under the Mines and Minerals (2014-24).
(Development and Regulation) Act 1957.
 Definitions: Uses UNFC and CRIRSCO standards for Key
exploration stages and feasibility studies. Reforms/Initiatives
 Exploration Stages: Includes reconnaissance,
preliminary, general, and detailed exploration.  CMSP Act 2015: Allowed auction of coal mines for
 Feasibility Studies: Stages from geological study to commercial mining by private entities.
feasibility study.  Mines and Minerals Act 2021: Increased transparency
 Exploration Standards: Mandates rigorous standards for and efficiency; introduced Composite Prospecting
sustainable development and accurate assessment. Licence-cum-Mining Lease (PL-cum-ML).
 FDI: 100% FDI in coal mining attracted global expertise.
Gas-Based Economy  Coal Logistic Policy 2024: Aims to improve coal
evacuation logistics.
Significance

 Lower CO2 Emissions: Natural gas emits about 40% less Persistent Issues/Challenges
CO₂ compared to coal.
 Efficiency: Gas-fired plants are more efficient and can  High Import Dependence.
serve as backup for renewables.  CIL controls over 80% of coal production; issues of
 Transport: LNG is highly efficient for transport due to its market dominance.
 Outdated mining techniques lead to inefficiency.
reduced volume.
 High logistics costs and limited multi-modal transport.
Schemes/Policies
Way Forward
 Revised Pricing Guidelines: Based on Kirit Parikh’s
recommendations.  Sustainable Practices: Use Miyawaki method for green
 HELP 2016: Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing cover.
Policy.  Encourage Private Players: Reduce CIL burden and
 India Gas Exchange: Unified tariff for natural gas promote tech upgrades.
pipelines.  Import Substitution: Rationalize coal linkage,
operationalize coal blocks, mandate use of domestic coal,
Constraints enhance gasification.
23 LEGEND BHAIYA

 Goal Shifts: Targets for gas use have frequently changed.

Creative Economy
 Import Dependence: 50% of LNG needs are met through
imports.
ALICE Initiative: Launched by Indian Chamber of Commerce
 Infrastructure and Adoption Challenges: High costs and
for creative industries.
environmental concerns.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Creative Economy: Economic activities driven by creativity, Key Sources of Funding for Start-ups
ideas, and intellectual property.
Venture  Invests large sums in startups with
Significance Capital market traction and scalable business
(VC): models.
 Economic Growth: Drives demand, innovation, and  Managed by institutional investors;
exports. VCs seek significant ownership and
 Social Development: Promotes inclusion, cultural influence.
preservation, and skill development.
 Cultural Exchange: Enhances diplomatic ties and Angel  Provide personal funds in smaller
sustainable practices. Investors: amounts at early stages.
 Typically invest when startups are
Hurdles just beginning, involving higher risk.

 Digitalization: Digital divide, cybersecurity, and IP Private  Involves investment in established

protection issues. Equity companies or startups through
 Lack of supportive policies, data, and funding. (PE): pooled private funds.
 Ineffective market access and transparency issues.
 Limited awareness and recognition of local arts.
Alternative  Include VC and Angel Funds; pool
Initiatives Investment private investments for startups and
fund other ventures.
 National IPR Policy (2016): Addresses administrative
issues.
 Zonal Cultural Centers: Protects folk art & culture. Why Abolished?
 Global Engagement: Promotes Indian culture
internationally.  Ease of Doing Business: Reduces financial and
 UNESCO Creative Cities: Fosters cooperation in cultural compliance burden on startups.
domains.  Investment Streamlining: Encourages funding, including
foreign investments.
Way Forward
Concerns : May reduce government revenue and risk of
 Define Creative Industries: Mapping and credit schemes. misuse.
 Copyright and IP: Improve protection and awareness.
 Creative Hubs: Establish districts/hubs similar to Way Forward
international models.
 Expand SIDBI Fund-of-Funds and list AIFs.
Angel Tax  Allow FVCIs in all sectors with FDI.
 Mobilize funds from banks and institutional sources.
Budget 2024-25: Angel tax to be abolished to boost
entrepreneurship. Women Entrepreneurship

Angel Tax : Tax on funding raised by startups if valuation NSDC Program: Launched to empower 25 lakh women
exceeds fair market value. For instance, if the fair market entrepreneurs.
value of a start-up share is Rs 10 a piece, and in a subsequent
funding round they offer it to an investor for Rs 20, then the
Objective: Provide skills, knowledge, and financial grants
difference of Rs 10 would be taxed as income.
through online courses.
24 LEGEND BHAIYA

Purpose: Introduced to curb money laundering and tax

Significance
evasion.
 Economic: Job creation and GDP increase; fosters
Legal Provision: It was levied under Section 56 (II) (viib) of the
innovation.
Income Tax Act, 1961.
 Social: Empowers women, enhances education and
networking.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Political and Cultural: Advocates policy and promotes Role of Community in Border Management
cultural heritage.
Uttarakhand villages near the India-Tibet border abandoned,
Challenges raising security concerns amid China’s strategic
encroachments.
 Gender Gap: Access to finance and male-dominated Significance of Community Participation:
structures.
 Social Barriers: Balancing work with traditional roles,  Enhanced Security: Locals help monitor border areas and
safety, and technology access. detect threats.
 Situational Awareness: Provide intelligence on smuggling
Initiatives and suspicious activities.
 Supportive Role: Example of Chushul village aiding the
 Mudra Loans: Collateral-free loans up to 10 lakh. Army during winter.
 Stand-Up India: Financing for women entrepreneurs.
 TREAD Scheme: NGO-based financing for women. Challenges in Engaging Local Communities:
 Women Entrepreneurship Program: NITI Aayog's support
Inadequate Infrastructure: Poor facilities and training for
for women-led enterprises.
border forces.
SECURITY  Alienation: Language barriers and task restrictions may
foster distrust.
Disturbance in Neighboring Nations and India's Internal  Exploitation of Discontent: Criminals may exploit local
Security grievances.
Impact of Neighboring Disturbances on India's Internal Initiatives for Border Communities:
Security:
 Vibrant Villages
 Illegal Influx: Similar to past crises like the Rohingya Programme (2023):
issue. Develops northern
 Internal Conflicts: Refugees may heighten tensions, e.g., border villages.
Kuki-Meitei in Manipur.  Border Area
 Organized Crime: Involves drug trafficking, arms Development
smuggling, and counterfeit currency. Programme (BADP):
 Cross-border Terrorism: Porous borders aid groups like Focuses on
ULFA. development within 50 km of international borders.
 Economic Risks: Damage to Indian assets in neighboring  Border Infrastructure and Management (BIM) Scheme:
countries. Strengthens border management infrastructure.
India's Engagement with Neighbors for Peace: Way Forward:

 Support to People: Examples include Tibetan refugees  Cooperative Federalism: Shared responsibilities between
and the Citizenship Amendment Act (2019). Central and State Governments.
 Joint Military Exercises: Such as Sampriti with  Development: Accelerate infrastructure and ensure
Bangladesh. effective border management.
 Humanitarian Aid: Examples include disaster responses  Community-Centric Approach: Improve security,
like Operation NEER and aid during the Nepal amenities, and engagement with local customs.
earthquake.
25 Years of Kargil War
Way Forward:
Celebrating 25 years of Kargil War victory (Kargil Vijay Diwas)
25 LEGEND BHAIYA

 Political Risk Management: Use media for early warning and Operation Vijay.
and informed decisions.
 Border Security: Enhance with technology, intelligence,
and international cooperation.
 Diplomatic Engagement: Use forums like UN,
Commonwealth, and SAARC for conflict resolution.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Key Points about  Proxy-War Reactivation: Pakistan's attempt to regain

Kargil War: relevance after the abrogation of Article 370 in 2019.
 Security Grid Thinning: Security forces moved to the
 Conflict Area:
China border, leaving Jammu more vulnerable.
Kargil district,
 Militants’ Shift: Increased security in Kashmir pushing
Line of Control
militants towards Jammu.
(LOC), 1999.
Reasons for Persistent Terrorism:
 Infiltration:
External Factors: Internal Factors:
Pakistani forces
occupied Indian  State-sponsored  Over Ground Workers
territory, terrorism from (OGWs) providing logistical
disrupting the LOC. Pakistan. and propaganda support.
 Reasons for Intrusion: To internationalize Kashmir, alter  Porous borders  Periods of President's Rule,
LOC, disrupt supplies, and boost militancy. allowing and absence of
infiltration. democratically-elected
Shortcomings in India's Defense:  Influence of popular governments
The Kargil Review Committee (KRC) Chained by K. global extremist created a political vacuum
ideologies. that terrorist groups
Subrahmanyam and its follow-up by the Group of Ministers.
 Political exploit.
 Failure to anticipate the conflict. instability and  Governance issues: AFSPA,
 Lack of high-resolution satellite imagery and UAVs. governance internet shutdowns,
issues causing arbitrary detentions, etc.,
 Inadequate modernization and outdated equipment.
local alienation. resulted in alienation of
Suggestions from Kargil Review Committee: local people.

 Include a full-time NSA.

 Enhance satellite and UAV capabilities. Measures Taken:
 Establish integrated defense agencies and improve civil-
 Constitutional/Political: Abrogation of Article 370 and
military relations.
reorganization of J&K.
 Create an organization focused on electronic and
 Legal: UAPA amendments, designation of Jamat-e-Islami
communication intelligence (like the National Security
as a terrorist organization.
Agency in US).
 Security: Operation All-Out, Multi-Agency Centre for
 Create an integrated defence intelligence agency (DIA).
intelligence.
 More powers and prominence to the Joint intelligence
 Developmental: Prime Minister's Development Package,
Committee (IIC).
Central Sector Scheme for Industrial Development.

Way Forward:

 Security/Intelligence: Enhance HUMINT and implement

Madhukar Gupta Committee recommendations.
 Political: Upcoming assembly elections to restore
democratic processes.
 Economic: Implement Jammu & Kashmir Industrial Policy
2021-30.
 Diplomatic: Engage with international bodies to isolate
terrorist groups.
Conclusion: Evolving Warfare: Prepare for future conflicts
considering new methods of fighting and technological National Security Strategy (NSS)
26 LEGEND BHAIYA

advancements.
Debate sparked by Chief of Defence Staff on the necessity of
Terrorism in Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) a written National Security Strategy.
Rising terrorist incidents in Jammu division of J&K after two What is NSS: A document summarizing a country’s strategic
decades of relative peace. vision and objectives, addressing both traditional and non-
traditional threats .
Reasons for Recent Rise in Terrorism:
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Why India Needs NSS:  Potential elevation of ANSA to NSA role ensures
organizational stability.
 Long-Term Planning: Ensures coherent decisions.
 Addresses evolving geopolitical needs through
 Strategic Signaling: Clarifies India’s strategic intent.
continuous reforms.
 Emerging Threats Requiring NSCS Strengthening
 Rising dominance in the Indian Ocean and infrastructure
projects along the LAC.

Way Forward for NSCS

 Establish clear qualifications and duties for ANSA,

ensuring a transparent command.
 Adaptability:  Recruit experts on emerging threats and improve
Addresses evolving threats and global trends. interdepartmental coordination.
 Operational Clarity: Guides decision-making and
operational efficiency.
 Whole of Nation Approach: Integrates comprehensive
national power.

Challenges in Codifying NSS:

 Political Will: Lack of consensus and expertise.

 Strategic Flexibility: Risk of reduced flexibility. 
 Resource Allocation: Requires significant resources. Foster partnerships between government, private sector,
 Institutional Support: Limited defense and security think and civil society for enhanced security.
tanks. Urban Naxalism
Previous Steps: Aims to curb urban Naxalism with provisions for declaring
 Defence Planning Committee (2018): Tasked with organizations unlawful and prosecuting suspects.
drafting NSS. Urban Naxalism involves Naxalite activities in cities, including
 Hooda Committee (2018): Suggested tenets for NSS, support and recruitment.
including global role, neighborhood stability, and internal
conflict resolution. Current Framework: Governed by UAPA 1967, which requires
government approval for prosecution.
Conclusion: India must address hesitations and ambiguities in
national security planning for a prosperous future. UN Treaty on Cybercrime

National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) New Treaty: Focuses on combating cybercrime, including
child sexual abuse and money laundering, set to be effective
Appointment of an Additional National Security Advisor (NSA) after 40 ratifications.
to the NSCS for the first time.
Key Provisions: States must criminalize unauthorized access
 Genesis: Created in the late 1990s to support the and child sexual content, ensure alignment with human rights
National Security Council (NSC). laws.
 Role: Apex advisory body on security matters, headed by
the NSA.  Presently, the Budapest Convention of 2001 (negotiated
 Aim: Provide strategy and direction for national security by the Council of Europe) serves as the guideline or
preparedness. reference for cybercrime legislation worldwide.
 Composition: Includes three deputy NSAs, a Military  It was signed on to mostly by member States within
27 LEGEND BHAIYA

Adviser, and a National Maritime Security Coordinator Europe, Turkey, the US, Sri Lanka and Brazil.
(NMSC).
Significance: Creates a global framework for addressing
Significance of Appointing ANSA cybercrime and data access.

 ANSA acts as a crucial link between NSA and NSCS Key Provisions:
members, allowing NSA to focus on key advisory bodies.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Data Collection and Access: Allow states to "collect or Challenges in Tackling:

record" relevant data for convictions.
 Speed and AI complicate monitoring.
 Empower states to "compel" service providers to provide
 Disconnect between fact-checkers and the public.
incriminating information or documents.
 Difficulty in tracking misinformation on encrypted
 Legislation Requirements: Criminalize unauthorized
platforms.
access to information and communications systems.
 Older adults more susceptible to misinformation.
 Human Rights Compliance:Ensure treaty implementation
aligns with international human rights obligations. Way Forward (UN GLOBAL Principles for Information
Integrity):
Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations

New Doctrine: CDS released India’s first doctrine for military  Implement digital safety practices for vulnerable groups.
cyberspace operations, emphasizing jointness and  Use business models that prioritize human rights.
integration.  Involve users in policy and promote digital literacy.
 Ensure press freedom and journalist safety.
Significance: Guides military planning, prevents cyber threats,
and supports India’s global competitiveness in cyber Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
capabilities. Genesis:Established in 1989 by the G-7 Summit in Paris.
About Cyberspace: The global network of ICT systems
Membership: 38 member countries, including India and 9
processing, storing, and transmitting digital information,
regional bodies for implementing international standards.
whether connected or not.
Grey List: Countries with strategic deficiencies under
Military Advantages: Real-time intelligence gathering,
increased monitoring.
Offensive and defensive operations,Enhanced Black List: High-risk jurisdictions with serious deficiencies.
communication,Signal intelligence
Key Roles:
Vulnerabilities: Disabling websites and networks, Disrupting
essential services,Stealing or altering classified data,Crippling  Combats money laundering, terrorist financing, and
financial systems. related threats.
 Promotes formal financial systems for better monitoring.
Strengthening India's Cyber Capabilities:
 Focuses on financial exclusion.
 Defence Cyber Agency (DCA) established in 2019
Challenges in Effectiveness:
 Cyber Emergency Response Teams (CERTs)
 Cyber Security Operations Centre (CSOC)  No formal rules for objection or exemptions.
 Exercise Cyber Surakshe-2024  No distinction between capacity issues and
unwillingness.
Conclusion: The doctrine is crucial for shaping future military
 Limited flexibility in addressing non-compliance.
strategies and reinforcing cyberspace’s role in national
 Technical compliance may not reflect actual
defense.
performance.
Online Misinformation  Marginalization of Global South voices, challenges from
new technologies like cryptocurrencies.
Misinformation: False or misleading content shared without
harmful intent but can still be harmful. Way Forward:

Disinformation: False or misleading content spread  Enhance Transparency: Formalize appointments and
deliberately to deceive or gain economically or politically, ensure independence.
causing public harm.  Categorize within Grey List: Differentiate based on
28 LEGEND BHAIYA

willingness to comply.
Negative Impacts:
 Tailored Response: Special assistance for resource-
 Information Bubbles: Reinforce biases and limited countries.
discrimination.  Global Cooperation: Strengthen coordination with IMF,
 Mislead voters and undermine trust in institutions. World Bank, UN, and regional bodies.
 Hinders climate action and other goals. India’s Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) Program
 Causes panic and economic instability.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

DRDO successfully tested Phase-II AD Endo-atmospheric  STOBAR: Short Take-Off Barrier Arrested Recovery.
missile, demonstrating the capability to intercept missiles  STOVL: Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing.
with a range of up to 5,000 km.
Current Fleet:
About BMD Systems:
 INS Vikramaditya: Purchased from Russia, operational
 Purpose: Protects against aerial attacks including drones, since 2014.
fighter jets, and missiles (ballistic and cruise).  INS Vikrant: India’s first indigenous carrier, part of the
 Ballistic Missiles: Rocket-propelled, high-arching fleet.
trajectory.
 Cruise Missiles: Jet-powered, fly low, guided to targets. Future Plans:

Phase I: Third Carrier (IAC-2): To feature advanced systems like

Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) and
 Prithvi Air Defence (PAD): For exo-atmospheric ranges CATOBAR.
(50-80 km).
Why India Needs a Third Carrier:
 Advanced Area Defence (AAD): For endo-atmospheric
ranges (15-30 km).  Strengthen the navy's global reach and presence in the
Indian Ocean.
Phase II:
 Ensures two carriers are always operational, covering
 AD-1 and AD-2 missiles: Enhancements for more eastern and western seaboards.
effective interception.  Incorporation of cutting-edge systems for enhanced
operational capabilities.
Significance:
 Projection of Soft Power.
 Strategic: Enhances India's autonomy and security role in
Conclusion: India faces financial and operational challenges
Indo-Pacific.
but must advance technology to maintain its carrier
 Security: Defends against nuclear threats, irrational state
capabilities amid regional competition.
actions, and non-state actors.
 Technological: Advances radar, tracking, and dual-use ENVIRONMENT
technologies.
Climate Change Impact on Small Island Developing States
 Diplomatic: Influences relations with major powers (US,
(SIDS)
Russia).
Small island countries facing similar challenges related to
Challenges/Concerns:
sustainable development and [Link]:
 Arms Race: Risk of altering nuclear stability and Maldives, Seychelles, Marshall Islands, Solomon Islands,
prompting adversaries' countermeasures. Singapore.
 Cost and Resources: Financial challenges due to the high
Impacts:
cost of R&D and deployment.
 Inter-operability: Need for careful integration with  Coastal erosion and flooding lead to displacement (e.g.,
existing military infrastructure. Panama evacuating island communities).
 Economic Impact: Average GDP of $13.7 billion; lost $153
Aircraft Carrier Development
billion due to weather extremes (1970-2020).
India plans to build its 2nd indigenous aircraft carrier and up  Ocean acidification impacts tourism and fisheries.
to "five or six more" in the future.  Climate Injustice: Contributes 1% of global emissions, yet
bears a disproportionate impact.
About Aircraft Carriers:
Measures Taken:
Functions: Surveillance, air defense, early warning, protection
29 LEGEND BHAIYA

of Sea Lines of Communication (SLOC), anti-submarine  Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS): Advocacy for
warfare. SIDS.
 Global Conferences: Barbados Programme of Action
Types:
(1994), SAMOA Pathway.
 CATOBAR: Catapult Assisted Take-Off Barrier Arrested  UNDP Initiatives: Climate Promise, Progressive
Recovery. Platforms.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI):  Gradual increase in sea level; average rise of 15-25 cm
$50 million trust fund for resilient infrastructure. (1901-2018), predicted to rise 15 mm/year by 2100.
 International Financing: Bridgetown Initiative proposes a  Trends in India: Maximum SLR of 4.44 cm in Mumbai
stimulus package for nature-based solutions and (1987-2021).
renewable energy.  Risks of submersion in cities like Mumbai and
Thoothukudi by 2040.
Way Forward:
Factors: Ocean thermal expansion and Melting ice from
 Integrate risk reduction strategies with sectoral policies.
glaciers and polar ice sheets.
 Improve data collection and vulnerability assessments.
 Promote renewable energy and nature-based solutions. Impact:

Climate Change Impact on Marginal Farmers  Loss of beaches, coastal habitats, and freshwater
salinization.
 Over 1/3 of marginal farmers face extreme weather  Damage to coastal ecosystems and biodiversity.
events at least twice in five years.
 Mitigation Measures:
 Reduction in agriculture income by 15-18%, up to 25% in
 Coastal defenses like sea walls.
non-irrigated areas.
 Efficient city designs (sponge cities).
 86% of farmers have changed occupations, seeking work
under MGNREGA or migrating temporarily. Ground-Level Ozone (Tropospheric Ozone)

Challenges: Current Issues : Rising pollution in Indian cities, with Delhi

most affected.
 High costs of climate-resilient practices.
 Small landholdings and limited resources. Hotspots with low NO2 and PM2.5 levels exacerbate GLO
persistence.
Way Forward:
Sources: Cars, power plants, industries, and electronic
 Strengthen platforms like Global Alliance for Climate- equipment.
Smart Agriculture (GACSA).
 Shift focus to water productivity. Impact:
 Enhance education and training for farmers.
 Health issues: Bronchitis, asthma, lung damage.
Climate Change Impact on Education  Climate: Strong greenhouse gas effects.
 Ecosystems:
 Education receives less than 1.3% of climate assistance Disrupts
(2020). photosynthesis
 Schools closed during 75% of extreme weather events, and plant
affecting over 5 million people (2005-2024). growth.
 Exposure to climate hazards impacts learning outcomes
and educational attainment. Strategies:

Impacts:  Reduce
methane
 Reduced learning, e.g., Brazilian students in hot regions emissions and
losing 1% of learning annually. other pollution
 Prevents 4 million girls in low-income countries from sources.
completing education.  Monitor GLO under India’s Air Quality Monitoring
Programme.
Way Forward:
High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)

30 LEGEND BHAIYA

Invest in early warning systems (e.g., InGRISK app).

 Strengthen school infrastructure (e.g., Rwanda's flood India’s Union Cabinet approved signing the High Seas Treaty
mitigation). (BBNJ Agreement) to lead its implementation.
 Promote bioclimatic design and integrate climate change
into curricula. About High Seas:

Sea Level Rise (SLR)

 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Definition: Areas outside any national jurisdiction, Soil Degradation:

beyond 200 nautical miles (Exclusive Economic Zone). Decline in soil quality
 Extent: Cover 64% of the ocean area, considered global (physical, chemical,
commons. biological).
 Rights: Navigation, overflight, economic activities,
Current Status: 75%
scientific research.
of soils degraded,
BBNJ Agreement: affecting 3.2 billion
people.
 Context: Under United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS). Causes:
 Adoption: Adopted in 2023, effective after 80
 Deforestation: Loss of forest cover.
ratifications.
 Salinization/Alkalization: Soil damage from salinity.
 Current Status: 91 countries signed, 5 ratified as of June
 Overgrazing: Land degradation from overgrazing.
2024.
 Objective: Conservation and sustainable use of marine Way Forward:
biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction.
 Sustainable Practices: Diverse crop rotations, soil cover,
Key Provisions: minimal disturbance.
 Precision Farming: Utilize technology for optimal
 Applies to high seas and Areas Beyond National
resource use.
Jurisdiction (ABNJ).
 Engage local communities in soil health.
 Institutional Framework: Conference of Parties (COP),
Clearing-House Mechanism (CHM), Scientific and India’s Initiatives:
Technical Body (STB).
 Financial Mechanism: Voluntary trust fund, Global  Promotion of organic farming (e.g., Rashtriya Krishi Vikas
Environment Facility trust fund. Yojana).
 Other Provisions: No sovereignty claims over Marine
Genetic Resources (MGRs), Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) framework, fair benefit-sharing.

Significance:
 Soil Health Cards, National Afforestation Programme.
 Prevents overexploitation, biodiversity loss, pollution.  Bonn Challenge: Restoration of 26 million hectares of
 Supports "30x30" initiative for marine protection. degraded land by 2030.
 Mitigates climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. Great Nicobar Island Project
Soil Health Draft Report on Social Impact Assessment for the Great
UNESCO to establish a 'world soil health index' and launch Nicobar Island development.
pilot soil management programs. Scope: Container Transshipment Terminal, International
Airport, Township, Power Plant.

Implementation Agency: Andaman and Nicobar Islands

31 LEGEND BHAIYA

Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO).

Concerns:

 Environmental: Impact on mangroves, sea turtles, loss of

top soil.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Social: Displacement of indigenous people, health  Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 : Mandates
impacts on local communities. generators to segregate waste at source into 3 streams -
 Natural Disaster: High seismic risk. Biodegradable, Non-biodegradable, and Sanitary and
Domestic Hazardous waste.
Way Forward (Suggested):
 Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM-U) 2.0: Garbage Free Star
 Environmental: Landscape planning, protect nesting Rating Protocol to assess the City's Municipal Solid Waste
sites, solid waste management. Management
 Social: Transparency in consent processes, fair  Challenges: Inadequate waste segregation, open dumps,
compensation, protection of indigenous rights. low municipal finance.

Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) Way Forward:

Supreme Court judgments emphasize the need for  Waste-to-Energy: Expand projects.
sustainable development in the IHR.  Improved Segregation: Advanced processing techniques.
 Financial Strengthening: Enhance municipal revenue,
Important Judgments of the Supreme Court e.g., SWM Cess in Bengaluru.
MK Ranjitsinh vs. Union of India (2024): Affirmed the right to Geothermal Energy in India
be free from the adverse effects of climate change under
Articles 14 (Right to Equality) and 21 (Right to Life) of the  Definition:
Constitution. Renewable energy
from Earth's heat.
Ashok Kumar Raghav vs. Union of India (2023):Directed the  Potential: 10,800
central government to propose measures to enable the Court MW identified, with
to issue directions on the carrying capacity of the Himalayan hot springs in Ladakh
States, addressing sustainable development issues. as key sites.
Challenges:  Around 300
geothermal hot
 Unsustainable Development: Land subsidence, floods, springs exist in India
glacial lake outbursts. (Geological Survey of
 Rising Tourism: Increased environmental and India).
infrastructural pressure.  Puga and Chumathang in eastern Ladakh are the most
 Water Crisis: Decline in spring water availability. promising geothermal sites.

Initiatives: Advantages: Clean, year-round operation, high capacity

factors.
 National Mission for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem:
Promotes sustainable development and climate Challenges:
adaptation.
 Indian Himalayan Climate Adaptation Programme  Possible land subsidence, high transportation charges
(IHCAP): Focuses on climate adaptation and capacity (Due to remote plant location).
building.  Possible release of toxic chemicals e.g. mercury, arsenic,
boran, and antimony.
Way Forward:  Other Issues: Higher capital costs, techno-economic
viability issue due to remote location
 Integrated Development: Establish "Himalayan
Authority" for guidance. Initiatives:
 Sustainable Tourism: Develop plans for eco-friendly
tourism.  Renewable Energy Research & Technology Development
 Programme (RE-RTD): Financial support for research and
32 LEGEND BHAIYA

Water Security: Implement best practices for spring

revival. development.

Solid Waste Management (SWM) in India Way Forward:

Generation: 170,338 tons/day; 91,512 tons treated.  Geological Mapping: Identify potential sites.
 R&D Incentives: Develop cost-effective extraction
Management in India technologies.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Infrastructure: Build for power distribution. Way Forward

Offshore Wind Energy  Aim to lower production costs to $1 per kg by 2030.

 Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for green steel
Definition: Wind turbines in water bodies to generate
targeting export markets.
electricity.
 Investment of $1 billion by 2030 to advance commercial
Potential: 605.50 GW at 120 meters, 1,183.9 GW at 150 technologies.
meters.
Green Hydrogen
Installed capacity: 46 MW; target of 30 GW by 2030.
Production: Produced via electrolysis, splitting water (H₂O)
Government Initiatives: into hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂) using renewable
electricity (solar, wind, hydro). Another method is biomass
 National Offshore Wind Energy Policy-2015: Policy gasification.
framework for development.
 Viability Gap Funding (VGF): Financial support for Applications: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), aviation,
projects. maritime, industry (fertilizer, refinery, steel), transport (road,
rail), shipping, power generation.
Offshore vs. Onshore Wind Energy:

Way Forward:

 Resource Assessment: Evaluate wind potential.

 Maritime Spatial Planning: Plan projects with expert
input.
 Policy: Implement feed-in tariff regulations.

Green Ammonia

Production: Relies on renewable energy sources. Targets (National Green Hydrogen Mission):

Sources: Hydrogen is derived from water, and nitrogen comes  Production Capacity: Aim to reach at least 5 MMT per
from the air. annum by 2030.
 Renewable Energy Addition: 125 GW capacity addition by
Conventional Ammonia: Produced using fossil fuels (natural
2030.
gas), known as "brown ammonia."
Challenges:
Benefits
 Economic Viability: Current cost is $4.10 to $7 per kg
 Reduced GHG Emissions.
(NITI Aayog).
 Useful for hydrogen transport and storage.
 High-Pressure Tanks: Required due to hydrogen’s low
 Ammonia has high energy density, beneficial for heat and
boiling point.
electricity production.
 Water Demand: Electrolysis needs up to 9 liters of water
Challenges per kg of H₂ (International Energy Agency).
 Lack of Standards: No global standards on Green
 Requires new infrastructure and significant investment, Hydrogen definitions.
making it more expensive.
 High amounts of electricity are needed. Initiatives:
 Concerns related to the toxicity of ammonia during
 National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM), 2023: Aims
transportation and storage.
to make India a global hub for Green Hydrogen
33 LEGEND BHAIYA

Initiative in India production, usage, and export.

 GAIL: India’s first project blending H₂ in City Gas
 Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition Distribution grid in Indore.
(SIGHT) Programme: Part of the National Green  NTPC: 8% blending of Green Hydrogen in PNG Network
Hydrogen Mission. at Surat.
 Mode 2A: Provides financial incentives for three years to  FCEV Buses: Hydrogen-based buses in Greater Noida and
selected bidders for the production. Leh.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Way Forward:  Regulatory Approval: Biological Research Regulatory

Approval Portal (BioRRAP) for streamlined approvals.
 Target to lower production costs to $1 per kg by 2030.
 Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for green steel Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)
targeting exports.
Process: Gasifies coal underground, converting it into
 $1 billion investment by 2030 for commercial technology
synthesis gas (syngas) in the coal seam.
advancement.
 Develop digital labelling and tracing mechanisms for Method: Involves injecting steam and air/oxygen into the
certification of origin. seam at temperatures over 1000°C.
Bio-Economy Products: Electricity, chemical feedstock (methanol,
hydrogen, ammonia).
BioE3 Policy: Recently approved to enhance high-
performance bio-manufacturing, focusing on six strategic Targets
sectors.
 National Coal Gasification Mission: Gasify and liquefy
Key Features of the Scheme 100 MT of coal by 2030.
 Reduced Capital Expenditure
 Encourages R&D and entrepreneurship.
 Establishes Bio-Manufacturing & Bio-AI hubs and Bio- Benefits
Foundries.
 Prioritizes regenerative bio-economy models.  Requires less land
compared to Coal
Bio-Economy : Knowledge-based production and use of Bed Methane.
biological resources for sustainable goods and services.  Reduces import
dependence.
Key Sectors: Bio-industrial, Biopharma, Bioagriculture.
 Environmental
Growth: From $10 billion in 2014 to over $130 billion in 2024, Impact is Limited
projected to reach $300 billion by 2030. compared to
other methods.
Global Ranking: India ranks 12th globally in bio-
manufacturing. Concerns

Significance  Risk of deforming coal and surrounding rocks.

 Potential pollution from chemicals.
 Reduction of Fossil Fuels.
 High costs and technological challenges affect viability.
 Enhances food security and productivity.
 Converts agricultural waste into biogas. Government Initiatives
 Contributes 4% to GDP and employs over 2 million
 Scheme for Promotion: Financial assistance from PSUs
people.
and private sector.
Challenges  Joint Ventures: Pilot ammonium nitrate plants using coal
gasification.
 Uncertain regulations and lack of uniform industry
 Policy Framework (2015): Development of UCG in coal
standards.
and lignite areas.
 Scarcity of advanced research centers and insufficient
R&D funding. Forest Conservation for Achieving NDCs
 Concerns related to reproductive research, genetic
UN Report: "Raising Ambition, Accelerating Action: Towards
modification.
Enhanced Nationally Determined Contributions for Forests"
Initiatives and Policies by UN-REDD.
34 LEGEND BHAIYA

 BIRAC: Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Key Findings

Council's schemes like Biotechnology Ignition Grant and
 Deforestation Targets: Only 8 out of 20 countries with
BioNEST.
high deforestation rates have quantified forest targets in
 Policies: National Biofuel Policy (2016), National
NDCs.
Biopharma Mission, National Mission on Bio-economy.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Afforestation Goals: 11 NDCs include targets for  Definition: Areas around protected regions under the
afforestation and reforestation. Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1986.
 Mitigation: Reducing deforestation is crucial for climate  Scope: Land within 10 km of national parks and wildlife
change mitigation. sanctuaries.
 Regulations: Restrict certain activities to protect natural
Challenges in Forest Conservation to Achieve NDCs heritage and biodiversity.
Global: India:
Significance
 High global demand  Estimated CO₂ emissions
for soy, palm oil, etc., of 503.45 million tonnes  Safeguards natural heritage and biodiversity.
drives deforestation. in 2020 from fuelwood.
 Acts as a buffer around protected areas.
 Short-term profit  1.05 billion tonnes of
 Minimizes effects of urbanization and development.
motives, such as fodder extracted
overgrazing, annually from forests. Constraints
exacerbate the issue.  Issues such as invasive
 Forest-based climate species, forest fires (e.g.,  State Opposition: Impact on development and revenue.
mitigation receives Uttarakhand 2024),  Inadequate local planning and involvement.
less than 1% of total climate extremes,  Challenges with uniform regulations.
finance, averaging damage forests.
$2.3 billion per year.  Underutilization of funds Way Forward
 Only 1.4% of public under the Compensatory
climate finance in Afforestation Fund  Engage local and indigenous people.
2019-2020 was Management and  Verify environmentally fragile zones.
allocated to local Planning Authority  Promote eco-friendly livelihoods in ESZs.
communities. (CAMPA).  Negotiate with states and study project impacts.
Way Forward DISASTER MANAGAEMENT
 Finance: Increase to $30-50 USD/tonne through Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024
innovative mechanisms.
 Improve enforcement and reduce deforestation. Introduced in the Lok Sabha to amend the Disaster
 Define specific targets for primary and secondary forests. Management Act, 2005, aligning it with the 15th Finance
Commission recommendations.
India-Specific Measures
Key Features of the Bill
 NDC Distribution: Allocate targets among states/UTs
based on forest cover.  Creation of national and state-level databases including
 Carbon Neutrality: Promote at national and state levels. assessments, fund details, expenditure.
 Blue Carbon Initiative: Include blue carbon in climate  Strengthens National Disaster Management Authority
strategies. (NDMA) and State Disaster Management Authority
 Agroforestry Support: Implement MSP for agroforestry. (SDMA) to prepare disaster plans.
 National plan to be reviewed every 3 years and updated
Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) at least once every 5 years.
 Urban Disaster Management Authority Proposed for
National Green Tribunal: Urged the Ministry of Environment,
state capitals and large cities with Municipal
Forests, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) to finalize deadlines
Corporations.
for declaring Western Ghats as an eco-sensitive zone (ESZ).
 Statutory recognition for National Crisis Management
Draft Notification (2022) Committee and High-Level Committee.

 Activities Restricted: Mining, quarrying, sand mining, Key Provisions of DM Act, 2005
certain industries, and new thermal power projects.
35 LEGEND BHAIYA

 National: NDMA, headed by Prime Minister.

 Regulated: Hydropower projects.
 State: SDMAs, led by respective Chief Ministers.
 Unrestricted: Existing healthcare establishments,
 District: DDMAs, headed by District
agriculture, and plantation activities.
Collector/Magistrate/Commissioner.
About ESZs  National Disaster Response Force: For specialist
responses.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 National Disaster Response Fund: For disaster situations. Drought is a prolonged dry period in the natural climate
cycle characterized by a lack of precipitation, leading to
Disaster Resilient Cities
water shortages.
Vulnerability of Indian Cities
Classification of Droughts
 Population Growth: Over 40% expected to live in cities
by 2030.  Meteorological Drought: Deficiency in precipitation
 Unplanned Urbanization: Megacities like Chennai and from normal levels over an extended period.
Mumbai are already facing environmental strain.  Hydrological Drought: Shortage in surface and
 Climate Disasters: Examples include landslides and subsurface water supplies.
floods in Himachal Pradesh in 2023.  Agricultural Drought: Insufficient soil moisture and
 Existing Vulnerabilities: Urban poverty, informal rainfall during the crop growing season.
employment, and social inequality.
Vulnerability in India
As per National Institute of Disaster Management, a disaster
resilient city:  Over 68% of cropped areas are vulnerable to
drought.
 Building Codes: Follows sensible codes, avoids risky
 36.8% of land area affected by drought from 2016-
areas.
2019 (UNCCD Dashboard).
 Local Government: Inclusive, accountable, and
competent. Impact
 Information Base: Shared local data on risks and
vulnerabilities.  Increased deforestation by 7.6%.
 Community Involvement: Encourages local and  Food insecurity and famines.
indigenous knowledge and quick response.  Forced migration or species extinction.
 Long-term reduction in agricultural productivity.
Challenges in Building Disaster Resilience
 Impact on hydropower production.
 Lack of Planning: 65% of cities lack a master plan.
 Concretization: Urban areas covered with concrete Initiatives Undertaken
contribute to Urban Heat Island effect.
Global: India:
 Siloed departmental functions.
 "30x30" Target  Manual for Drought
 Uncontrolled construction, inadequate infrastructure,
(Convention on Management 2016
etc.
Biological (updated 2020).
Initiatives for Urban Disaster Resilience Diversity):  Pradhan Mantri Krishi
 International Sinchai Yojana, Rainfed
 Governance: Disaster Management Act, 2005; National Drought Area Development
Policy on Disaster Management, 2009; National Disaster Resilience Alliance Programme.
Management Plan, 2016. (IDRA) established  Drought Monitoring:
 Urban Local Government (ULG): Oversees building codes, at UNFCCC NADAMS, FASAL, DEWS.
land use, and basic infrastructure. COP27, 2022.
 Schemes: AMRUT, National Mission on Sustainable Way Forward (NDMA Guidelines)
Habitat (2021-2030), Climate Smart Cities Assessment
Framework, Ease of Living Index (2018).  Establish Drought Monitoring Cells (DMCs) under
State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs).
Way Forward
 Integrate ground-based and space-based drought
 Devolve disaster management to municipalities. information.
36 LEGEND BHAIYA

 Create land banks, utilize Corporate Social Responsibility  Standardize drought assessment units across states.
funding, and Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs).
 Engage communities, similar to practices in Japan. Cloudbursts in India

Drought Management in India Intense, heavy precipitation in a short period (exceeding

100 mm/hour) over 20-30 square km.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Recent Occurrences: Kullu, Mandi, Shimla (2024),  Promote community preparedness and
Uttarakhand (2021). participatory flood planning.
 Encourage rainwater harvesting and remove
Vulnerability of the Himalayas
encroachments.
 Topography and orography cause rapid
Floods in North East India
condensation and precipitation.
 Cloudbursts mainly occur in low-elevation, high- Recent Assam flooding highlights North East India's
temperature zones. flood vulnerability.

Consequences: Flash floods, landslides, and Reasons for Vulnerability

infrastructure damage.
 River Instability: High sediment charges and steep
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) gradients of Brahmaputra and Barak rivers.
 Geology: Seismic activity and periodic severe
 Compile cloudburst data and maintain natural
earthquakes.
drainage systems.
 Hydrometeorology: Cyclonic storms from the Bay of
 Enhance local bodies' capabilities and promote
Bengal.
insurance and risk transfer.
 Anthropogenic Factors: River encroachment and
Urban Flooding in India obstructed natural flows.

Rapid rise of floodwaters in urban areas due to heavy Cyclone Management in India
rainfall and limited infiltration.
Cyclones: Large-scale rotating systems of air around a
Impact: Structural damage, transport disruption, and low-pressure center, with violent storms.
increased incidence of epidemics.
High sea surface temperature (>27°C), Coriolis force,
Factors Causing Urban Floods low vertical wind speed variations, and pre-existing low-
pressure areas.
 Meteorological: Unprecedented rainfall, cyclonic
storms, and global warming. Cyclones in India
 Hydrological: River course changes, landslides, and
 Occur mainly in May-June and October-November.
soil erosion.
 India experiences about 10% of the world's tropical
 Human Factors: Rapid urbanization, deforestation,
cyclones.
and unplanned dam water releases.
Naming of Cyclones: Assigned by the Regional
Recent Examples: Bengaluru (2022), Hyderabad (2020),
Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) New Delhi.
Chennai (2015), Mumbai (2005).
Recent Occurrences: Cyclone Remal (2024), Cyclone
Steps Taken
Michoung (2023), Cyclone Midhill (2023).
 State Initiatives: Flood warning systems in Chennai
Management Framework
and Kolkata, IFLOWS-Mumbai.
 Schemes: AMRUT Mission, Standard Operating  Institutional Measures:
Procedure for Urban Flooding, Flood Watch India National Cyclone Risk
App. Mitigation Project
 High-Level Committee: Approved projects for urban (NCRMP).
37 LEGEND BHAIYA

flood management in five states.  Warnings: Dynamic color-

coded alerts (Green,
Way Forward (NDMA Guidelines)
Yellow, Orange, Red).
 Establish Urban Flooding Cells in relevant  Other Steps: Web-Based Risk Atlas, Storm Surge
departments. Early Warning System (SSEWS).
 Expand real-time hydrometeorological networks.
Way Forward (NDMA Guidelines)
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Establish advanced cyclone early warning  Personalized Learning: Online classes via laptops or
systems. mobile devices.
 Map coastal wetlands, mangroves, and  Enhanced Teaching Tools: Improved productivity with
shelterbelts. projectors, smart whiteboards, etc.
 Develop an exclusive monitoring network for  Accessibility:
 Online education during COVID-19
climate change impacts.
 Reaching remote areas through distance education
 Establish a comprehensive Cyclone Disaster
Management Information System (CDMIS). Negative Impacts:

SOCIAL ISSUES  Unequal access to technology.

 Over-reliance on tech tools can impair problem-solving
Emerging Technologies and Contemporary Society:
abilities.
Positive Impact of Technology on Society:  Technology’s instant gratification reduces attention span
and deep learning.
 Social media like Facebook has transformed how we
communicate, share info, & form relationships. Way Forward (National Digital Education Architecture):
 Advances in contraception and reproductive tech allow
 Combine online and hands-on experiences.
people to explore their sexuality more freely & express
 Provide low-cost computing options to bridge the digital
their sexual identity, including LGBTQIA+.
divide.
 Streaming services & online gaming have revolutionized
 Set reasonable limits to avoid health issues.
how we enjoy & share entertainment.
Technology and Socialization at a Glance:
Negative Impact of Technology on Society:
Socialization: Positive Impacts:
 Online communication can reduce face-to-face
interactions, leading to loneliness.  Broader view of diverse cultures, races, and religions
 Managing screen time & online safety for children is now through social media.
more complex.  Enhances social skills through interactive polls, rewards,
 AI and automation can displace jobs, causing economic and marketing games.
challenges.  Provides a platform to express oneself and make a social
 Excessive screen time & social media use can harm impact.
mental health & lead to addiction.
Negative Impacts:
 Online environments can facilitate bullying, affecting
mental health.  Children may adopt norms & values without critical
thinking.
Conclusion: Balancing the benefits of technology with
awareness of its drawbacks and ethical considerations can  Seeing curated highlights of others' lives can create
lead to a more compassionate and inclusive future. feelings of inadequacy.
 Digital environments reinforce existing beliefs, creating
Technology & Education at a Glance: Technology and "filter bubbles."
Education: Technology has transformed learning by enabling
immersive, personalized experiences and improving Conclusion: Manage negative effects by combining digital
accessibility. interactions with real-life experiences to foster deeper
connections.
Key Initiatives:
Technology and Family at a Glance:
National Education Policy, 2020
Positive Impacts: Negative Impacts:
 National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning
38 LEGEND BHAIYA

(NPTEL)  Easier virtual bonding  Older family members

 ICT Initiatives: DIKSHA (Digital Infrastructure for & improved might struggle with
Knowledge Sharing), SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active- connectivity. new technologies.
Learning for Young Aspiring Minds)  Rise of remote and  Increased screen time
 AI Integration: Supported by India AI Mission hybrid work options. & digital distractions
 Enhanced community affect interactions.
Positive Impacts: building for women.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Connected devices can  Enhances community commitment & support for

pose security threats. sustainable projects.
Conclusion: Balancing technology’s benefits with its potential Government Initiatives Towards Women-Led
downsides is key to maintaining healthy family relationships. Development:

Technology & Sexuality at a Glance: Social Empowerment:

Positive Impacts: Negative Impacts:  Healthcare: Improved sex ratio at birth (918 in 2014-15
 Greater awareness  Risks of encountering to 930 in 2023-24), increased institutional deliveries
of sexual health explicit materials. (Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram).
and orientation.  Potential for compulsive  Saksham Anganwadi, Poshan 2.0 program.
 Virtual therapy sexual behavior in minors.  Swachh Bharat Mission, PM Awas Yojana Gramin, PM
available in remote  Data breaches & non-
Ujjwala Yojana, Jal Jeevan Mission.
areas. consensual sharing of
 New forms of information. Financial Empowerment:
virtual intimacy  Spread of harmful views &
and self- targeted attacks against  Stand-Up India, PM MUDRA Yojana, Mahila Samman
expression. LGBTQIA+ communities. Savings Certificate.
Conclusion: Improving digital literacy, upholding ethical  Mission Shakti - Sambal, Sakhi Centres.
standards, and promoting healthy relationships are crucial to
minimizing technology's negative impacts. Education & Skilling:

Nari Shakti: From Women’s Development to Women-Led  Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan, Right to Education (2009).
Development:  Women in Science and Engineering KIRAN (WISE KIRAN),
Vigyan Jyoti Program.
Women's Development vs. Woman-Led Development:
Political Empowerment:
Women's Development: Woman-Led Development:
 Programs designed  Women are leaders,  Nari Shakti Vandan Abhiyan (2023), 73rd and 74th
for women without decision-makers, and Amendments (1/3 reservation for women in local
their direct innovators in bodies).
involvement. development.
Others:
 Maternal health  Increased women’s roles
initiatives, in local governance and  Permanent commission granted to women officers in 12
educational quotas. corporate leadership. branches.
 Lacks women’s  Recognized for unique
 Women-led development featured as a priority during
participation in insights and innovative
India’s G20 Presidency in 2023.
planning and solutions based on lived
evaluation. experiences. Phases of Women’s Rights Movement in India:
Significance of Woman-Led Development:
Phase 1: Social Reform (19th-20th Centuries)
 Women’s leadership leads to more relevant & effective
initiatives.  Issues like sati, child marriage, and education.
 Women leaders can shift societal norms & serve as role  Mostly middle-class educated men (e.g., Raja Rammohan
models. Roy).
 Advancing women’s equality could add $28 trillion to
Phase 2: Freedom Struggle
global GDP, with India gaining $770 billion by 2025
(McKinsey).  Women actively participated in the freedom movement
with equal opportunities.

Phase 3: Post-Independence
39 LEGEND BHAIYA

 Women's liberation, legal, and social equality.

 Peasant, tribal, and student movements saw women’s
participation.
 Emergence of women-led movements (e.g., Chipko
Movement, SEWA).
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Phase 4: Post-1970s (International Decade for Women)  Wealth and consumption increasingly linked to social
status & success.
 Shift from universal womanhood to individual rights.
 Marriages and personal relationships influenced by
 Rise of women-led NGOs (e.g., Stree Mukti Sanghatans).
economic factors (e.g., dowries).
 Addressing overlapping marginalizations (e.g., Dalit
 Platforms like Instagram & Facebook turn attention and
women).
followers into social capital.
Contemporary Movement  Corporate lobbying, crony capitalism, and public-private
partnerships.
 Environmental issues, globalization, sexual harassment,
and body shaming. Conclusion: Balancing market forces with social
 Use of the internet for activism (e.g., #MeToo, Nirbhaya responsibility, government intervention, and ethical
case). considerations is essential to address these risks.

Market Society: Science and Technology:

About Market Society: IT, Computer, Robotics:

Applying market values and mechanisms to non-economic

areas of life. Example: Commercialization of healthcare,
where access depends on one’s ability to pay, leading to
healthcare inequality.

Key Features:

 Turning goods, services, ideas, and relationships into

marketable items.
 Emphasis on individual well-being over collective good.
 Morality and value judgments influenced by cost-benefit
Facial Recognition Technology:
analysis.

Market Economy vs. Market Society:  Examines Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) as a case
study under NITI Aayog’s RAI principles, aiming to create
a framework for its responsible and safe use in India.
 "Responsible AI for All" by NITI Aayog (2021) outlines
principles for managing AI, including:
 Safety and Reliability
 Equality and Non-Discrimination
 Privacy and Security

An AI system that identifies or verifies individuals using image

or video data through complex algorithms.
Features Defining India as a Market Society:
Applications and Use-Cases of FRT:
 Emphasizes shared responsibilities and social safety nets,
reducing reliance on market services. Security-Related Uses:
 Intangible assets like marriages are influenced by cultural
factors, not just economic ones.  Identifying missing persons and suspects (e.g.,
Telangana’s 'Darpan' for missing children).
 Some communities follow traditional jobs due to cultural
and social reasons.  Monitoring public spaces (e.g., China’s Skynet Project).
 Cultural emphasis on modesty and spiritual wealth, with  Managing entry and exit (e.g., Canada’s 'Faces on the
overt materialism often frowned upon. Move').
40 LEGEND BHAIYA

 Provides essential services and public goods (e.g., Right  Surveillance and monitoring (e.g., Pan Tilt and Zoom
to Education, MGNREGA, NFSA). cameras in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh).

Signs of Shift Towards Market Society: Non-Security-Related Uses:

 Rise of private institutions and services.  Authentication using facial recognition (e.g., Aadhaar
Card).
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Contactless services (e.g., Digi Yatra for airport boarding).  Managed by C-DAC and IISc, Bangalore.
 Unique IDs for students (e.g., CBSE's 'Face Matching  Supercomputers connected via the National Knowledge
Technology'). Network (NKN) on the National Supercomputing grid.

Risks Associated with FRT Systems: Applications of Supercomputers:

 Misidentification due to automation bias and  Handles

underrepresentation in databases. data-
 Complex algorithms complicate legal liability and intensive
grievance redressal. tasks in
 Potential violations of rights due to purpose creep and fields like
misuse of personal data. quantum
mechanics
Way Forward: Recommendations by NITI Aayog: & weather
 Implement a data protection regime based on legality, forecasting.
reasonability, and proportionality (e.g., DPDP Act 2023).  Facilitates real-time simulations, complex algorithms, &
 Develop a comprehensive framework for liability and Big Data processing.
harm management.  Example: 'Pratyush' at IITM, Pune improves weather and
 Ensure user consent and incorporate privacy principles in climate predictions.
system design.  Simulates weapons systems & aids in cryptography and
 Form an ethical committee to evaluate implications and nuclear weapons design.
oversee mitigation strategies. Li – Fi Technology:
Supercomputers:
About Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) Technology:
High-Performance Computing (HPC) Systems:
 A bidirectional wireless system using visible light (400-
 Use liquid coolants and cold plates to manage heat. 800 THz) for communication, unlike Wi-Fi which uses
 Transfer heat from components to coolant; copper is radio waves.
commonly used.  Data is transmitted through Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs),
 Used for manufacturing ceramic substrates, where LED’s on/off states represent binary codes (ON =
effectively cools microprocessor chips in '1', OFF = '0').
supercomputers.
Applications:
Supercomputer Definition:
 Provides high-speed internet to passengers, though often
 High-performance computing system with exceptional at a high cost.
processing power and computational capacity.  Operates underwater ROVs (Remotely Operated
 Measured in floating-point operations per second Vehicles).
(FLOPS), capable of billions to trillions of calculations per  Applied in disaster and traffic management.
second.
 Real-time applications due to fast information transfer Advantages of Li-
between processors. Fi over Wi-Fi:

India and Supercomputers:  Offers high

data rates
 Began in 1980 with contributions from BARC, C-DAC, etc. with low
 Top 500 List: Four supercomputers, including: interference
 AIRAWAT: India's largest and fastest AI and high
supercomputing system. bandwidth.
41 LEGEND BHAIYA

 PARAM Siddhi-AI  Up to 10
 Pratyush times
 Mihir cheaper, with fewer components and lower energy use.
National Supercomputing Mission (NSM), 2015: Disadvantages:
 Position India as a global leader in supercomputing.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Limited to the range of illumination, unlike Wi-Fi’s  Provides position services independently.
broader coverage.  NAVIC offers accuracy up to 5 meters; restricted signals
are even more precise. GPS accuracy is about 20 meters.
Data Centres:
 Includes terrestrial, aerial, and marine navigation,
Significance: disaster management, precise timing, and scientific
research.
 Transform government services, support remote work
and education, & foster startup innovation. Global Navigation Systems:
 India expected to lead global data consumption by 2028.
 GPS (USA)
 Integration of AI, IoT, & other technologies.
 GLONASS (Russia)
Key Challenges:  Galileo (Europe)
 Beidou (China)
 Mainly located in Mumbai, Chennai, etc.  Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (Japan): Regional
 Complex frameworks for land acquisition and navigation system.
environmental clearances.
 Significant operational expenses due to power NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) Satellite:
consumption and infrastructure maintenance.
About NISAR:
Key Recommendations:
 Low Earth
 Implement practices like audit trails and data Orbit (LEO)
governance. observatory.
 Develop efficient technologies to lower power  Jointly
consumption. developed by
 Create data centre ecosystems in Tier 2 cities. NASA and
ISRO.
Initiatives to Promote Data Centre Ecosystem:  Includes
MEGHA-TROPIQUES (Indo-French mission).
 Digital India (2015): Enhances online infrastructure and
internet connectivity. Features:
 Draft Data Centre Policy (2020): Aims to boost domestic
 Maps the entire globe every 12 days.
manufacturing of data centre products.
 Insights into Earth’s ecosystems, ice mass, and more.
 National Informatics Centre (NIC): Established advanced
 Specifications:
National Data Centres.
 Weight: 2,800 kg.
 Data centres with over 5 MW IT load are recognized with
 Radar Types: Dual-frequency SAR with L-band (15-30 cm)
infrastructure status.
and S-band (8-15 cm) radars.
Awareness in the Field of Space:  Antenna: 39-foot gold mesh reflector.

Navigation by Indian Constellation (NAVIC) Significance:

About NAVIC:  Covers >240 km with high precision (<1 cm).

 Tracks Indian coasts, Antarctica, & deltaic changes.
 Formerly IRNSS: Indian Regional Navigation Satellite  Detects ecosystem disturbances, ice collapses, & natural
System. hazards.
 Satellites: 7 satellites in total: Global Planetary Defense:
 3 in Geostationary Orbit
 4 in Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit About Asteroid Apophis
 Services:
42 LEGEND BHAIYA

 Near-Earth Object (NEO).

 Standard Position Service (SPS): For civilian users.
 Identified as a potential threat but recent observations
 Restricted Service (RS): For strategic users.
show no risk of impact for at least a century.
Need for Indigenous Navigation System:  Radar observations and precise calculations confirm its
safe trajectory for the foreseeable future.
 Reduces reliance on GPS and GLONASS, which could be
restricted by other nations. Planetary Defense:
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Strategies to protect Earth from impacts by NEOs like Types:

asteroids and comets.
 Natural: Found in small amounts in meat and dairy;
 Includes detection, tracking, impact assessment, &
generally not harmful.
deflection.
 Artificial: Created by adding hydrogen to vegetable oil,
Need for Planetary Defense: forming partially hydrogenated oil (PHO) with 25-45%
trans fat.
NEO impacts could threaten billions of lives and cause
tsunamis, earthquakes, and fires if their paths intersect with Health Impacts:
Earth's orbit.
 Cholesterol: Raises bad cholesterol (LDL) and lowers
Global Planetary Defense Efforts: good cholesterol (HDL).
 Risks: Contributes to artery hardening, heart attack,
 OSIRIS-APEX: Formerly OSIRIS-REx, now studying Apophis
stroke, inflammation, obesity, high blood pressure,
after its mission to sample asteroid Bennu.
diabetes, and some cancers.
 International Asteroid Warning Network: Established in
2013 to coordinate global efforts in detecting and Regulation Steps in India:
tracking NEOs.
FSSAI Initiatives:
 NEO Coordination Centre: Managed by the European
Space Agency for monitoring NEOs.  Voluntary labeling for TFA-free products.
Health:  Media campaign to eliminate industrial trans fats.
 Eat Right India Movement: Promotes healthier eating
Trans-Fat Elimination: habits.

Key Findings of the Report:

 53 countries have effective policies for managing

industrial trans-fat in food (as of 2023).
 These policies have improved food safety for 3.7 billion
people, or 46% of the global population (up from 6% in
2018).
 The goal to eliminate trans-fat from the global food
supply by the end of 2023 has not been fully achieved.
Different Kinds of Fat:

 Fatty Acids: Building blocks of fat, consisting of carbon

and hydrogen chains. Essential fatty acids must be
obtained through food.

 Unsaturated Fats:

 Source: Nuts, avocados, vegetables. Regulations:

 Benefits: Lower in calories and considered "good"
fats.  TFA Caps: Limited to 3% in oils and fats for 2021, and 2%
by 2022.
 Saturated Fats:  Dietary Guidelines: Updated by the Indian Council of
 Source: Mainly animal products. Medical Research (NIN).
 Recommendation: Reduce intake for better health. Global Efforts to Eliminate Trans Fat:
 Trans Fats:
43 LEGEND BHAIYA

REPLACE Action Framework (WHO, 2018):

 Source: Unsaturated fats partially hydrogenated to  Implement best-practice policies in countries covering
extend shelf life. 90% of global TFA burden and 70% of TFA burden per
 Risk: Increases "bad" cholesterol; should be avoided. region by 2025.
 WHO's initiative to further drive policy progress on trans
About Trans-Fat (Trans-Fatty Acids - TFA) fat elimination.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Challenges:  Other: Kigali Declaration compensation

on NTDs (2022). schemes for Kala-Azar
 Trans fats are popular for their long shelf life, desirable patients.
texture, and low cost. Miscellaneous:
 Many countries lack strong elimination policies.
 Increasing demand for processed foods complicates Geo-Spatial Technology:
efforts.
About Krishi-DSS
Conclusion:
 A geo-spatial platform offering real-time data on crops,
Countries, especially those with high trans fat-related health weather, water, and soil.
issues, should adopt best practice policies. Regional bodies
About Geo-spatial Technology:
must enforce mandatory trans fat elimination.
 Collects and analyzes geographically referenced
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDS):
[Link] Technologies: Remote Sensing: e.g., Aerial
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) photographs, Geographic Information Systems (GIS),
Navigation Systems: e.g., GPS
 Result from viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, & toxins.
 Often ignored in global health agendas. Key Applications:
 High burden with diseases like hookworm, dengue,
 Precision farming, crop health assessment (e.g., Pradhan
lymphatic filariasis, and leprosy. About 40% need
Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana).
interventions, the highest globally.
 Predicting service disruptions and optimizing
 India declared free of Guinea Worm disease (2000) and
maintenance (e.g., Gati Shakti).
Yaws (2016).
 Smart Cities Mission for smart infrastructure.
Importance of Eliminating NTDs:
Measures to Promote Geospatial Capabilities in India:
 Affects over
 National Geospatial Policy, 2022: Launched by the
1 billion
Department of Science and Technology.
people; 1.6
 Indigenous Navigation System: Development of NaVIC.
billion need
 National Map Policy (2005) and regulation of geographic
treatment
information.
(WHO).
 Integration with schemes like Gram Manchitra and
 80% of NTD
SVAMITVA by Ministry of Panchayati Raj.
burden in
low and Other Initiatives:
middle-
income  Bharatmaps: Developed by National Informatics
countries. Centre (NIC).
 Eliminating NTDs by 2030 could save $342 billion in  Earth Observation Satellites: e.g., EOS-08 by SSLV-D3.
healthcare and productivity costs. Challenges:
 Female genital schistosomiasis impacts 56 million
women, increasing HIV risk and causing organ damage.  Lack of technical skills and capacity.
 Need for accurate and current geospatial data.
Steps Taken:  High expenses for technology and software.
Global: India:
GNARF: WHO’s Global  NVBDCP: National
NTD Annual Reporting Vector Borne Diseases
44 LEGEND BHAIYA

Form introduced in Control Programme

2023. for Malaria, Japanese
 GVCR (2017-2030): Encephalitis, Dengue,
Strategy to enhance etc.
vector control with  Other Measures:
better capacity and Indoor Residual
surveillance. Spraying, wage
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Conclusion: Implementing the National Geospatial Policy  Government dominates R&D funding (56%).
2022 effectively will advance the geospatial technology  India spends only 0.7% of GDP on R&D, compared to
ecosystem in India. higher rates in South Korea (4.3%), Israel (4.1%), and the
USA (2.7%).
Lidar:
 State universities lack
Types of LIDAR: interdisciplinary
collaboration, affecting
 Topographic LIDAR: Uses near-infrared lasers for research outcomes.
mapping land surfaces.
 Bathymetric LIDAR: Uses green light to measure Other Steps Taken:
underwater features like seafloor and riverbeds.
 Anusandhan National
Working of LIDAR Systems: Research Fund (ANRF):
Established by ANRF Act,
 Includes a laser emitter, scanning mechanism, and
2023 to boost R&D in
specialized GPS receiver.
universities, colleges, and
 Similar to RADAR and SONAR, LIDAR emits light waves to
research institutions.
detect and track objects.
 PRISM Scheme: Supports individual innovators, start-ups,
Comparison: and MSMEs.
 SERB Fellowshipsl: SERB-Ramanujan Fellowship, SERB-
 RADAR: Uses microwaves.
Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship, SERB-Visiting
 SONAR: Uses sound waves. Advanced Joint Research Faculty Scheme (VAJRA)
 LIDAR: Uses light waves.  Established at IIT Madras, IIT Bombay, IIT Kharagpur to
enhance the research ecosystem.

Future Steps to Expand R&D Base in India:

 University/Institute-Level Challenges: Set up R&D

Committees/Cells, Improve infrastructure and
instrumentation, Incentivize student participation
 Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer: Simplify
and expedite patent filing processes
 Culture of Innovation:Establish incubators and
accelerators on campus
 Accelerate NEP 2020 Implementation: Align curricula
Research & Development Ecosystem in India:
with research goals
About Vigyan Dhara Scheme:
Forensic Science:
 Boost S&T capacity, research, innovation, and tech Challenges in Forensics in India:
development.
 Components:  Insufficient funds for modernizing forensic capabilities.
 S&T Institutional and Human Capacity Building  40% shortage of staff in forensic labs (BPRD).
 Research and Development  Lack of standardized procedures, contamination, and
 Innovation, Technology Development, and Deployment improper handling in labs.
 Research and development will align with the  Ineffective interagency coordination leading to
Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF). inefficiencies.

Significance of the Scheme: Government Initiatives

45 LEGEND BHAIYA

 Enhances fund utilization efficiency.  IT platform connecting 117 forensic labs (Central and
 Synchronizes sub-schemes and programs. State).
 Builds human resources and expands the R&D base.  Nirbhaya Fund Scheme: Support for enhancing DNA
analysis, cyber-forensics, and other forensic facilities.
Need for Expanding R&D Base in India:
 Scheme for Modernisation of Forensic Capacities (SMFC):
Part of the Modernisation of Police Forces initiative
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Thorium as Fuel Occurrence: Naturally found in trace levels

Way Forward in soil, rocks, water, plants, and animals.

Recommendations by Mallimath Committee (2003): Usage: Must be converted to U-233 in a reactor before use.

 Set up mechanisms for collaboration among Significance

investigators, forensic experts, and prosecutors at the
 Abundant Supply: Thorium is more abundant than
State and District levels.
uranium, with significant reserves in India (Kerala,
 Implement a year-long induction program for new
Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal,
prosecutors and judges, including exposure to police,
Jharkhand).
forensic labs, courts, and prisons.
 Safety: Higher melting point, better thermal conductivity,
 UGC to establish Forensic Science departments in major
better fuel performance, chemical inertness, and
universities.
stability.
Others:  Environmental: Produces less toxic and short-lived
radioactive waste.
 Expand the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre
(14C), focusing on training more cybercrime Role in India’s Nuclear Program
investigators.
 Third Stage: Focuses on large-scale thorium power
 Enhance capabilities and reduce backlogs through
production.
collaboration with private sector partners.
 First Stage: Uses natural uranium in Pressurized Heavy
 Engage in knowledge exchange and technology transfer
Water Reactors (PHWRs).
in digital forensics with global partners.
 Second Stage: Uses plutonium in Fast Breeder Reactors.
Bridge Recombinase Mechanism  Advanced Reactor: Development of the Advanced Heavy
Water Reactor (AHWR) as a thorium technology
Scientists have discovered the Bridge Recombinase
demonstrator.
Mechanism (BRM), a natural DNA editing tool.
Nuclear Technologies for Food Safety
Mechanism: Utilizes mobile genetic elements, or "jumping
genes," which can cut and paste themselves into genomes, Nuclear technologies' role in food safety was highlighted at
performing DNA manipulation on the go. the International Symposium on Food Safety and Control in
Vienna, Austria.
Jumping Genes: Small DNA segments with recombinase
enzymes and extra DNA segments at the ends that bind and Organizers: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the
manipulate DNA. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

Process: Extra DNA at the ends of jumping genes is joined to One Health Approach: Aims to balance and optimize the
convert the DNA double helix into a single-stranded RNA health of people, animals, and ecosystems.
molecule, allowing flexible DNA modifications by binding to
donor and target DNA segments.

Significance

 Enables rearranging, recombining, and editing long DNA

sequences.
 Could advance gene editing therapeutics and treatments
for diseases.

Thorium Molten Salt Nuclear Power Station

46 LEGEND BHAIYA

China plans to launch the world’s first thorium molten salt

nuclear power station in the Gobi Desert by 2025.
Role of Nuclear Technologies
Fuel: Uses thorium instead of uranium.
 Soil and Water Management: Radioactive nuclides help
Cooling: Utilizes liquid salt or carbon dioxide for cooling, assess soil health and erosion rates.
reducing the risk of meltdowns compared to water-cooling
models.
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Insect Pest Management: Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) Recent accusations against SEBI’s Chairperson highlight
involves mass-rearing and sterilizing insects through potential conflicts of interest between private and public
ionizing radiation before release. roles.

Conflict of Interest: A situation where a public official’s

private
interests
improperly
influence
their official
duties
(OECD).
 Plant Breeding and Genetics: Irradiation can induce
desired genetic changes. Ethical
Issues
ETHICS:

Frauds in Civil Services Examination  Public

Trust:
Allegations of fake certificates and cheating using ChatGPT Perceptions of bias erode trust in government decisions.
have emerged, highlighting increasing fraud and dishonesty in  Corruption: Can lead to bribery, favoritism, and
civil service exams. nepotism.

Ethical Issues

 Social Justice: Fake certificates undermine affirmative

action fairness.
 Administrative Integrity: Unethical candidates can cause
corruption and inefficiency.
 Deontological Ethics: Cheating violates Kant's principle of  Constitutional Principles: May undermine equality and
universalizable actions. fairness.
 Utilitarianism: Cheating harms societal well-being.  Brand Impact: Can harm business reputations due to
scandals.
Steps Taken
Legal Framework
 Ethics Paper: Introduced in 2013 as a filter.
 Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act,  For Public Servants: Central Civil Services (Conduct)
2024: Aims to prevent unfair practices and enhance Rules, 1964; Central Vigilance Commission guidelines;
transparency. SEBI’s Code.
 Digital Measures: UPSC plans to use Aadhaar-based  For Businesses: Companies Act, 2013; SEBI Guidelines.
authentication, facial recognition, and CCTV surveillance.
Way Forward
Way Forward
 Conflict Identification: Effective disclosure processes.
 Educational Values: Promote honesty from early  Leadership: Commitment to ethical standards.
education.  Review Mechanisms: Regularly assess at-risk areas.
 Exam Reforms: Implement stringent verification and  Cooling-Off Period: Prevent revolving door issues.
introduce aptitude tests.  Oversight Bodies: Independent ethics commissions.
 Technological Solutions: Develop new strategies to
combat misuse of technology.
 Rule Updates: Regularly review and update rules to
47 LEGEND BHAIYA

address emerging issues. Public Infrastructure and Public Service Delivery

Recent infrastructure failures, such as bridge collapses and

previous incidents like the Morbi bridge collapse, highlight
issues with public infrastructure quality and service delivery.
Conflict of Interests of Public Officials
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

Public Service Delivery: Mechanism for delivering services  Citizens: Access to information about government
like sewage, education, and health by various government actions.
levels.  Government: Balance transparency with national
security.
Ethical Issues
 Organizations: Protect reputation and address issues.
 Inefficiency: Negligence and policy issues.  Regulatory Bodies: Ensure legal compliance.
 Contract Methods: Lowest bidder focus over quality.  Media/NGOs: Report and advocate for transparency and
 Lack of Transparency: Poor mechanisms for support.
accountability.
Ethical Dilemmas
 Attitudinal Issues: Indifference and lack of motivation.
 Protection vs. National Security: Balancing whistleblower
protection with security concerns.
 Media Responsibility: Handling sensitive information
responsibly.
 Public Right vs. Confidentiality: Balancing information
access with confidentiality needs.
 Duty vs. Obligation: Conflicting loyalties between
Reasons for Persistent Issues employers and moral obligations.

 Implementation Gaps: Ineffective service improvement Laws in India

systems.
 Whistleblowers Protection Act, 2014: Protects
 Political Priorities: Often outweigh public interests.
whistleblowers.
 Administrative Resistance: To reforms and changes.
 Companies Act, 2013: Mandates vigilance mechanisms.
Measures for Good Governance  SEBI Regulations, 2015: Requires whistleblower policies.
 RBI Scheme: Requires whistleblower policies in banks.
 Administrative Reforms: Citizen's Charter, grievance
mechanisms. Way Forward
 New Public Management: Adopt private sector practices.
 Effective Implementation: Enforce protection laws.
 Human Capital: Recruitment and training improvements.
 Comprehensive Legislation: Cover all sectors.
 E-Governance: SMART governance, apps for
 Journalist Protection: Strengthen protections for
transparency.
whistleblowing journalists.
 Monitoring: ICT-based platforms like PRAGATI.
 Balance: Ensure freedom while maintaining necessary
Ethics of Whistleblowing confidentiality.

The release of Julian Assange and other whistleblowers like

Good Life: The Art of Balancing Work and Leisure

The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child emphasizes the

right to rest and leisure, and recent research suggests that
leisure activities can enhance well-being more than work.

Edward Snowden and Satyendra Dubey raises questions Relationship Between Work and Leisure
about the ethics of whistleblowing.
Challenges in Balancing Work and Leisure
Whistleblowing Defined : Reporting wrongdoing or unethical
48 LEGEND BHAIYA

acts to the public or authorities.  Work Culture: Encourages excessive work hours and
perfectionism.
Stakeholders and Their Interests  Technology: Blurs boundaries between work and home
life.
 Whistleblower: Expose misconduct and protect against
 Societal Pressure: Glorifies constant busyness.
retaliation.
Way Forward
 UPDATED MAINS 365 SUMMARY

 Promote Positive Culture: Adopt democratic leadership  Beneficence:

and open communication. Ensuring trials
 Increased Time Off: Boost productivity and health with benefit
extra days off. participants.
 Bounded Rationality: Accept limitations and avoid  Compensation:
perfectionism. For trial-related
 Flexibility: Use technology to offer flexible work options. harm.
 Set Boundaries: Clearly define work hours and avoid  Privacy:
work-related tasks outside these hours. Maintaining
confidentiality.
Ethics of Clinical Trials  Conflict of
CDSCO’s reform to waive local trials for drugs approved Interest: Avoiding
abroad aims to improve access to new treatments, but raises biases in trials.
ethical concerns.  Benefit Sharing: Post-research access for participants.

Clinical Trials Phases Way Forward

Phase I: Tests safe dosage and side effects.  Institutional Committees: Enhance understanding of
ethics.
Phase II: Assesses effectiveness in a larger group.  National Infrastructure: Develop trial infrastructure.
Phase III: Compares with existing treatments.  Regulatory Clarity: Clear regulations for diverse
situations.
Phase IV: Post-marketing surveillance.  Compensation: Ensure fair compensation for harm.
Regulatory Mechanism for Clinical Trials International Guidelines

 Drugs and Cosmetics Act (DCA), 1940 and Drugs and  Belmont Report: Respect, beneficence, and justice
Cosmetics Rules, 1945: Provides the foundational legal principles.
framework for regulating drugs and cosmetics in India.  Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical standards for medical
 The CT Rules 2019: Issued under the DCA, these rules research.
specifically govern the conduct of clinical trials.  Nuremberg Code: Response to WWII abuses.
 DCGI (Directorate General of Civil Aviation):The head of  CIOMS Guidelines: Ethical standards for health research.
CDSCO (Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation),
responsible for the final approval of clinical trials in India.
 Ethics Committees:All medical research, including clinical
trials, must be overseen by an independent ethics
committee.

Concerns

 Informed Consent: Difficulty in understanding consent

forms.
 Vulnerable Populations: Risks and ethical issues in
targeting.
 Regulatory Bypass: Expedient trials bypassing
regulations.

Ethical Principles
49 LEGEND BHAIYA

 Informed Consent: Right to comprehensive information.