CHAPTER-

Mat
eri
alandMet
hods

Thest
udywascar
ri
edouti
nthel
abor
ator
yofpost
-har
vestcol
l
ege,Sar
darVal
l
abh
BhaiPat
elUni
ver
sit
yofAgr
icul
tur
eandt
echnol
ogyi
nMeer
utf
rom dec2020t
oApr
il
[Link]
schapt
erdeal
swi
tht
hedet
ail
soft
hemat
eri
alsandmet
hodsusedand
t
hepr
ocedur
esf
ort
hedev
elopmentoft
hepr
oductandt
heanal
ysi
soff
unct
ional
,
phy
sical
,chemi
cal
,mi
crobi
alandnut
ri
ti
onalandaswel
lasor
ganol
ept
icpr
oper
ti
es
ofv
alue-
addedpr
oduct
.Theexper
iment
alwor
kwascar
ri
edoutf
ort
hest
udi
eson
dev
elopment
,qual
i
tyev
aluat
ionandst
oragest
abi
l
ityofpar
athaandmuf
fi
nwer
e
ev
aluat
edj
ustaf
terpr
epar
ati
[Link]
upanddet
ail
edmet
hodol
ogyar
ebei
ng
descr
ibedasbel
ow:

3.
[Link]
eri
als

Rawmat
eri
alv
[Link]
afl
our
,cassav
ast
arch,
glassj
ar,
mil
kpowder
,mi
l
k,sugar
,
sodi
um-
bicar
bonat
eandHDPEbagset
[Link]
epr
ocur
edf
rom t
hel
ocalmar
ketf
or
t
hepr
esentst
udy
.

3.
[Link]
iment
alset
up

Exper
iment
alpl
anf
ort
heanal
ysi
sofcassav
afl
ourandcassav
ast
archandt
he
dev
elopmentoft
hepar
athaandmuf
fi
nfr
om cassav
afl
ourar
egi
veni
nTabl
e3.
1,
3.
2and3.
3.
 Exper
iment
alLay
out
Tabl
e1:Exper
iment
all
ayoutoft
hesampl
es(
star
chandf
lour
).

Exper
iment
al Qual
it
yEv
aluat
ion
Par
amet
ers Lev
els Descr
ipt
ion Par
amet
ers

Cassav
aFl
our(
cont
rol
) [
1]Phy
sico-
chemi
cal
4 I
rr
adi
atedCassav
a Pr
oper
ti
es
Fl
our Moi
stur
econt
ent
,Pr
otei
n,
Cassav
aSt
arch Fat
,Ash,
pH,
Crudef
iber
,
(
cont
rol
) Col
orpar
amet
er,
whi
teness
I
rr
adi
atedcassav
a
st
arch [
2]Funct
ionalPr
oper
ti
es

Wat
erabsor
pti
oncapaci
ty,
Gamma-
ir
radi
ati
on Oi
labsor
pti
oncapaci
ty,
Doses(
kGy
) Swel
l
ingandsol
ubi
l
ity
3 5,
7.5,
10 i
ndex,
Freezet
hawst
abi
l
ity
,
Foam st
abi
l
ity
,Foam
capaci
tyEmul
sionact
ivi
ty,
Emul
sionst
abi
l
ity
,bul
ked
densi
ty,
Tabl
e2:Exper
iment
all
ayoutoft
heRTEPar
athaf
rom cassav
afl
our

Experi
mental Descr
ipt
ions Quali
tyEvaluat
ion
Parameter
s Parameters

RTEPar
atha CassavaFlour T1=100:
00 [
1]Chemi
calPr
oper
ti
es
(cont
rol) T2=00:
100
I
ngr
edi
ent
s I
r r
adi
atedCassav
a Moistur
econtent,
Prot
ein
Flour content
,Fat,
Ash,pH,
Sal
t Crudefi
ber,
Ghee Carbohydr
ates,
Energy
.
Aspert
rai
l
Aspert
rai
l [
2]Phy
sicalPr
oper
ti
es

Di
ameter,Thickness,
Weight
,Spreadr at
io.

[
3]Organol
ept
ic
Pr
operti
es

Color,
Taste,Fl
avor
,
Textur
eandov eral
l
acceptabi
l
ity
.

[
4]St
ati
sti
calAnal
ysi
s

@5%l
evel
ofsi
gni
fi
cance
Sampl
esi
ze 1 300g

Packagi
ng 1 Zi
pperpouch
materi
al
Stor
ageperi
od 1
90day
s
Stor
age
condi
ti
on 1 Fr
eezer

Repl
i
cat
ion 3 -

Desi
gn 1 CRD
Tabl
e3:Exper
iment
all
ayoutoft
heMuf
fi
nfr
om cassav
afl
our

Experi
mental Descr
ipt
ions Quali
tyEvaluat
ion
Parameter
s Parameters

Muf
fi
ns CassavaFlour T1=100:
00 [
1]Chemi
calPr
oper
ti
es
(cont
rol) T2=00:
100
I
r r
adi
atedCassav
a Moisturecontent,
Flour Protei
ncontent,Fat,
Ash,
I
ngr
edi
ent
s pH, Cr
udefiber,
carbohydr
ate,energy
Ghee Aspert
rai
l
Baki
ngsoda Aspert
rai
l
Sugar Aspert
rai
l [
2]Phy
sicalPr
oper
ti
es
Sal
t Aspert
rai
l
Mil
k Di
ameter,
Thi
ckness,
Weight

[
3]Organol
ept
ic
Pr
operti
es

Color,
Tast e,
Flavor,
Textur
e, Cri
spiness,and
overallacceptabil
it
y.

[
4]St
ati
sti
calAnal
ysi
s

5%l
evel
ofsi
gni
fi
cance
Sampl
esi
ze 1
300g
Packagi
ng 1
materi
al Zi
pperpouch
Stor
ageperi
od 1
7day
s
St
orage 1
Room
temper
atur
e
Repl
i
cat
ion 3
-
Desi
gn 1 CRD

3.
[Link]
iment
alset
up

Par
athaandMuf
fi
ndev
elopmentwasconduct
edi
nthel
abofpost
-har
vest
t
echnol
ogy
,S.
[Link]
ver
sit
y of Agr
icul
tur
e and Technol
ogy
,Meer
ut (
U.P)
.
I
nst
rumentand equi
pment
’s used i
nthe st
udywer
e Hotai
rov
en,El
ect
roni
c
wei
ghi
ngbal
ance,
Traydr
yer
,Gr
inder
,Si
eve,
Muf
fl
efur
nace,
siev
eshaker
,Di
git
alpH
met
er,Desi
ccat
or,Ver
niercal
i
per
,Wat
erbat
h,et
[Link]
i
entf
eat
uresofsomeoft
he
maj
ori
nst
rument
sar
edescr
ibedbel
ow.

3.
[Link]
yti
calwei
ghi
ngBal
ance

Anal
yti
calbal
ancesar
ehi
ghl
ysensi
ti
vel
ab i
nst
rument
sdesi
gnedt
o accur
atel
y
measur
emassand t
hemeasur
ementofwei
ghtofsampl
e.I
tisasi
gni
fi
cant
i
nst
rumentf
ort
hel
abor
ator
iesf
orpr
eci
semeasur
ementofchemi
cal
swhi
char
e
usedi
nvar
iousexper
iment
[Link]
rreadabi
l
ityhasar
angebet
ween0.
1mg-0.
01mg.
Anal
yti
calbal
anceshav
eadr
aftshi
eldorwei
ghi
ngchambert
opr
eventt
hev
ery
smal
lsampl
esf
rom bei
ngaf
fect
edbyai
rcur
rent
s.

3.
[Link]
git
alpHmet
er

Thedi
git
alpHmet
er(
Syst
roni
cμpHsy
stem-
361)wasusedt
odet
ermi
net
hepHof
t
he sampl
es.I
thas an el
ect
rode,whi
ch i
s di
pped i
n sampl
e sol
uti
on dur
ing
measur
ingofpHi
sdi
spl
ayedi
nthedi
git
aldi
spl
[Link]
rolpanelconsi
stsofst
and
byknob,
temper
atur
eadj
ust
mentknob,
slopadj
ust
mentknobandcal
i
brat
ionknob.

3.
[Link]
rOven

Hotai
rov
en (
Inst
ron,I
N-301 model
)was a doubl
e wal
l
ed chamberofsi
ze
[Link]
erchamberwas made ofmi
l
d st
eelwhi
l
ethe i
nner
chamberwasmadeofst
ainl
essst
eel
.Gl
asswooli
nsul
ati
on(
65cm)waspr
ovi
ded
si
dewal
l
sandr
earwal
lforuni
for
m heat
[Link]
rvent
il
ator
swer
epr
ovi
dedont
he
si
dewal
l
soft
heov
en. Di
git
aldi
spl
aywaspl
acedi
nthef
rontoft
heov
ent
o
measur
eoft
emper
atur
[Link]
emper
atur
ewascont
rol
l
edbyat
her
most
[Link]
per
for
atedshel
veswer
emadeofst
ainl
essst
eelpr
ovi
dedf
ort
hepl
acementof
sampl
esov
ert
[Link]
enwasusedf
ordr
yingofsampl
es,
inor
dert
odet
ermi
net
he
moi
stur
econt
entofr
awmat
eri
alandt
hei
rpr
oduct
s.

3.
[Link]
ayDr
yer

Acabi
nett
ypemechani
calt
raydr
yerwasusedt
oconductdr
yingofpr
oduct
[Link]
dr
yerhaddr
yingchamber
,heat
inguni
tandaf
[Link]
yingchamberwasani
nsul
ated
boxwi
thasi
ngl
edooropeni
ngatf
ront
.Tenal
umi
num t
ray
swer
epl
acedi
nthe
dr
yingchamber
.Si
xheat
inguni
tswer
epr
ovi
dedt
oincr
easet
het
emper
atur
einsi
de
t
hedr
yingchamber
.Theheat
edai
rwasci
rcul
atedi
nsi
det
hecabi
netwi
tht
hehel
p
ofci
rcul
ati
ngf
[Link]
her
most
atcont
rol
l
er(
50-
250°
C)wasal
soat
tachedwi
tht
he
heat
inguni
ttocont
rol
thedesi
redt
emper
atur
efort
hedr
yingexper
iment
s.

3.
[Link]
git
alSpect
rophot
omet
er

A di
git
alspect
rophot
omet
er,(
Eli
co SL171)wasused f
ort
hedet
ermi
nat
ion of
opt
icaldensi
ty/
browni
ngi
ndexoft
hesampl
[Link]
putwasav
ail
abl
eont
he
di
git
aldi
spl
ayi
nter
msofopt
icaldensi
ty(
absor
bance)
.Per
cent
aget
ransmi
ssi
on(
%
T)andconcent
rat
ion(
c).I
tusesadi
ff
ract
iongr
ati
ngast
hemonochr
omat
orand
pr
oducesl
i
nearspect
[Link]
ati
ng hasahi
ghr
esol
uti
onof600 l
i
nes/
nm,
ensur
ingt
her
ebyanar
rowbandwi
[Link]
omat
icshut
terwaspr
ovi
dedsot
hat
t
hel
i
ghtpassest
hrought
hecuv
ett
e-cont
aini
ngsampl
eonl
ywheni
twasi
nser
tedi
n
t
hehousi
ng,t
her
eby
,incr
easi
ngt
hel
i
feoft
hephot
odet
ect
[Link]
nst
rumenthad
wav
elengt
hrangeof340t
o960nm wi
thar
esol
uti
onof5nm.

3.
[Link]
fl
eFur
nace

Muf
fl
efur
nace(
TANCO model
)wasusedt
odet
ermi
net
heashcont
entoft
he
sampl
[Link]
terwal
l
soft
hemuf
fl
efur
nacewer
emadeoft
hickmi
l
dst
eel
.The
i
nnerwal
l
swer
emadeofgr
oov
edr
efr
act
orymat
eri
[Link]
ingel
ement
swer
e
embeddedi
nthegr
oov
esont
wosi
desoft
hechamber
.Thedooroft
hef
urnace
wasi
nsul
atedwi
thsi
l
iconf
iber
.Thedooroper
ati
ngt
emper
atur
eofmuf
fl
efur
nace
was900°
[Link]
atuswaspr
ovi
dedwi
thapy
romet
er,di
git
alt
emper
atur
e
di
spl
ayandt
emper
atur
econt
rol
uni
t.

3.
[Link]
ncubat
or
The BOD i
ncubat
or(
orbi
talshaki
ng i
ncubat
or-
model
)was a cl
osed i
nsul
ated
cabi
net
,consi
sti
ngofmet
all
i
cout
ercov
er,
whi
chmai
ntai
nst
hev
ary
ingt
emper
atur
e
bel
owt
heambi
entcondi
ti
[Link]
sconsi
stedofheat
ing,
ref
ri
ger
ati
on,
airci
rcul
ati
on
and di
git
aldi
spl
ay uni
[Link]
s was mai
nly usef
ult
o mai
ntai
nthe desi
red
t
emper
atur
efori
ncubat
ionorst
orageofsampl
[Link] i
ncubat
orwasal
so
usedt
omai
ntai
nthedesi
redt
emper
atur
eandhumi
dit
ycondi
ti
onsf
ort
hegr
owt
hof
bact
eri
aandf
ungi
ont
hei
rmedi
a.

3.
[Link]
ocl
ave

Aut
ocl
ave(
Ther
mot
ech,L-
2001)wasmadeofheav
ymet
all
i
ccy
li
ndr
icalsheet
.T
hadheat
ingsy
stem t
oconv
ertwat
eri
ntost
[Link]
essur
egaugemount
edatt
he
t
opoft
hechestf
ormeasur
ingt
hest
eam pr
essur
eandast
eam r
eleasev
alv
eto
pr
ovi
desaf
ety
.Themaxi
mum oper
ati
ngpr
essur
efort
hev
esselwaspsi
.Itwas
usedf
orst
eri
l
izat
ionoft
hegl
assbot
tl
esandgl
assj
ar,pr
epar
ati
onofmedi
afor
mi
crobi
alst
udy
.

3.
[Link]
narf
low

Thecabi
netofl
ami
narf
low (
SabeerModel
)wasf
abr
icat
edoutoft
hickboar
dof
sunmi
ca.I
nter
iorsur
faceofwor
kingpl
atf
orm/
tabl
ewasmadeofst
ainl
essst
eel
wi
tht
he sunmi
ca att
he t
[Link]
des oft
he panel
s wer
e oft
hick t
ranspar
ent
pl
exi
/acr
yli
cgl
assdul
yfr
[Link]
twasf
it
tedwi
thbot
hpr
efi
l
terandhi
gh
ef
fi
ciencypar
ti
cul
arai
r(HEPA)f
il
ter
.Ai
rwasdr
awnt
hroughpr
efi
l
terandwasmade
t
opasst
hroughhi
ghl
yef
fect
iveHEPAf
il
ter
shav
ingef
fi
ciencyr
ati
ngashi
ghas
99.
99% t
husr
etai
ningal
lthepar
ti
clesofsi
ze0.
3mi
cronorl
arger
.Abl
owerand
mot
orassembl
yof1.
5HP,
dynami
cal
l
ybal
ancedwasf
ixed.

Thewor
kingar
eawasi
l
lumi
nat
edbyf
luor
escentl
i
ghtf
it
tedwi
tht
heuni
[Link]
ghtof
t
hewor
kingt
abl
ewasadj
ust
abl
[Link]
i
ghtsy
stem wasal
sof
ixedunder
neat
hthe
sunmi
cacl
adatt
het
opandswi
tchedonf
ort
heper
iodof10t
o20mi
nut
esbef
ore
wor
king.

3.
[Link]
xer

Aj
uicemi
xergr
inder(
Mahar
ajawhi
tel
i
ne)wasusef
ort
hemi
xi
ngt
heal
lfl
ouri
n
mi
xi
ngj
[Link]
lthewei
ghedf
lourandst
archwer
efi
l
ledi
nmi
xi
ngj
arandoper
atedup
t
[Link]
xerwasel
ect
ri
cal
l
yoper
ated.
3.
[Link]
erBat
h

Wat
erbat
h(make:Remi
)ismadeupofst
ainl
essst
eeli
nar
ect
angul
ar.I
thas
t
emper
atur
e cont
rol
l
erwi
th shakerand st
ir
rer
.St
ir
rerpl
aysi
n di
str
ibut
ion of
uni
for
m t
emper
atur
e ofwat
[Link] desi
red t
emper
atur
e can be cont
rol
l
ed by
t
her
most
at.

3.
[Link]
ccat
or

Desi
ccat
orwasusedt
okeept
hehotPet
ripl
atesf
orcool
i
[Link]
ngt
hehotpet
ri
-
pl
atei
ndesi
ccat
ori
tav
oidsf
luct
uat
ioni
nmeasur
ingt
hewei
ght
.Desi
ccat
orswer
e
seal
abl
eencl
osur
econt
aini
ngdesi
ccant
susedf
orpr
eser
vingmoi
stur
e-sensi
ti
ve
i
[Link]
ordesi
ccat
orswast
osaf
eguar
dchemi
cal
sthatwer
e
hy
groscopi
cort
hati
tact
swi
thwat
erf
rom humi
dit
y.

3.
[Link]
plusNi
tr
ogenest
imat
ionuni
t

TheKj
eldahlmet
hodi
sameansofdet
ermi
ningt
heni
tr
ogencont
entof
or
gani
candi
nor
gani
csubst
[Link]
eldahlmet
hodmaybebr
okendowni
nto
t
hreemai
nst
eps:

Di
gest
ion -t
he decomposi
ti
on of ni
tr
ogen i
n or
gani
c sampl
es ut
il
izi
ng a
concent
rat
ed aci
d sol
uti
[Link]
sis accompl
i
shed by boi
l
ing a homogeneous
sampl
einconcent
rat
edsul
fur
icaci
[Link]
esul
tisanammoni
um sul
fat
e
sol
uti
[Link]
sti
l
lat
ion-addi
ngex
cessbaset
otheaci
ddi
gest
ionmi
xtur
etoconv
ert
NH4+t
oNH3,f
oll
owedbyboi
l
ingandcondensat
ionoft
heNH3gasi
nar
ecei
vi
ng
sol
uti
[Link]
tr
ati
on-t
oquant
if
ytheamountofammoni
aint
her
ecei
vi
ngsol
uti
on.

3.
[Link]
omat
icf
atext
ract
ionuni
t

Soxhl
etext
ract
ion i
s usedwhen t
he desi
red compound has a l
i
mit
ed
sol
ubi
l
ityi
nasol
vent
,andt
hei
mpur
it
yisi
nsol
ubl
eint
hatsol
vent
.Ital
l
owsf
or
unmoni
tor
edandunmanagedoper
ati
onwhi
l
eef
fi
cient
lyr
ecy
cli
ngasmal
lamount
ofsol
ventt
odi
ssol
veal
argeramountofmat
eri
[Link]
all
y,i
tisusedor
gani
c
sol
vent
sto ext
ractf
[Link]
lyt
hesol
venti
sev
apor
atedandt
hef
ati
s
det
ermi
nedbywei
ghi
ngt
hedr
yfat
tyext
ract
.Aut
omat
icf
atext
ract
ionsy
stem i
s
l
esst
imeconsumabl
e,easyt
ohandl
e.

3.
[Link]
omat
icf
ibr
eext
ract
ionsy
stem

Fi
brer
efer
stot
her
esi
dueofaf
eedt
hati
sinsol
ubl
eaf
tersuccessi
veboi
l
ing
wi
thdi
l
uteaci
dandal
kal
i
.Int
heWeende’
smet
hodwhent
hesampl
eissubj
ect
edt
o
aci
dandal
kal
idi
gest
ion,weobt
ainar
esi
duecompr
isi
ngash(
miner
almat
ter
)of
t
hef
eedandt
her
esi
stantf
ract
ionofcar
bohy
drat
[Link]
her
esi
duei
signi
tedt
he
or
gani
c mat
terget
s oxi
dized l
eav
ing t
he i
nor
gani
cresi
due [Link],t
he
di
ff
erencei
nwei
ghtoft
her
esi
duebef
oreandaf
terashi
nggi
vest
hewei
ghtofcr
ude
f
ibr
[Link]
brapl
usi
sani
mpor
tsubst
it
utepr
oduct
.Thesy
stem enabl
esabsol
ute
ext
ract
ionoff
ibr
ewi
thanhourf
orabat
chofsampl
[Link]
stem hasbeen
desi
gneduni
quel
yfori
ndi
vi
dualsampl
eloadi
ngwi
thi
ndependentcont
rolenabl
i
ng
t
heusert
odoext
ract
ionconv
eni
ent
lyaspert
hesampl
eload.I
tisusedf
ort
he
det
ermi
nat
ion ofcr
udef
ibr
einf
orage,gr
ains,oi
lcake,ot
herf
eedsand f
ood
i
ngr
edi
ent
s.

Packagi
ngmat
eri
al

Par
athawer
ewr
appedi
ntr
anspar
entpol
ytheneandpackedi
ntohi
ghdensi
ty
pol
yet
hyl
ene(
HDPE)[Link]
athawasst
oredatdeepf
reezerf
or0,30,60
and90day
sforf
urt
heranal
ysi
[Link]
fi
n’
spackagi
ngmat
eri
ali
s((
))andwer
est
ored
atr
oom t
emper
atur
e.

3.
[Link]
ocessi
ngmet
hodsofcassavaf
lourandst
arch

Fl
ourandst
archwer
epr
epar
edf
rom cassav
aroot
[Link]
ail
edmet
hodol
ogyf
or
dev
elopmentoff
lourandext
ract
ionofst
archar
egi
venbel
ow:

3.
[Link]
lect
ionsofsampl
es

Thesampl
eofr
aw cassav
awer
epr
ocur
edf
rom t
hel
ocalmar
ketout
leti
nDel
hi
(
I.
[Link]
imandi
).Theot
hermat
eri
alv
iz.

3.
[Link]
our

Thecassav
aroot
swer
epr
ocessed i
ntof
lour
.Cassav
aroot
swer
ewashed i
n
pot
abl
ewat
ert
oremov
esoi
l
sanddi
rtf
rom t
hei
rski
nandpeel
edi
tbyusi
ngki
tchen
kni
[Link]
edr
oot
swer
ewashedandcuti
ntochi
pssl
i
cesbyusi
ngv
eget
abl
e&
f
rui
tsl
i
ceraf
tert
hati
twasdi
ppedi
ntodi
sti
l
ledwat
erf
orawhi
l
etheni
twasdr
iedby
usi
ngt
raydr
yerf
orat70°
cfor6hr
[Link]
terdr
ying,t
hedr
iedchi
pswer
emi
l
ledi
nto
f
lourbyspi
cegr
inderaf
tert
hati
twascol
l
ectandsi
evedi
tforobt
aini
ngf
inef
lour
.
 Thent
hef
lourwaspackedi
ntoai
rti
ghtl
ow densi
typol
yet
hyl
enepouchesand
st
oredatr
oom t
emper
atur
e.

3.
[Link]
ocessi
ngofst
arch

Themet
hoddescr
ibedbyOsunsamietal
.,(
1989)wasusedf
ort
hepr
oduct
ionof
v
ari
ous st
[Link]
esh t
uber
s wer
e washed,peel
ed,chopped i
nto cubes by
v
eget
abl
e&f
rui
tsl
i
cert
hengr
indi
tbymi
xtur
egr
indert
heni
tconv
ert
sint
opul
[Link]
pul
pwassoakedi
ntodi
sti
l
ledwat
eratr
oom t
emper
atur
e(22±3°
C)f
or12hand
si
evedbywashi
ngof
finabasi
nofwat
[Link]
xtur
ewasf
il
ter
edt
hroughaf
ine
mesh si
eve(
musl
i
n cl
oth)and t
he f
il
tr
ate al
l
owed t
o set
tl
[Link] super
nat
ant
(
eff
luent
)wasdecant
edandsedi
mentobt
[Link]
archwast
hendr
iedi
n
hotai
rov
en(
Macr
oSci
ent
if
icWor
ksPv
[Link]
d.I
ndi
a)at40°
[Link]
arch
sampl
eswer
epackedi
ntoai
rti
ghtl
owdensi
typol
yet
hyl
enepouchesandst
oredat
40°
Cinr
efr
iger
atorf
orf
urt
heranal
ysi
s.

Rawcassav
a(t
uber
)

Cl
eani
ngandpeel
ing

Washi
ngwi
thwat
er

Sl
ici
ngbysli
cer Choppi
ng(
cubeshape
Dr
yingbytraydr
ierat60°
c
f
or6hr Gr
indi
ng
 Washi
ngwi
thdi
sti
llwat
er

Gr
indi
t t
hroughsi
eve

Fil
tr
ateal
lowtostandin
Ext
ractFl
our undi
stur
bedposit
ionforanhr

Stor
edinzi
pper Pr
ecl
udewat
er
pouch

Ext
ractst
arch(
wet
for
m)

St
oredi
nZi
pper

Fi
g.f
lowchar
toft
hepr
ocessi
ngofcassav
afl
ourandcassav
ast
arch

3.
[Link]
rr
adi
ati
onTr
eat
ment

Cassav
afl
ourandst
archbot
hwer
eseal
edi
npol
yet
hyl
enepoucheswassubj
ect
ed
t
othr
eedi
ff
erentdosesofgammai
rr
adi
ati
onv
iz,
5,7.
5,and10kGyusi
ngcobal
t-
60
assour
cei
rr
adi
atoratr
oom t
emper
atur
eof23±2°
Cwi
thdoser
ateof0.
5kGy
/h.
The unt
reat
ed sampl
e was t
aken as cont
rol
.The i
rr
adi
ati
on t
reat
ment
s wer
e
per
for
medatShr
iRam I
nst
it
utef
orI
ndust
ri
alResear
ch,
NewDel
hi,
Indi
a.

3.
[Link]
sico-
chemi
calPr
oper
ti
es and Funct
ionalpr
oper
ti
es of nat
ive and
i
rr
adi
atedCassavaSt
archesandf
lour

3.
[Link]
losecont
ent

Amy
losecont
entoft
hest
archwasdet
ermi
nedaccor
dingt
othemet
hod
descr
ibedbyWi
ll
iamsetal
.,
(1970)
.Appr
oxi
mat
ely20mgst
archsampl
ewast
aken
andmi
xedwi
th10mlof0.
[Link]
esul
ti
ngmi
xtur
ewast
hent
ransf
err
edt
o
100ml
vol
umet
ri
cfl
askanddi
l
utedupt
othemar
kwi
thdi
sti
l
ledwat
[Link]
i
quotof
st
archsol
uti
on(
10ml
)waspi
pet
tedi
nto50mlv
olumet
ri
cfl
[Link]
his,5mLof
0.
1NHCLwasadded,f
oll
owedby0.
5mlofi
odi
ner
eagent(
dissol
ved10gKI+1g
i
odi
nei
nwat
erandmadeupt
o500ml
).Thev
olumewasdi
l
utedt
o50ml
,al
l
owed
t
o st
and f
or 5 mi
n and absor
bance was measur
ed at 625 nm by UV
Spect
rophot
omet
er(
Shi
madzuUV-
1601,Ky
oto,Japan)
.Bl
ankwaspr
epar
edby
di
l
uti
ng1mLofi
odi
ner
eagenti
n50mLofdi
sti
l
ledwat
er.

3.
[Link]
ent

Theashcont
entoft
hef
lour
swasdet
ermi
nedbyusi
ngov
enmet
hod(
AOAC,
2012)
.

Appar
atusr
equi
red

[Link]
ami
ccr
uci
bles.

[Link]
fl
efur
nace

[Link]
ghi
ngbal
ance.

Pr
ocedur
e:

Appr
oxi
mat
ely2goft
hesampl
ewaswei
ghed,t
ransf
err
edi
npr
e-wei
ghed
por
cel
aincr
uci
bleandchar
redusi
nggasf
lamet
il
[Link]
uci
blewas
t
hent
ransf
err
edt
omuf
fl
efur
nacemai
ntai
nedat550±5°
Candi
nci
ner
atedt
il
lthe
l
i
ghtgr
eyashwasobt
[Link]
uci
blewast
hencool
edi
nadesi
ccat
orand
wei
[Link]
centashcont
entwascal
cul
atedas:

Wher
e,W =Wei
ghtoft
hesampl
e;W1=Wei
ghtofempt
ycr
uci
ble;

W2=Wei
ghtofcr
uci
ble+ash

3.
[Link]

ThepHofeachsampl
ewasdet
ermi
nedusi
ngdi
git
alpHmet
er(
LABI
ndi
a).
ForpHmeasur
ement1gofsampl
ewasmi
xedwi
th25mLdi
sti
l
ledwat
erat23±2
°
C(Wanietal
.,
2014)
.
3.
[Link]
ourval
ues

Thecol
ourv
aluesi
nter
msofL,aandboft
hesampl
ewer
emeasur
edby
usi
ngaHunt
erCol
ourMet
er(
Shenzhen3nhTechnol
ogyCo.
,Lt
d)wi
thi
l
lumi
nant
D65and100obser
ver
[Link]
gherLv
aluei
ndi
cat
edabr
ight
erorwhi
tersampl
e.
Val
uesofaandbi
ndi
cat
edt
her
ed-
greenandy
ell
ow-
bluechr
omat
ici
tyr
espect
ivel
y

3.
[Link]
tenessmet
er

3.
[Link]
stur
e

Moi
stur
econt
entofal
lthesampl
eswasdet
ermi
nedusi
ngAOAC,(
2012)
st
andar
dmet
hod.

Appar
atusr
equi
red:

[Link]
ccat
or

[Link]
air
oven

[Link]
ri
-pl
ates

[Link]
ghi
ngbal
ance

Pr
ocedur
e:

Accur
atel
ywei
ghedsampl
e(5g)wast
akeni
npr
evi
ousl
ydr
iedandwei
ghed
pet
ri
-di
[Link]
ridi
shal
ongwi
thsampl
ewaspl
acedi
ntheov
enmai
ntai
nedat
105±1º
Cti
l
ltheconst
antwei
ghtwasobt
[Link]
ewasanal
yzedi
n
t
ri
pli
cat
esandt
hemeanwast
[Link]
centmoi
stur
econt
entwascal
cul
ated
as:

Wher
e,

W =Wei
ghtofempt
ypet
ridi
sh;
W1=Wei
ghtofpet
ridi
shwi
thsampl
ebef
oredr
ying;
W2=Wei
ghtofpet
ridi
shwi
thsampl
eaf
terdr
yingt
oconst
antwei
ght
.

3.
[Link]
ract
ionmet
hod
 Fatcont
entwas det
ermi
ned by usi
ng aut
omat
icf
atext
ract
ion uni
t
(
Socspl
usExt
ract
ionsy
stem,
Pel
i
canequi
pment
).
Appar
atusRequi
red:
Soxhl
etAppar
atus
Reagent
srequi
red:
Pet
rol
eum et
her
Pr
ocedur
e:
Wei
gh5gofeachsampl
e,t
ransf
ert
hesampl
etot
het
himbl
[Link]
rst
ly,t
aket
he
i
nit
ialwei
ghtoft
hebeakerandf
ixt
het
himbl
etot
het
himbl
ehol
dert
henpl
acet
he
t
himbl
eint
othebeaker
.Takesol
ventappr
oxi
mat
ely75mlofpet
rol
eum et
herwas
pour
edt
hrought
hesampl
einaSoxhl
etappar
atusi
nabeaker
.Inser
tthebeaker
wi
thsol
venti
ntot
heext
ract
ionsy
stem,al
soensur
epr
operseal
i
ngofbeakerand
t
heopent
het
apwat
ert
othewat
ercondenser
.Thenswi
tch‘
ON’
thepowert
henset
t
her
equi
redboi
l
ingt
emper
atur
eint
hePI
Dcont
rol
l
[Link]
soensur
eboi
l
ingofsol
vent
andkeept
hest
opperi
ntheext
ract
ori
ncl
osedposi
ti
[Link]
tercompl
eti
onofboi
l
ing,
i
ncr
easet
het
emper
atur
etoev
apor
atet
hesol
ventandensur
ethatcondensat
ionof
sol
venti
nthe condensat
ion compar
tment
.When t
he l
evelt
ouches bel
ow t
he
t
himbl
e,opent
hest
oppersl
owl
yandal
l
ow t
her
ecov
eredsol
ventt
ofl
ow dr
opby
dr
opt
hrought
het
himbl
[Link]
tert
hatst
opaddi
ngt
hesol
vent
,oncet
hesol
ventl
evel
t
ouchest
hebot
tom oft
himbl
ethen cl
oset
hest
opper
.Then ensur
ethatt
he
condensat
ionofsol
venti
nthecondensat
ioncompar
tment
.Thenr
ecov
ersol
ventt
il
l
t
hel
astdr
opi
nthebeakerandt
akeoutt
hebeakerf
rom t
hesy
stem al
sot
akesout
t
het
himbl
efr
om t
hebeaker
.Keept
hebeakeri
nsi
dehotai
rov
enat100°
Cfor1h,
to
r
emov
esol
ventv
apor
sthent
aket
hef
inalwei
ghtoft
hebeakert
ofi
ndoutf
[Link]
ace
anempt
ybeakeri
ntot
hesy
stem t
hent
hest
opperandt
hef
lowt
hesol
ventt
othe
beaker
.Ther
ecov
eredsol
ventcanbeusedf
orsubsequentext
ract
[Link]
ude
f
atcont
entwascal
cul
atedbyusi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ion:

W2-W1
(
%)Fat= ×100
W

Wher
e,
W2=Fi
nal
wei
ghtoft
hebeakeraf
terdr
ying
W1=I
nit
ial
wei
ghtoft
hebeaker
W =Wei
ghtoft
hesampl
e
3.
5. [Link]
otei
nCont
ent

Pr
otei
n cont
entwasdet
ermi
ned byusi
ng aut
omat
icKj
eldhal(
Socspl
us
ni
tr
ogenest
imat
ionsy
stem,
Pel
i
canequi
pment
).
Appar
atusRequi
red:
[Link]
eldahl
Uni
t
[Link]
ghi
ngbal
ance
Reagent
srequi
red:
[Link]
dahlcat
aly
st:Mi
x9par
tsofpot
assi
um sul
phat
e(K2So4)wi
th1par
t
coppersul
phate
[Link]
fur
icaci
d(H2So4)
3.40%NaOH
4.0.
2Nhy
drochl
ori
caci
d(HCl
)sol
uti
on)
5.4%Bor
icaci
d(H3Bo3)
6.I
ndicat
or:Mi
x100mlof0.1%methylr
ed(in95%et
hanol
)wi
th200mlof
0.
2 bromocresol
green(
in95%et
hanol
).
Pr
ocedur
e:

Appr
oxi
mat
ely2gsampl
ewast
akeni
namacr
odi
gest
iont
ube.1gmi
xtur
eof
K2SO4:
CuSO4.
5H2O wasaddedf
oll
owedby10mlofconcent
rat
edsul
phur
icaci
d.
Di
gest
ionat405°
Cwascar
ri
edoutont
hedi
gest
ionbl
ockt
il
lcl
earbl
uesol
uti
on
wasobt
ainedandal
l
owt
hewat
ersuppl
ycont
inuousl
yti
l
ltheendoft
heexper
iment
.
Af
tercool
i
ngt
het
ubes,t
hedi
gestwasmadet
o100mlwi
thwat
erandst
oredi
na
pl
ast
icbot
tl
eti
l
lfur
[Link]
anksampl
ewaspr
epar
edbyt
aki
ngonl
ysul
phur
ic
aci
dandt
heK2SO4:
CuSO4mi
xtur
[Link]
sti
l
lat
ionoft
hedi
gest
edsampl
ewascar
ri
ed
outonasemi
-aut
omat
icdi
sti
l
lat
ionuni
twi
tht
hehel
poft
hesof
twar
ewhi
chi
s
at
tachedt
othesy
stem.Then10mloft
hedi
gestwast
ransf
err
edi
ntoadi
sti
l
lat
ion
t
[Link]
teraddi
ng10mlof40% NaOH,di
sti
l
lat
ionwascar
ri
edoutf
or3mi
nut
es.
Thedi
sti
l
lat
ewascol
l
ect
edi
n10mlof4% bor
icaci
dsol
uti
oncont
aini
ngmi
xed
i
ndi
ctor
.Itwast
it
rat
edagai
nstNH2SO4 andt
hev
olumeofsul
phur
icaci
dusedwas
r
ecor
ded.

Theni
tr
ogenper
centwascal
cul
atedbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
or a:
mul
3.
[Link]
breCont
ent

Fi
brecont
entwasdet
ermi
ned byusi
ng aut
omat
icf
ibr
eext
ract
ion uni
t
(
Socspl
usf
ibr
apl
usest
imat
ionsy
stem,
Pel
i
canequi
pment
).
Cr
udef
ibr
ewasest
imat
edbyf
oll
owi
ngst
andar
dmet
hodofAOAC(
2012)
.
Reagent
srequi
red:
[Link]
phur
icaci
dsol
uti
on,
(1.
25%)1.
25ml
H2SO4/
100ml
.
[Link]
um hy
droxi
desol
uti
on(
1.25%)1.
25gNaOH/
100ml
.
[Link]
sti
l
lwat
er
[Link]
assket
tl
e
[Link]
er
Pr
ocedur
e:
5gf
atf
reeanddr
iedsampl
ewast
ransf
err
edt
oagl
asscr
uci
ble.I
nser
tthe
cr
uci
blei
ntot
hehotext
ract
ionsy
stem byl
ower
ingt
hehandl
eandensur
ethatt
he
pr
operseal
i
ngf
orcr
uci
blewi
tht
heext
ract
[Link]
het
apwat
ert
othe
condenser
, keep t
he i
ndi
vi
dual v
alv
es i
n cl
ose posi
ti
on and keep t
he
v
acuum/
pressur
eval
vei
nvaccum posi
ti
[Link]
hedi
l
uteaci
dfr
om t
het
opoft
he
ext
ract
orupt
othemar
kint
otheext
ract
[Link]
ether
eisnol
eakageofr
egent
t
henst
artboi
l
[Link]
terboi
l
ingi
sov
er,keept
hei
ndi
vi
dualv
alv
einopenposi
ti
on.
Keept
hecont
rolv
alv
einv
accum posi
ti
onandensur
efi
l
trat
ionofaci
dreagent
t
hrought
hecr
uci
ble.I
fthef
il
tr
ati
oni
sst
oppedbecauseofcl
oggi
ngofsampl
e,keep
t
hecont
rolv
alv
einpr
essur
eposi
ti
ont
henkeept
hei
ndi
vi
dualv
alv
esi
ncl
ose
posi
ti
[Link]
esst
heai
rswi
tchi
nst
ant
aneousl
ytheni
mmedi
atel
ybr
ingt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
v
alv
eopenposi
ti
on,t
hecont
rolv
alv
eisbr
oughtt
ovaccum posi
ti
onf
orf
il
tr
ati
on.
Thenwasht
hecr
uci
blewi
thwat
erandf
il
ter
,repeatt
hesamepr
ocedur
etoof
or
al
kal
iext
ract
ional
[Link]
teral
kal
idi
gest
ioni
scompl
etedr
emov
ethecr
uci
blef
rom
t
hemai
nuni
tthenswi
tchont
hehotai
rov
[Link]
hecr
uci
blei
nsi
det
hehotai
r
ov
ent
oremov
ethemoi
stur
e,t
hent
aket
hecr
uci
bleoutf
rom t
hehotai
rov
enand
coolf
orsomet
[Link]
hei
nit
ialwei
ghtoft
hecr
uci
bleandaf
tert
aki
ngoutf
rom
outf
rom t
hehotai
rov
[Link]
hecr
uci
blei
nsi
det
hemuf
fl
efur
nacet
hensett
he
r
equi
redt
emper
atur
eint
hemuf
fl
efur
[Link]
etheashi
ngofi
nor
gani
c
mat
teroft
heext
ract
edmat
eri
alandt
aket
hecr
uci
bleoutf
rom t
hemuf
fl
efur
nace
andcoolf
orsomet
imeaf
tersomet
imet
aket
hef
inalwei
ghtoft
hecr
uci
[Link]
ude
f
ibr
ewasest
imat
edbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
a:
 %ofcr
udef
iber= W2-
W1/Wei
ghtofsampl
eX100

Wher
e,

W=Wei
ghtofsampl
e;W1=Wei
ghtoft
hecr
uci
ble+wei
ghtoft
reat
edsampl
eaf
ter
ov
endr
ying;
W2=Wei
ghtoft
hecr
uci
ble+wei
ghtofash.

3.
5.10. Tot
alcar
bohy
drat
econt
ent

Thecar
bohy
drat
econt
entwasdet
ermi
ned bydi
ff
erenceasdescr
ibed i
n
Emmanueletal
.,
2012)
.

Car
bohy
drat
econt
ent
,%=100−(
moi
stur
e+ash+pr
otei
n+l
i
pid+f
iber
)

3.
[Link]
ermi
nat
ionofener
gycont
ent

Thet
otalener
gycont
ent(
kcal
)oft
hesampl
ewi
l
lbeobt
ainedby(
pear
son,
1976)

Ener
gy=4*
[Pr
otei
n(%)+Car
bohy
drat
e(%)+[
9*Fat(
%)]

3.
5.12. Wat
erabsor
pti
oncapaci
ty

Wat
erabsor
pti
oncapaci
tyoft
hest
archsampl
eswasdet
ermi
nedusi
ngt
he
met
hoddescr
i sonetal
bedbyAnder .,(
1969)
.Asuspensi
onof1gsampl
ein15ml
di
sti
l
ledwat
erwasagi
tat
edf
or30mi
nat23±2°
Candt
hencent
ri
fuged(
3000×g)f
or
15)
.Thesuper
nat
antwasdecant
ed,
excessmoi
stur
ewasr
emov
edbydr
aini
ngand
t
hecent
ri
fuget
ubescont
aini
ngsampl
ewer
erewei
[Link]
ninwei
ghtwas
expr
essedasgr
amsofwat
erabsor
bedpergr
am off
lourandwascal
cul
atedasper
t
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
a:

3.
5.13. Oi
labsor
pti
oncapaci
ty

Oi
labsor
pti
oncapaci
tyoft
hest
archsampl
eswasdet
ermi
nedusi
ngt
he
met
hoddescr
i netal
bedbyLi .,(
1974)
.Asuspensi
onof5gsampl
ein15mloi
l
wat
erwasagi
tat
edf
or30mi
nat23±2°
Candt
hencent
ri
fuged(
3000×g)f
or15mi
n.
Thesuper
nat
antwasdecant
ed,excessmoi
stur
ewasr
emov
edbydr
aini
ngandt
he
t
ubeswer
einv
ert
ed f
or5 mi
nto dr
aint
heexcessoi
lpr
iort
o wei
ghi
[Link]
cent
ri
fuget
ubescont
aini
ngsampl
ewer
ethenr
ewei
[Link]
nwei
ghtwas
expr
essed asgr
amsofwat
erabsor
bed pergr
am off
lour
.Theoi
labsor
pti
on
capaci
tywascal
cul
atedbyusi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
a:

3.
5.14. Swel
li
ngpowerandsol
ubi
li
tyi
ndex

Swel
l
ingandsol
ubi
l
ityi
ndexoft
hest
archsampl
eswasdet
ermi
nedasper
t
hemet
hoddescr
ibedbyWanietal
.,(
2014)wi
thsl
i
ghtmodi
fi
cat
[Link]
arches,
1g
(
db)(
M0)wast
akeni
npr
e-wei
ghedcent
ri
fuget
ubesanddi
sper
sedi
n30mLof
di
sti
l
ledwat
[Link]
onwasv
ort
exesf
or1mi
[Link]
lthesuspensi
onswer
e
t
henheat
edi
nwat
erbat
hfor30mi
nat50°
Cwi
thgent
leshaki
ngaf
terev
ery5mi
n
t
omi
nimi
zef
ragment
ati
onofswol
l
enst
archgr
anul
[Link]
eswer
ethen
cool
ed t
oroom t
emper
atur
e and cent
ri
fuged at4500 r
pm f
or15 mi
[Link]
super
nat
antwas decant
ed and t
he swol
l
en st
arch was wei
ghed (
M1)
.The
super
nat
antwasdr
iedi
npr
e-wei
ghedal
umi
num moi
stur
edi
shesat110°
CCf
or12
hunt
ilconst
antwei
ght(
M2)andt
hencool
edt
oroom t
emper
atur
eindesi
ccat
or,
the
gai
ninwei
ghtoft
hemoi
stur
edi
shesr
epr
esent
sthesol
ubi
l
ityi
ndex(
sol
i
dcont
ent
).
Thegai
nin wei
ghtoft
hecent
ri
fuget
ubeswasexpr
essed asswel
l
ing i
ndex.
Si
mil
arl
y,sol
ubi
l
ityandswel
l
ingi
ndexwer
ecal
cul
atedat60,
70,
80and90°
Cforal
l
t
hesampl
es.

3.
5.15. Li
ghtt
ransmi
tt
ance

Tr
ansmi
tt
anceoft
hest
archeswasmeasur
ed accor
ding t
othemet
hod
f
oll ietal
owedbySof .,(
2013)
.St
archsampl
es1% (
db)wascookedi
nthewat
er
bat
hfor30mi
nwi
thcont
inuousst
ir
ri
[Link]
onswer
ethencool
edandt
he
sampl
es wer
e st
ored atr
efr
iger
ated condi
ti
ons (
4°C)f
orf
ive day
s and t
he
t
ransmi
tt
ancewasdet
ermi
nedaf
terev
ery24hat640nm agai
nstt
hedi
sti
l
ledwat
er
asbl
ankusi
ngUV-
spect
rophot
omet
er(
Sican2301,I
nkar
pInst
rument
sPv
[Link]
d.
Japan)
.

3.
5.16. Fr
eezet
hawst
abi
li
ty

Fr
eezet
hawst
abi
l
ityoft
hest
archgel
swer
edet
ermi
nedaspert
hemet
hod
descr
ibedbyHoov
erandRat
nay
ake(
2002)
,wi
thsl
i
ghtmodi
fi
cat
[Link]
s
wer
esubj
ect
edt
ocol
dst
orageat4°
Cfor16h(
toi
ncr
easenucl
eat
ion)andt
hen
f
rozenat−16°
[Link]
efr
eeze-
thawst
abi
l
ity
,thegel
sfr
ozenat−16°
Cfor24h,
wer
ethawedat25°
Cfor6handt
henr
efr
ozenat−16°
[Link]
vecy
clesoff
reeze-
thaw
wer
eper
for
[Link]
udedwat
erwasdet
ermi
nedbycent
ri
fugi
ngt
het
ubesat
1000xgf
or15mi
naf
tert ng.
hawi

3.
5.17. Sy
ner
esi
s

Sy
ner
esi
swasdet
ermi
nedbyt
hemodi
fi hodofWanietal
edmet .(2014)
.
Fl
oursl
urr
y(5%-db)washeat
edat90°
Cfor30mi
ninawat
erbat
hwi
thconst
ant
st
ir
ri
[Link] heat
ed sampl
es wer
e st
ored i
n cent
ri
fuge t
ubes atr
efr
iger
ated
condi
ti
ons(
4°C)f
or5 day
[Link] dayonesampl
efr
om each t
reat
mentwas
subj
ect
edt
ocent
ri
fugat
ionat4500r
pm f
or10mi
nandt
hepercentoft
hewat
er
r
eleasedr
epr
esent
edt
hesy
ner
esi
s,aspert
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
a:

3.
5.18Emul
sionAct
ivi
ty
Theemul
sionact
ivi
tyandst
abi
l
it suetal
ybyYasumat .,(
1972)descr
ibed
andf
oll
owedast
heemul
sion(
1gsampl
e,10mldi
sti
l
ledwat
erand10mlsoy
bean
oi
l
)shal
lbe pr
epar
ed i
n cal
i
brat
ed cent
ri
fuged t
[Link] emul
sion wi
l
lbe
cent
ri
fugedat2000×gf
or5mi
[Link]
ati
ooft
hehei
ghtofemul
sionl
ayert
othe
t
otal
hei
ghtoft
hemi
xtur
ewi
l
lbecal
cul
atedasemul
sionact
ivi
tyi
nper
cent
age.

3.
5.19Emul
sionSt
abi
li
ty
Theemul
sionst
abi
l
itywi
l
lbeest
imat
edaf
terheat
ingt
heemul
sioncont
ained
i
ncal
i
brat
edcent
ri
fugedt
ubeat80°
Cfor30mi
ninawat
er-
bat
h,cool
i
ngf
or15mi
n
underr
unni
ngt
apwat
erandcent
ri
fugi
ngat2000×gf
or15mi
[Link]
sion
st
abi
l
ityexpr
essedasper
cent
agewi
l
lbecal
cul
atedast
her
ati
ooft
hehei
ghtof
emul
sif
iedl
ayert
othet
otal
hei
ghtoft
hemi
xtur
e.

3.
5.20Foam Capaci
ty
Thef
oam capaci
ty(
FC)andf
oam st
abi
l
ity(
FS)byNar
ayanaandNar
asi
nga
(
1982)shal
lbedet
ermi
nedasdescr
ibedwi
thsl
i
ghtmodi
fi
cat
ion.The1.
0gf
lour
sampl
ewi
l
lbeaddedt
o50mldi
sti
l
ledwat
erat30±2°
Cinagr
aduat
edcy
li
nder
.
Thesuspensi
onwi
l
lbemi
xedandshakenf
or5mi
ntof
[Link]
olumeoff
oam at
30secaf
terwhi
ppi
ngwi
l
lbeex
pressedasf
oam capaci
tyusi
ngt
hef
ormul
a:

Vol
umeoffoam AW-Volumeoff
oam Bw
Foam Capaci
ty(
%)= ×100
Volumeoffoam Bw

Wher
e,
AW =Af
terWhi
ppi
ng
BW =Bef
oreWhi
ppi
ng
Thev
olumeoff
oam wi
l
lber
ecor
dedonehouraf
terwhi
ppi
ngt
odet
ermi
nef
oam
st
abi
l
ityasperper
centofi
nit
ial
foam v
olume.

3.
5.21Est
imat
ionofFoami
ngSt
abi
li
ty
Af
terdet
ermi
nat
ion off
oami
ng capaci
ty,t
he f
oami
ng st
abi
l
itywas est
imat
ed
accor
dingt
oCof
fmanandGar
cia(
1977)andt
hef
oam sampl
eswer
eal
l
owedt
o
st
andatr
oom t
emper
atur
efor8hour
sandmeasur
ement
sofi
nit
ialf
oam v
alueand
f
inalf
oam v
alueaf
ter8hour
swer
erecor
dedandf
oami
ngst
abi
l
itywascal
cul
ated
byusi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
aandexpr
essedi
nper
cent
age(
%).
(
%)= ∗100
Wher
e,Vi
=Ini
ti
alf
oam v
alue,
Vr=f
oam v
alueofaf
ter8hour
s
3.
5.22LeastGel
ati
onConcent
rat
ion
The l
eastgel
ati
on concent
rat
ion (
LGC)wi
l
lbe det
ermi
ned usi
ng t
he
pr
ocedur
erecommendedbyCof
fmanandGar
cia(
1977)wi
thmodi
fi
cat
[Link]
f
lourdi
sper
sionsof2,
4,6,
8,10,
12,
14,
16,
18,
20,
22,
and30%(
w/v
)pr
epar
edi
n5
mldi
sti
l
ledwat
erwasheat
edat90°
Cfor1hi
nwat
erbat
[Link]
ent
sshal
lbe
cool
ed undert
ap wat
erand keptf
or2 h at10 ± 2°
[Link] l
eastgel
ati
on
concent
rat
ionwi
l
lbedet
ermi
nedast
hatconcent
rat
ionwhent
hesampl
efr
om
i
nver
tedt
ubedi
dnotsl
i
p.

3.
5.23Phy
sicalPr
oper
ti
esoff
lour
Bul
kDensi
ty:Thebul
kdensi
tywasdet
ermi
nedasdescr
ibedi eazuetal
nEl .,(
2014)by
addi
ng50goff
loursampl
etoagr
aduat
edcy
li
nder
,andt
hev
olumer
ecor
ded.

Bul
kmassofsampl
e
Loosebul
kdensi
t g∕mL)=
y(
Bul
kvol
ume
Tappedbul
kdensi
ty

Thef
loursampl
eswer
egent
lyf
il
ledi
nto10mLgr
aduat
edpl
ast
iccy
li
nder
s.
Thebot
tom oft
hecy
li
nderwasgent
lyt
appedonal
abor
ator
ybenchcov
eredwi
th
f
oam sev
eralt
imesunt
ilt
her
ewasnof
urt
herdi
minut
ionoft
hesampl
elev
[Link]
wei
ghtoft
hesampl
ewascal
cul
atedandt
hebul
kdensi
tywascal
cul
atedas
wei
ghtofsampl
eperuni
tvol
umeofsampl
e(Kauretal
.,
2005)
.
Massoftappedsampl
e
Tappeddensi
ty(
g∕mL)=
Tappedvol
ume

Bul
kDensity
Por
osi
t %)=[
y( 1- ]
Tappeddensi
ty
Fl
owabil
it
yandcompr essi
bil
i
tyofthesamplesweredet er
minedusingtheCar
r
i
ndex(Carr,1965)andHausnerrat
[Link]
rindex(%)of5–10,12–16,18–21and
23–28repr
esentexcel
l
ent ,
good,
fai
randpoorfl
owabi
li
ty,
respect
ivel
y.
Car
r’
sIndex(
CI)
:Fl
owabi
l
ityandCompr
essi
bil
i
tyI
ndexwasdet
ermi
nedusi
ngt
he
f
oll
owi
ngequat
ion(
Schwar
tzetal
.,
1975)
.

TD-BD
CI= [ *100]
TD

Wher
e,CI=Compr
essi
bil
i
tyI
ndexTD=Tappeddensi
tyBD=Bul
kdensi
ty

Hausner
’sRat
io:Thi
swascal
cul
atedf
rom t
her
ati
ooft
het
appedbul
kdensi
tyt
o
pour
edbul
kdensi
ty(
Apej
iandMusa,
2011)
.

Powderpor
osi
ty:Thi
swasder
ivedf
rom t
hev
aluesoft
rueandbul
kdensi
ti
eswhen
f
it
tedi
ntot
heequat
ion,

Db
ε(
%)=[
1- *100]
Dt
Wher
e,εi
sthepor
osi
ty,
Dbi
sthebul
kdensi
tyandDti
sthet
ruedensi
ty.

3.
[Link]
ureAnal
ysi
s
Thet
ext
urewascal
cul
atedaspert
hemet
hoddemonst
rat
edbyWanietal
.,
(
2010)wi
thsl
i
ghtmodi
fi
cat
[Link]
terpast
ingpr
ofi
l
emeasur
ement
,gel
ati
nized
f
loursampl
eswer
est
oredat4°
Cfor24ht
ofor
m sol
i
dgel
.Gelt
ext
urepr
ofi
l
ingwas
car
ri
edoutbyTA-
XT2t
ext
ureanal
yzer(
M/[Link]
abl
eMi
crosy
stems,
Sur
rey
,UK)
.The
f
lourgelsampl
eswer
ecompr
essedataspeedof0.
5mm/
stoadi
stanceof10.
0
mm usi
ngcy
li
ndr
icalpl
unger(
P/5,di
a=5mm)
.Compr
essi
onwasr
epeat
edt
wice
t
o gener
ateaf
orce–t
ime cur
vef
rom whi
ch har
dness (
hei
ghtoff
ir
stpeak)
,
adhesi
veness (
negat
ive ar
ea of t
he cur
ve dur
ing r
etr
act
ion of t
he pr
obe)
,
cohesi
veness(
rat
iobet
weent
hear
eaundert
hesecondpeakandt
hear
eaundert
he
f
ir
st peak) and gummi
ness (
product of har
dness and cohesi
veness) wer
e
cal
cul
ated.

3.
[Link]
opmentoft
hepr
oductf
rom nat
iveandi
rr
adi
atedcassavaf
lour

3.
[Link]
hodofpr
epar
ati
onofdoughandf
lat
teni
ng

Doughmaki
ngpr
ocessi
ngdescr
ibedbyKhanetal
.,[Link]
tawassi
eved
t
hrough400µm meshsi
eveandwei
ghedquant
it
yofat
tawast
ransf
err
edi
ntot
he
doughkneaderandmi
xedf
or2-
3mi
[Link]
ghedquant
it
yofsal
twasdi
ssol
vedi
n
measur
edquant
it
yofwat
eri
nast
ainl
ess-
steelv
esselandaddedt
othedough
kneaderandmi
xedf
or1-
2mi
[Link]
redquant
it
yoft
hev
anaspat
i/
veget
abl
eoi
lwas
heat
edat90°
Candaddedt
othedoughandal
lthei
ngr
edi
ent
sthor
oughl
ymi
xedi
n
doughkneaderf
orabout10mi
ntoobt
aindesi
redconsi
stency
.Doughwassetasi
de
f
orabout10mi
nforcondi
ti
oni
ngandmi
xedagai
nforabout5mi
[Link]
r
emov
edf
rom t
hemi
xeranddi
vi
dedi
ntor
oundbal
l
[Link]
lwasf
lat
tenedusi
ng
handorbal
ent
ogetchapat
ishaped.

3.
[Link]
ngofPar
atha

Chapat
is/
Par
athawer
ebakedonahotpl
ate(
elect
ri
c/gas)
.Whenonesi
de
waspar
ti
all
ybaked,t
hechapat
is/
par
athawer
erev
ersedwi
tht
hehel
poff
latl
adl
e
andmol
tenv
anaspat
i/
veget
abl
eoi
lwasappl
i
edoni
[Link]
i/
par
athawas
r
ever
sedagai
nti
l
litat
tai
nedacr
eamybakedappear
[Link]
emper
atur
eoft
he
hotpl
atedur
ingbaki
ngoper
ati
onwasmai
ntai
nedatar
ound220-
230°
[Link]
par
athaswer
epr
ecookedandpackedi
ntozi
pperpouchandst
oredi
tindeep
f
reezerat-
18°
cfor90day
s.

3.
[Link]
epar
ati
onofMuf
fi
n

Formuf
fi
nbat
terpr
epar
ati
on,t
akemi
l
kinagl
assbowlt
hensugarwast
hen
addedandmi
xedi
ifor30sathi
ghspeedbyusi
ngwhi
ppi
ngmachi
ne.f
lour
,sodi
um
bi
car
bonat
eandsal
twer
eaddedandmi
xedatmedi
um speedf
or1mi
[Link]
land
r
emai
ningmi
l
kwer
eaddedandmi
xedatmedi
um speedf
or3mi
naf
tert
hatatl
ast
addsomef
lav
oroni
tandmi
xedpr
oper
ly.I
nasi
l
iconemol
d(12gr
oov
es,
thr
eer
ows
off
our
)papermuf
fi
ncupsofabout50-
mm di
amet
erwer
ear
rangedandwi
tht
he
ai
dofascoopandwei
ghi
ngbal
anceeachpapermuf
fi
ncupwasf
il
ledwi
th30gof
bat
ter
.Thesi
l
iconemol
dcont
aini
ngmuf
fi
nbat
terwaspl
acedonabaki
ngt
ray
.The
muf
fi
nswer
ethenbakedi
napr
eheat
edconv
ent
ionalov
enat18°
Cfor6mi
[Link]
ov
en,t
het
rayandt
het
rayposi
ti
oni
ntheov
enwer
eident
icali
[Link]
muf
fi
nswer
elef
ttocoolatr
oom t
emper
atur
efor1honar
acki
nor
dert
oav
oid
moi
stur
econdensi
ngont
hem undersur
[Link]
fi
nswer
ethenanal
yzedf
or
v
ari
ousqual
i
tyat
tri
but
es.

3.
[Link]
oxi
mat
eanal
ysi
soft
hedevel
opedpr
oduct

3.
[Link]
terVi
scosi
ty

Vi
scosi
tywasmeasur
edaccor
dingt
omet
hodofAshwi
nietal
.,(
2009)
.The
v
iscosi
tyofmuf
fi
nbat
terwasdet
ermi
nedusi
ngaBr
ookf
iel
dvi
scomet
er(
Model
DV-
I
II
,St
ought
on,MA,USA)
.Cakebat
terwast
ransf
err
edt
oa100mlbeakerand
l
evel
edupt
othebr
[Link]
ndl
espeedwassett
o20r
pm andspi
ndl
eno.7was
usedf
oral
lexper
iment
[Link]
scosi
tywasmeasur
edi
mmedi
atel
[Link]
iment
wasr
unatr
oom t
emper
atur
e(28˚
C±2˚
C).

3.
[Link]
termeasur
ement

Thebat
terspeci
fi
cgr
avi
tywasmeasur
edat25℃ byst
andar
dmet
hodsof
anal
ysi
s(AACC,
2000)
.Thebaki
ngl
ossandbaki
ngy
iel
dwer
ecal
cul
atedaccor
ding
t
othef
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
asusi
ngt
hebat
terwei
gh.
Baki
ngl
oss(
%)=[
(bat
terwei
ght–muf
fi
nwei
ght
)/bat
terwei
gh]×100
Baki
ngy
iel
d(%)=(
muf
fi
nwei
ght
/bat
terwei
ght
)×100

3.
[Link]
sicalpr
oper
ti
esoft
hepr
oduct

3.
[Link]
amet
er
Thedi
amet
erwi
l
lbemeasur
edi
nmm byVer
niercal
i
per
.

3.
[Link]
ckness

Thet
hicknesswi
l
lbemeasur
edi
nmm byscr
ewgauge.

3.
[Link]
ght

Wei
ghtofsampl
e(g)wi
l
lbemeasur
edasav
erageofv
aluesoff
ivei
ndi
vi
dual
cooki
eswi
tht
hehel
pofdi
git
alel
ect
roni
cwei
ghi
ngbal
ance.
3.
[Link]
orageSt
abi
li
ty
Nopr
eser
vat
iveswer
eusedi
nther
eci
pef
ormul
ati
onoft
hegl
utenf
reeadded
v
aluemuf
fi
nsandpar
[Link]
efor
e,anaccel
erat
edst
oragest
abi
l
ityt
estwas
per
for
meddur
ingaper
iodof7day
satt
emper
atur
eof25℃ muf
fi
nsampl
eand
par
athawasst
oredat-
18℃ f
or90day
s.t
ri
pli
cat
esampl
eswer
econsi
der
edf
or
det
ermi
nat
ionoft
henut
ri
ti
onal
qual
i
ty,
text
ureandmi
crobi
alanal
ysi
s
3.
[Link]
ume
Vol
umeofcooki
esi
sdef
inedast
hear
eaoft
hesampl
emul
ti
pli
edbyt
hickness.
d2πT
ume(
Vol cm )=3
4
Wher
e,
t
=Av
eraget
hicknessofcooki
es(
mm)
d=Di
amet
erofcooki
es(
mm)
3.
[Link]
eadabi
li
tyI
ndex
I
twascal
cul
atedf
rom t
hef
ormul
a:
SI=Di
amet
er/
Hei
ght
3.
[Link]
yeval
uat
ion

A semit
rai
nedpanelconsi
sti
ngofbot
hgender
smor
ethan10j
udgesof
di
ff
erentagegr
ouphav
ingdi
ff
erenteat
inghabi
tswi
l
lbeconst
it
utedt
oev
aluat
ethe
qual
i
[Link] j
udges shal
lbe sel
ect
ed f
rom t
he f
acul
ty st
affand st
udentof
depar
tmentofAGRI
CULTURALENGI
NEERI
NGSVPUAUT,[Link]
esshal
l
beser
vedt
othepanel
i
stsandt
heyshal
lbeaskedt
orat
etheaccept
abi
l
ityoft
he
pr
oductt
hroughsenseor
[Link]
eral
laccept
abi
l
ityoft
hecooki
eswi
l
lber
ated
ont
hebasi
sof9-
poi
nthedoni
cscal
erangi
ngf
rom 1(
ext
remel
ydi
sli
ke)t
o9
(
ext
remel
yli aetal
ke)byChandr .,
(2014)
.
Ni
ne-
poi
nthedoni
cscal
eforsensor
yev
aluat
ion:

S.
No. Feel
i
ngs Rat
ing
1. Li
keext
remel
y 9
2. Li
kev
erymuch 8
3. Li
kemoder
atel
y 7
4. Li
kesl
i
ght
ly 6
5. Nei
therl
i
kenordi
sli
ke 5
6. Di
sli
kesl
i
ght
ly 4
7. Di
sli
kemoder
ate 3
8. Di
sli
kev
erymuch 2
9. Di
sli
keext
remel
y 1

3.
11. STATI
STI
CALANALYSI
S

St
andar
ddevi
ati
on

Thebestandmostcommonl
yusedst
ati
sti
calev
aluat
ionoft
hepr
eci
sionof
anal
yti
caldat
aist
hest
andar
ddev
iat
[Link]
andar
ddev
iat
ionmeasur
est
he
spr
eadoft
heexper
iment
alv
aluesandgi
vesagoodi
ndi
cat
ionofhow cl
oset
he
v
aluesar
etoeachot
her
.TheSampl
esshal
lbepr
epar
edi
nthr
eer
epl
i
cat
ionand
dat
a obt
ained f
orsel
ect
ed qual
i
typar
amet
erswi
l
lbeanal
yzed f
ormean and
st
andar
ddev
iat
ionsusi
ngf
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
a.

SD=±√(
∑((
xᵢ-
x)²
)/n)

Wher
e,

xᵢ
=indi
vi
dual
sampl
eval
ues
x=meanofi
ndi
vi
dual
sampl
es
n=t
otal
popul
ati
onofsampl
e