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11-1 Additional Practice
Statistical Questions and Variables
1. Are the questions below statistical questions? Explain.
a. What is the tallest mountain in the world?
b. What is the most popular television program among teenagers?
c. What is the most popular men’s sport: football, basketball, tennis, golf,
hockey, or lacrosse?
2. What type of statistical variable is represented by the graph shown? Explain.
Fish
15% 15%
Apples
10% Avocados
20%
Chicken
25% Carrots
15%
Broccoli
3. A professor teaches four different science classes. He wants to try out a new
style of exam, so during finals, he gives the new exam to 15 randomly selected
students in each class. The other students take the regular exam.
a. What is the sample in this situation?
b. What is the population?
4. Is the given data summary a parameter or a statistic?
a. At a local company, management surveys every tenth employee and finds
that 24% of the surveyed employees buy their lunch in the cafeteria.
b. Of the 1,500 people on a cruise ship, 25% are under 18.
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11-2 Additional Practice
Statistical Studies and Sampling Methods
What type of study is described?
1. A company that manufactures light bulbs selects 3 bulbs at random. These
bulbs are then tested to see how many hours they last.
2. A video game store wants to discontinue one of the gaming consoles they sell,
but want to ensure they keep the most popular. For two weeks, the sales clerk
asks every third customer which console is their favorite.
For Items 3 and 4, what sampling method is used in the following examples?
Is the method biased or not? Explain.
3. Students who are preparing for the junior class party want to determine what
kinds of pizza to buy. They ask all the owners of the closest pizza restaurants
what kinds of pizza they sell the most.
4. The county road department wants to know which roads cause the most
concern among the residents of the county. They ask local pet stores to hand
out survey forms for customers who volunteer their opinions.
5. Describe a design for a controlled experiment to determine whether an acne-
reducing medication is effective for people who are 13–22 years old. What are
some potential sources of bias in your study?
6. Explain why the results of a survey could have statistical bias, even if the
questions used in the survey are not biased.
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11-3 Additional Practice
Data Distributions
1. Determine the mean, standard deviation, and five-number summary for each
data set. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
a. 98, 87, 79, 82, 101, 99, 97, 97, 102, 91, 93
mean: standard deviation:
five-number summary: minimum: 1 st quartile:
median: 3 rd quartile: maximum:
b. 3.2, 3.1, 4.5, 5.0, 4.1, 2.9, 1.8, 0.8, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.0
mean: standard deviation:
five-number summary: minimum: 1 st quartile:
median: 3 rd quartile: maximum:
2. Describe the shape of the distribution and determine which measures of center
and spread best represent the data.
1,022 1,065 1,287 1,385 1,499 1,499 1,298
1,109 1,067 1,384 1,499 1,032 1,222 1,045
3. Every other week, a horticulturist sprays fertilizer on the roses in one section of
a garden. Do you expect the height of the roses in the garden to be uniformly
distributed, normally distributed, skewed left, or skewed right? Explain.
4. Describe the shape of the distribution of a set of data where the median and
mean are the same. How would the median and mean compare if the data
were skewed left?
5. The ages of students in a gymnastics class are 12, 15, 17, 9, 7, 8, 15, 10, 13, 6, 5,
7, 13, 10, 7, 9, 5, 6, 7, 7, and 4.
a. Determine the mean, median, and standard deviation of the ages of the
students. Round to the nearest hundredth.
mean: median: standard deviation:
b. Describe the shape of the distribution of ages:
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11-4 Additional Practice
Normal Distributions
A sleep study found that the number of hours each person slept was normally
distributed. The study found that the average person slept 8.2 hours with a
standard deviation of 0.7 hours.
1. What range of hours of sleep are the 99.7% closest to the mean?
2. The 2.5% of the people who slept the most got more than how many hours
of sleep?
3. The 16% of the people who slept the least got less than how many hours sleep?
The actual weights of bags of pet food are normally distributed about the mean
of 50.0 lb. with a standard deviation of 0.2 lb.
4. About what percentage of bags of pet food weigh between 49.8 lb and 50.2 lb?
5. About what percentage of bags weigh less than 49.8 lb?
6. In a group of 250 bags, what percentage of bags would you expect to weigh
more than 50.4 lb?
7. Hugo averages 32 home runs per season with a standard deviation of 2.5. Jacob
averages 27 home runs per season with a standard deviation of 1.6. Last season
Hugo hit 36 home runs and Jacob hit 31 home runs. Who had more home runs
relative to their usual seasonal average? Explain.
Find the percent of all values in a normal distribution described by each z-score.
8. z ≤ 1.24 9. z ≥ 3.45 10. z ≤ −0.98
11. The number of miles traveled by a car before a certain part fails is normally
distributed with a mean of 60,000 mi and a standard deviation of 5,000 mi.
What is the probability that the part will fail before 55,000 mi or after 65,000 mi?
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11-5 Additional Practice
Margin of Error
Kenji surveys 10 student athletes. He asks them what sport they Baseball 4h
play, and how many hours per week they spend practicing. Soccer 3h
1. What proportion of students play baseball? Soccer 5.5 h
Football 7h
2. What is the mean number of hours the students spend
Lacrosse 6h
practicing sports?
Football 5h
Baseball 4h
3. Murphy claims that he makes 90% of his field goal attempts.
Baseball 6.5 h
Suppose he attempts 100 field goals. Use technology to
Soccer 6h
simulate 50 trials with 100 field goals each. Identify the
Baseball 7h
range that contains the middle 95% of results. Is his claim
reasonable?
Students at a school are conducting a Results of 50 Samples
16
music study. Each of the 50 students
survey 15 musicians to determine the 14
average time, in hours, musicians practice
Number of Samples
12
each week. They created a histogram of 10
the results.
8
4. How many students reported an 6
average practice time of 4.7 to 4
6.0 hours?
2
5. Based on the histogram, what is a 0
3.3–3.9 4.0–4.6 4.7–5.3 5.4–6.0 6.1–6.7 6.8–7.2
reasonable range to suggest for the
Hours Spent Practicing
population parameters?
6. The mean score on a national exam is 1,200 with a standard deviation of
230. A college states that their incoming freshmen have higher scores than
the national average. In order to confirm this statement, a reporter collects a
random sample of scores from 300 incoming students. He finds that their mean
score is 1,300. Is the college correct?
7. Timothy says he pitches baseballs at an average speed of 60 mph, but his
50 pitches in one game averaged 53 mph. Tamira creates 100 samples of
50 pitches for a pitcher throwing at an average of 60 mph. In 95% of the
samples, pitch speeds were between 52 mph and 68 mph. Based on Tamira’s
data, is Timothy’s claim reasonable? Explain.
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11-6 Additional Practice
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
1. Terrence made 94.8% of his putts within 5 feet of golf-ball holes with his old
putter. With a new putter, he now makes 97.4% of the same putts. Write a null
and alternative hypothesis for a statistical study to evaluate the population
parameter P, the proportion of putts made after using the new putter.
2. An apple orchard claims that their bags of apples have a mean weight of 5.14 lbs.
and a standard deviation of 0.08 lbs. A quality assurance specialist tests the
weight of 100 bags to determine whether the bags are the correct weight. The
sample has a normal distribution and a mean weight of 5.11 lbs. The specialist
is testing the following hypothesis.
H 0: μ = 5.14
H a: μ ≠ 5.14
a. What is the margin of error?
b. Does the test support the null hypothesis? What does this mean for the
orchard?
3. Special Candles Co. claims 10
Number of Candles
that their special wax will 8
last longer than traditional 6
candles. A study compares a
4
group of traditional candles
2
with those manufactured
by Special Candles Co. Does 0
9.6 10.0 10.4 10.8 11.2 11.6 12.0
the graph of the results give Time (h)
evidence to support the Traditional Candles Special Candles
claim?
4. Only 50.9% of 18–24 year olds voted in a recent presidential election. A college
samples 100 students within that age range, and finds that 53% of them voted.
They want to know if the percent of student voters aged 18–24 is more than
the percent of those 18–24 year olds who voted in the general population.
Write hypotheses for this situation and run a simulation to test the hypotheses
using a spreadsheet or calculator. What hypothesis does the simulation
support?
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