Image Processing
Presented By
Dr. Hemant Kumar Meena
Associate Professor
Electrical Engineering
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Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur
What is Image
• Image is a two-dimensional function f(x,y) where x and y
are spatial coordinates, and f at any pair of coordinates
(x,y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at
that point.
• Two types:
•Analog Image
•Digital Image
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Types of Image
Analog Image
• Analog images are the type of images that we,
as humans, look at. They include photographs,
paintings, TV images, and all of our medical
images recorded on film or displayed on various
devices, such as computer monitors.
• What we see in an analog image is various levels
of brightness (or film density) and colors. It is
generally continuous and not broken into many
small individual pieces.
• When the mentioned mathematical representation
f(x,y) has a continuous range of values
representing position and intensity, the image is
analog.
• Example – Image produced on the screen of a
CRT monitor
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Types of Image
Digital Image
• Digital images are recorded as many numbers. The
image is divided into a matrix or array of small
picture elements, or pixels.
• A numerical value represents each pixel.
• The advantage of digital images is that they can
be processed, in many ways, by computer systems.
Analog Digital
Sampling Quantization
Image Image
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Types of Image
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Image Acquisition
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Digital image processing. Pearson education india; 2009. 6
Image Sampling and Quantization
• Digitalization of an analog signal involves two operations, such as sampling and
quantization.
• Both operations correspond to the discretization of a quantity, but in different domains.
• To convert an analog image into a digital image, we have two intermediate steps.
• Digitizing the coordinate values (x,y) is called sampling, and digitizing the amplitude values
is called quantization
Analog
Sampler Quantizer Encoder
signal
Digital Signal Quantized Digital Signal
Signal
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Image Sampling and Quantization
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Digital image processing. Pearson education india; 2009. 8
Image Sampling and Quantization
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Digital image processing. Pearson education india; 2009. 9
Image Representation
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Image Representation
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Introduction to Image Enhancement
• Image Enhancement is the process that improves the quality of the image for a specific application.
• Spatial Domain Methods : Techniques based on direct manipulation pf pixels in a image.
• Frequency Domain Methods : Techniques are based on modifying the Fourier transform of an image.
• Combination Method : There are some enhancement techniques based on various combinations of methods
from the first two categories.
Enhancement
Techniques
Spatial operates on Frequency Domain
pixels Operates on FT of
image
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Image Enhancement on Spatial Methods
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Image Negative
• The negative of an image with intensity levels in the
range is obtained by using the negative
transformation, which is given by the expression
s=L–1-r
• Reversing the intensity levels of an image in this
manner produces the equivalent of a photographic
negative.
• This type of processing is particularly suited for
enhancing white or gray detail embedded in dark
regions of an image, especially when the black areas
are dominant in size.
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Digital image processing. Pearson education india; 2009. 14
Log Transformation
• The general form of the log transformation is
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Log Transformation
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Piecewise Linear Transformation
• Piece-wise Linear Transformation is type of gray level transformation that is used for image enhancement. It is a spatial
domain method.
• It is used for manipulation of an image so that the result is more suitable than the original for a specific application.
• Types of Piece-wise Linear Transformation
•Contrast Stretching
•Gray-Level Slicing
•Bit-plane Slicing
Contrast Stretching
• One of the simplest piecewise linear functions is a contrast-stretching transformation.
• Contrast stretching is a process that expands the range of intensity levels in an image so that it spans the full intensity
range of the recording medium or display device.
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Intensity Level Slicing
• Intensity-level slicing is used in highlighting a detail or
flaw by enhancing a certain range of intensity levels.
There are various basic approaches for intensity-level
slicing. But they are generally a variation of one of the
two basic approaches.
• One basic approach is to give one color to pixels having a
range of intensity levels of interest and give another
color to remaining pixels. This will result in a binary
image. The transformation function is
s = 1 ; r1 < r < r2
= 0 ; otherwise
• Another approach is to give one color (dark or bright) to
pixels having a range of intensity levels of interest to
highlight them and do not change the color of the
remaining pixels. The transformation function is:
s = k ; r1 < r < r2
= r ; otherwise
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Intensity Level Slicing
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Digital image processing. Pearson education india; 2009. 19
Intensity Level Slicing
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Histogram Stretching
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Histogram Stretching
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Histogram Stretching
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Histogram Stretching
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Spatial Filtering
• Spatial Filtering technique is used directly on pixels of an image. Mask is usually considered to be added in size so that
it has specific center pixel. This mask is moved on the image such that the center of the mask traverses all image pixels.
• Spatial filter consists of (a) neighborhood (b) a predefined operation
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Spatial Filtering
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Spatial Filtering
Classification on the basis of Linearity
There are two types:
1. Linear Spatial Filter (Mean, Gaussian, Sobel)
2. Non-linear Spatial Filter (Median, Max/Min, Bilateral)
Linear Spatial Filter
• Filter that satisfy additivity & homogeneity.
• Mean Filter : Linear spatial filter is simply the average of the pixels contained in the neighborhood of the filter mask.
The idea is replacing the value of every pixel in an image by the average of the grey levels in the neighborhood define
by the filter mask. Below are the types of mean filter:
•Averaging filter: It is used in reduction of the detail in image. All coefficients are equal.
•Weighted averaging filter: In this, pixels are multiplied by different coefficients. Center pixel is multiplied by a
higher value than average filter.
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Correlation and Convolution
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Correlation and Convolution
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Correlation and Convolution
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Spatial Filtering: Smoothing (low pass)
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Spatial Filtering: Smoothing (low pass)
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Spatial Filtering: Smoothing (low pass)
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Spatial Filtering: Smoothing (low pass)
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Spatial Filtering: Smoothing (low pass)
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Non-Linear Filter
• Order Statistics Filter: It is based on the
ordering of the pixels contained in the image
area encompassed by the filter. It replaces the
value of the center pixel with the value
determined by the ranking result. Edges are
better preserved in this filtering. Below are the
types of order statistics filter:
• Minimum filter: The 0th percentile filter is the
minimum filter. The value of the center is
replaced by the smallest value in the window.
• Maximum filter: The 100th percentile filter is the
maximum filter. The value of the center is
replaced by the largest value in the window.
• Median filter: Each pixel in the image is
considered. First, neighboring pixels are sorted,
and the original values of the pixel are replaced
by the median of the list.
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Non-Linear Filter
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Non-Linear Filter
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Digital image processing. Pearson education india; 2009. 38
Non-Linear Filter
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Image Sharpening Based on First-Order Derivatives
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Image Sharpening Based on First-Order Derivatives
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Image Sharpening Based on First-Order Derivatives
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Image Sharpening Based on First-Order Derivatives
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Image Sharpening Based on First-Order Derivatives
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Image Sharpening Based on First-Order Derivatives
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Digital image processing. Pearson education india; 2009. 45
Image Sharpening Based on First-Order Derivatives
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Digital image processing. Pearson education india; 2009. 46
Image Sharpening Based on First-Order Derivatives
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Digital image processing. Pearson education india; 2009. 47