TOPIC : Comparison between exact and non exact
equation
NAME : ANAMIKA TRIPATHY
UNIVERSITY ROLL NO. :
18730524003
SECTION : CSE-DS
YEAR : 2025-2026
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Introduction
Program execution refers to the
sequence of steps a computer
undertakes to run instructions from
a program. These steps form the
backbone of computer operations—
from fetching instructions to
executing and storing results. In
computer organization,
understanding this sequence is
essential to grasp how computers
function at a fundamental level
Fetch Phase
INSTRUCTION PROGRAM COUNTER
FETCH (PC)
The CPU retrieves the next Holds the memory address of
instruction from main the next instruction to
memory using the address execute. After fetching, the
stored in the Program PC is updated to point to the
Counter (PC). following instruction.
INSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
REGISTER (IR) CONTROL
The fetched instruction is This phase ensures
loaded into the instructions are processed in
The fetch phase is the first step in the operation
sequence for program execution. During this phase, Instruction Register, order, allowing correct
the computer retrieves the next instruction to be preparing it for decoding program flow and execution.
executed from memory. The Program Counter (PC) and execution.
holds the memory address of this instruction, which is
then loaded into the Instruction Register (IR).
Decode Phase
After the CPU fetches an instruction from memory, the
decode phase begins. During this stage:
The Control Unit (CU) interprets the binary instruction in
the Instruction Register (IR).
The opcode is identified to determine the required
operation, and the location and mode for any operands
are clarified.
The CU generates and sends control signals to relevant
CPU components (e.g., ALU, registers) to prepare for
execution.
Execute Phase
IN THE EXECUTE PHASE, THE CPU PERFORMS THE OPERATION SPECIFIED
BY THE DECODED INSTRUCTION. THE ACTUAL WORK—SUCH AS ARITHMETIC
CALCULATIONS, LOGIC OPERATIONS, DATA MOVEMENT, OR CONTROL
ACTIONS—IS CARRIED OUT BY THE RELEVANT FUNCTIONAL UNITS
(TYPICALLY THE ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT, OR ALU, AND SOMETIMES OTHER
UNITS).
Memory and I/O
Operations
During execution, many instructions require access to memory (for reading/writing
data) and I/O devices (for interacting with external hardware).
The CPU must correctly handle memory addressing and coordinate with connected
I/O devices to complete these operations. Understanding how these interactions
work is crucial to computer organization.
Conclusion
The operation sequence for program execution—
involving fetch, decode, execute, memory/I/O, and
write-back phases—is fundamental to how computers
work.
Each phase plays a crucial role in ensuring that a
program’s instructions are carried out promptly,
accurately, and efficiently.
Understanding these cycles not only helps in grasping
computer architecture but also equips you to analyze
system performance, troubleshoot issues, and appreciate
the complexity behind everyday computing.
In summary, mastering the instruction cycle is key to
building a strong foundation in computer organization.
Thank you