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Problem 4.1

The flow field described by the velocity formula is unsteady due to the explicit presence of time in its components and is three-dimensional as all velocity components are nonzero. At the point (-1, +1, 0), the acceleration vector is calculated to be -4(1 + 4t^2)i - 4t(1 - t^3)j + 0k. Additionally, there are multiple unit vectors normal to the acceleration, with k being a straightforward example.

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7 views1 page

Problem 4.1

The flow field described by the velocity formula is unsteady due to the explicit presence of time in its components and is three-dimensional as all velocity components are nonzero. At the point (-1, +1, 0), the acceleration vector is calculated to be -4(1 + 4t^2)i - 4t(1 - t^3)j + 0k. Additionally, there are multiple unit vectors normal to the acceleration, with k being a straightforward example.

Uploaded by

qomzithariley
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

4.

1 An idealized velocity field is given by the formula

𝐕 = 4𝑡𝑥𝐢 − 2𝑡 2 𝑦𝐣 + 4𝑥𝑧𝐤

Is this flow field steady or unsteady? Is it two- or three-dimensional? At the point


(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (−1, +1,0), compute (a) the acceleration vector and (b) any unit vector normal
to the acceleration.

Solution: (a) The flow is unsteady because time 𝑡 appears explicitly in the components.
(b) The flow is three-dimensional because all three velocity components are nonzero.
(c) Evaluate, by laborious differentiation, the acceleration vector at (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (−1, +1,0).

du 𝜕u 𝜕u 𝜕u 𝜕u
= +u +v +w = 4x + 4tx(4t) − 2t 2 y(0) + 4xz(0) = 4x + 16t 2 x
dt 𝜕t 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z
dv 𝜕v 𝜕v 𝜕v 𝜕v
= + u + v + w = −4ty + 4tx(0) − 2t 2 y(−2t 2 ) + 4xz(0) = −4ty + 4t 4 y
dt 𝜕t 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z
dw 𝜕w 𝜕w 𝜕w 𝜕w
= +u +v +w = 0 + 4tx(4z) − 2t 2 y(0) + 4xz(4x) = 16txz + 16x 2 z
dt 𝜕t 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z
d𝐕
or: = (4x + 16t 2 x)𝐢 + (−4ty + 4t 4 y)𝐣 + (16txz + 16x 2 z)𝐤
dt
d𝐕
at (x, y, z) = (−1, +1,0), we obtain dt = −4(1 + 4t 2 )𝐢 − 4t(1 − t 3 )𝐣 + 0𝐤 Ans. (c)
(d) At (−1, +1,0) there are many unit vectors normal to d𝐕/dt. One obvious one is 𝐤.
Ans.

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