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MODULE 5
In module 5 you will acquire the following skills.
1. You will review and practice concepts related to the brailling of numbers.
2. You will practice brailling mathematical questions with addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division signs.
3. You will learn to braille linear and spatially oriented math questions.
4. You will learn braille comparison signs.
5. You will complete and submit the homework assignment for Module 5
outlined at the end of the Module.
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MATHEMATIC BASICS
Refer to Lesson 20 on page 215 of the Manual.
NOTE: Ignore examples or information related to the Grade 1 Mode. (This
concept as it relates to ordinal numbers and Roman Numerals will be explained
in a later lesson).
Brailling Numbers
To braille numbers you must use the numeric mode. That means that a character
is used in front of another to indicate that a special condition is in effect.
In this case the numeric indicator # precedes the letters a through j to indicate
the numbers 1 through 9 and j for 0.
Positive and Negative Numbers
There will be times when a negative or positive number will need to be brailled.
In order to show this in braille, use the plus sign ("6 dot 5, dots 2-3-5) or the
negative sign ("- dot 5, dots 3-6) BEFORE the numeric indicator.
-3 +15
"-#c "6#ae
(an example in the Manual shows the braille symbol for degrees -- dots 4-5, 2-4-
5)
Commas and Spaces Within Numbers
Commas within numbers are formed by using dot 2 1 in braille.
1,234,567,890
#a1bcd1efg1hIj
Metric numbers use spaces instead of commas. These spaces within a single
number are indicated by the Numeric Space Indicator dot 5 ".
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1 234 567 890
#a"bcd"efg"hIj
**REMEMBER
The Numeric Indicator is not repeated after commas and periods. It is repeated
after all other punctuation and spaces.
Dates and Times
Just follow print when dates and times include punctuation.
The braille character for a slash is _/. (dots 4-5-6, dots 3-4).
05-02-2016
#je-#jb-#bjaf
2016/02/05
#bjaf_/#jb_/#je
11:35
#aa3#ce
3:55-4:15
#c3#ee-#d3#ae
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MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS
+ plus dot 5, dots 2-3-5
"6
- minus dot 5, dots 3-6
"-
x times dot 5, dots 2-3-6
"8
÷ divided by dot 5, dots 3-4
"/
= equals dot 5, dots 2-3-5-6
"7
The above table displays the operation signs (including the equals sign) and the
braille dots required to produce them using the brailler.
Operation signs are usually unspaced from items but the equals sign "7 is
always spaced. It is a comparison sign.
All signs can be spaced for younger students depending on their needs.
Please refer to Guidelines for Technical Material, Aug. 2014 (available as a free
download from ICEB) for more detailed information on formatting.
Addition and Subtraction
When brailling math questions there are two types of arrangements – linear and
spatial
Linear Arrangement
Braille the math question as you see it and remember to add spaces if needed.
7 + 11 = 18
#g "6 #aa "7 #ah (spaced)
9–4=5
#I"-#d "7 #e (unspaced)
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** Remember that the Numeric Indicator is repeated after all punctuation
(except periods and commas) and spaces.
Spatial Arrangement #1
As before, braille the question as you see it.
321 #cba
+ 13 "6# ac
334 "333
#ccd
Points to remember are:
1. align the numeric indicators vertically
2. justify the numbers to the right
3. use "3 (dot 5, dots 2-5 horizontal line mode indicator) for the horizontal
line
4. extend the horizontal line by adding 3 (dots 2-5)to include the length of the
answer with the numeric indicator
5. operation signs are placed to the left of the last listed number
6. if working with decimals, the decimal points must be aligned vertically
7. for carryovers, a blank line can be left between the last listed number and the
horizontal line
Here's an example showing the placement of the money symbols.
$18.53 @s#ah4ec
- 3.50 "-# c4ej
$15.03 "3333333
@s#ae4jc
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Here is an example showing decimal placement.
.21 # 4ba
+4.35 "6#d4ce
4.56 "3333
#d4ef
Spatial Arrangement #2
An alternative presentation for spatial arrangement employs the Numeric
Passage Indicator ## (dots 3-4-5-6, dots 3-4-5-6). This is placed at the
beginning, and the Terminator #' (dots 3-4-5-6, dot 3) is placed at the end of
the question
You will see this type of arrangement in math books. This arrangement indicates
that the whole question is placed in the numeric mode. So there is no need to
keep repeating the numeric indicator before each number.
Points to remember are:
1. the numeric passage indicator is placed at the beginning and the terminator at
the end
2. both are aligned
3. listed numbers are justified to the right
4. the operation sign is placed on the same line as the first/top listed number but
placed one space to the right of it
Have a look at the following examples.
345 ##
+ 14 cde "6
359 ad
"33
ceI
#'
67
59 ##
- 37 eI "-
22 cg
"33
bb
#'
Multiplication
As before, these questions can be represented linearly or spatially.
Linear representation is similar to what you see. You can space the items for
younger students until they become accustomed to arrangement.
3 x 6 = 18
#c "8 #f "7 #ah
When presenting the question spatially, the numeric passage arrangement is
employed.
Points to remember are:
1. note all similar points listed previously for use of the passage indicator with
addition and subtraction
2. the multiplication sign is placed one space to the right of the widest number
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123 ##
x12 abc "8
246 ab
123 "333
1476 bdf
abc
"333
adgf
#'
Division
Linear representation of a division question follows print and can be spaced if
necessary.
39÷13 = 3
#cI"/#ac "7 #c
Spatial Arrangement #1
__
7)49 = 7
"3333
#g _ #dI "7 #g
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Points to remember are:
1. the spatial arrangement of division question employs dots 4-5-6 _ to
represent the curved or straight line that means into
2. dot 5, dots 2-5 "3 (the horizontal line mode) is used to extend across the
top width of the number being divided
3. adjust the layout to fit teaching needs
Spatial Arrangement #2 -- most preferred (#2 in Manual)
54
3)162
15
12
12
##
c _ afb
ae _e
"33
ab _d
ab
"33
#'
,ans3 #ed
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SIGNS OF COMPARISON
In braille, comparison signs are spaced from the preceding and following terms,
regardless of what is represented in print.
The following table summarizes the braille symbols for comparison.
No need to memorize ≠ ≤ ≥.
The more frequent you use them, the easier they will be to remember.
= equals to dot 5, dots 2-3-5-6
"7
≠ not equal to dot 5, dots 2-3-5-6-, dot 4,
"7@: dots 1-5-6
< less than dot 4, dots 1-2-6
@<
> greater than dot 4, dots 3-4-5
@>
≤ less than or equal dots 4-5-6, dot 4, dos 1-2-6
to
_@<
≥ greater than or dots 4-5-6, dot 4, dots 3-4-
equal to
_@> 5
Take a look at these examples.
5+5 = 10
#e"6#e "7 #aj
32<49
#cb @< #dI
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24≥54
#bd _@> #ed
Practice
1. Braille Drill 35 on page 229 of the Manual. Check your work with Drill 35
printed in simulated braille on page 72 at the end of this module. Do not use
page 33 of the Brailled Drills Supplement as this is brailled in contracted braille.
2. For the print symbol ° in #6 use dots 4-5, 2-4-5.
3. For additional practice braille Practice Exercise 29 on pages 228-229, #1-25 –
omit #7, 14, 16, 20.
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,drIll #ce
#a4 ,examples of prIme numbers are3
#ag1 #bI1 #ga1 #aac1 #agc1 #bbI1
#eda1 #feI and #hfc4
#b4 ,wrIte3 #de "8 #aj "7 #ae "8
#cj "7 #b "8 #bbe "7 #dej
#c4 ,the avalanche occurred at
#c3#dj pm on #ac_/#aa_/#bjaj4
#d4 ,harrIet came In #bnd In the
#ajjm dash4
#e4 ,accordIng to the metrIc system
of measurement #a mIle "7 #a4f
kIlometers4
#f4 ,thIs mornIng at #jfae the
temperature reached "-#I^j
,fahrenheIt4
#g4 ,the equatIon read3 "<#h"6#aj">
@< "<#e"6#bj">4
#h4 ,henry ,,vIII has become well-
known for hIs role In the separatIon
of the ,church of ,england from the
,roman ,catholIc ,church4
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MODULE 5 – HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
Braille and submit the assignment found on page 230 of the Manual titled
"Assignment 20". But title your assignment "Module 5 Assignment".
Use the 2 celled symbol, dots 4-5, 2-4-5 for the symbol ° found in sentences 7
and 8. You will be introduced to other symbols in a later lesson.
Remember to number your pages at the top right corner.