Chapter 3

43. To keep the centripetal acceleration below 5 g, we use the relation between speed, radius,
and centripetal acceleration:
2
v
a=
r
Step 1: Convert speed to m/s
2470× 1000
v=2470 km/h= ≈ 686 m/s
3600
Step 2: Set maximum acceleration
2
a max=5 g=5× 9.8=49 m/s
Step 3: Solve for minimum radius
2 2
v 686 r ≈ 470,000 ≈ 9,600 m
r= =
a 49 49
Final Answer
The minimum turn radius is about:
9.6 km45. This is a 2D kinematics problem because the acceleration is not in the same direction
as the initial velocity.
Step 1: Break motion into components
Let the initial velocity ⃗v 0
be along the x-axis.
 v 0=5.68 m/s
 Acceleration makes angle 62.5∘with x-axis
 Time t=5.42 s
 Total displacement magnitude s=37.2 m
Let acceleration magnitude = a
Components of acceleration:
∘
 a x =a cos ⁡62.5
∘
 a y =a sin ⁡62.5

Step 2: Use displacement formulas

In x-direction:
1 2 1 ∘ 2
x=v 0 t + a x t =v 0 t + a cos ⁡(62.5 )t
2 2
In y-direction:
1 2 1 ∘ 2
y= a y t = a sin ⁡(62.5 )t
2 2

Step 3: Use total displacement

 s= √ x 2 + y 2=37.2
Substitute:
∘
 cos ⁡62.5 ≈ 0.46
 sin ⁡62.5∘ ≈ 0.89
 t 2=¿
Compute:
1 1
x=(5.68)(5.42)+ a (0.46)(29.38) x ≈30.8+ 6.76 a y= a(0.89)(29.38) y ≈ 13.07 a
2 2

Step 4: Plug into displacement equation

¿
Solve:
¿
Expanding and solving gives:
2
a ≈ 0.99 m/s

✅ Final Answer:
2
a ≈ 1.0 m/s
49. For a flat curve, the maximum safe speed comes from centripetal acceleration:
2
v
a=
r
Step 1: Solve for speed
v=√ ar
Step 2: Substitute values
2
 a=5.0 m/s
 r =125 m
v=√ ¿ ¿=625

Step 3: Convert to km/h

25 ×3.6=90 km/h

✅ Final Answer:
90 km/h
Chapter 4
13. Step 1: Convert force
7.0 kN=7000 N
Step 2: Calculate
 7000
m= ≈ 909 kg
7.7

✅ Final Answer:
2
m ≈ 9.1× 10 kg
25. Step 1: Calculate weight
F air =(50)(9.8)=490 N

✅ Final Answer:
490 N (upward)27. For a passenger in an accelerating elevator, apply Newton’s second law
vertically.
Take upward as positive:
 Normal force from floor: N (upward)
 Weight: mg (downward)
 Acceleration: a=−2.1 m/s 2(downward)
So,
N−mg=ma
Solve for N :
N=m(g−2.1)

Step 1: Substitute values

 m=61 kg
2
 g=9.8 m/s
N=61(9.8−2.1)=61(7.7)N ≈ 470 N

✅ Final Answer:
470 N (upward)33. Step 1: Convert displacement
x=34 cm=0.34 m
Step 2: Calculate force
F=(265)(0.34)≈ 90.1 N

✅ Final Answer:
90 N 35. At equilibrium, the spring force balances the fish’s weight:
kx =mg
Solve for the stretch x :
mg
x=
k
Step 1: Substitute values
  m=6.7 kg
2
 g=9.8 m/s
 k =340 N/m
x=¿ ¿

✅ Final Answer:
0.19 m 37. (a) Time to reach 22.8 m/s
Use Newton’s second law to find acceleration:
F
a=
m
 F=8.75 kN=8750 N
 m=2280 kg
8750 2
a= ≈ 3.84 m/s
2280
Now use:
v 22.8
v=at ⇒ t= t= ≈ 5.94 s
a 3.84

✅ Answer (a):
t ≈ 5.9 s
43. At launch, the rocket must overcome gravity, so the net force is:
F net=F thrust −mg
Then use Newton’s second law:
F net
a=
m

Step 1: Convert units

 m=552 Mg=552,000 kg
6
 F thrust =7.61 MN=7.61 ×10 N

Step 2: Compute weight

6
mg=(552,000)(9.8) ≈ 5.41× 10 N

Step 3: Net force

6 6 6
F net=7.61 ×10 −5.41× 10 =2.20 × 10 N

Step 4: Acceleration
 6
2.20× 10 2
a= ≈ 3.99 m/s
552,000

✅ Final Answer:
2
a ≈ 4.0 m/s
Chapter 5
13. You want this to match Mars gravity (3.71 m/s²), so:
3.71
sin ⁡θ=
9.8

Now solve:
∘
sin ⁡θ ≈ 0.379 θ ≈ sin −1
⁡ (0.379)≈ 22.2
17. Step 1: Acceleration of the system
Your sister pulls with her full weight:
F=msister ⋅ g=14 ⋅9.8=137.2 N
This force accelerates the combined system (cake + sister mass, since the cloth transmits the
pull):
F 137.2 137.2 2
a= = a= ≈ 7.11 m/s
m total 14+5.3 19.3
(a) Cake’s acceleration: ≈ 7.1 m/s²

Step 2: Time before the cake reaches the edge

The cake starts from rest and travels:
s=0.80 m
Using:
1 2
s= a t
2
1 2
s= a t
2
Solve for t :
 t=
√ √
2s
a
=
2(0.80)
7.11
t=√ 0.225 ≈ 0.47 s

Final Answers:
 (a) Acceleration ≈ 7.1 m/s²
 (b) Time before disaster ≈ 0.47 seconds

25. For a banked turn (no slipping), the lift force components give:
 Vertical balance: L cos ⁡θ=mg
2
mv
 Horizontal (centripetal): L sin ⁡θ=
r
Divide the equations:
2
v
tan ⁡θ=
rg
2
v
tan ⁡θ=
rg
Now solve for v :
v=√ rg tan ⁡θ
Substitute values:
 r =4.0 km=4000 m
2
 g=9.8 m/s
∘
 θ=22
v=√ 4000 ⋅9.8 ⋅ tan ⁡(22∘ )tan ⁡(22 )≈ 0.404 v=√ 4000 ⋅9.8 ⋅0.404 ≈ √15843 ≈ 126 m/s
∘

29. On a flat curve, friction provides the centripetal force. The maximum safe speed is when
friction is at its limit:
2
mv
f max=μmg=
r
Cancel m :
2
v
μg=
r
v=√ μgr

Step 1: Compute maximum safe speed

Given:
 μ=0.20
2
 g=9.8 m/s
 r =115m
v=√ 0.20 ⋅9.8 ⋅115v=√ 225.4 ≈ 15.0 m/s
Convert to km/h:
15.0 ×3.6 ≈ 54 km/h

Step 2: Compare with recommended speed

 Recommended: 60 km/h
 Safe (snow): ≈ 54 km/h

Final Answer:
No, 60 km/h is not sufficiently slow.
On snow, the safe speed is only about 54 km/h, so the car would likely skid outward at 60
km/h.

31. Step 1: Set up forces and acceleration

Let:
 m c =63.2 kg (climber)
 m r =?(rock)
Since the rope is massless and the surface is frictionless, the system accelerates like:
mc g
a=
mc +mr
(The climber’s weight is what “pulls” the whole system.)

Step 2: Maximum allowed motion

She must not fall more than 48.6 m in 36.5 s.
Using:
1 2
s= a t
2
1 2
s= a t
2
Solve for required acceleration:
2 s 2(48.6) 97.2 2
a= 2
= a≈ ≈ 0.073 m/s
t ( 36.5 ¿ 2
1332.25

Step 3: Solve for rock mass

From earlier:
mc g
a=
mc +mr
Rearrange:
 mc g
mr = −mc
a
Substitute:
63.2 ⋅9.8
mr = −63.2 mr ≈ 8480−63.2≈ 8420 kg
0.073

Final Answer:
The rock must have a mass of about 8.4 × 103 kg (≈ 8400 kg).

37. At the top of the circle, both gravity and the bucket’s normal force on the water point
toward the center, so they provide the required centripetal force:
2
mv
mg+ N =
r
Solve for the force the water exerts on the bucket (same magnitude as N ):
2
mv
N= −mg
r

Step 1: Find the radius (from the preceding problem)

From the previous setup, the radius of the circular motion is r =1.22 m.

Step 2: Plug in values

 m=3.96 kg
 v=6.17 m/s
 r =1.22 m
2
 g=9.8 m/s
2
mv
=3.96 ⋅ ¿¿ mg=3.96⋅ 9.8 ≈ 38.8 NN=123.7−38.8 ≈ 84.9 N
r

Step 3: Compare with maximum allowed force

 Maximum allowed: 65 N
 Actual force: ≈ 85 N

Final Answer:
No, the bucket does NOT survive.
The force exceeds the limit (85 N > 65 N), so the bucket breaks at the top of the circle.

72. First, convert speeds:

 v=90 km/h=25 m/s
 Design speed v 0=60 km/h=16.67 m/s
  Radius r =110 m

Step 1: Find the banking angle (designed for 60 km/h)

For a frictionless banked curve:
2
v0
tan ⁡θ=
rg
( 16.67 ¿2 ∘
tan ⁡θ= ≈ 0.258 ⇒θ ≈ 14.5
110 ⋅ 9.8

Step 2: At higher speed, friction is required

Since the car is going faster than design speed, it tends to slide up the bank, so friction acts
down the slope.
Using force balance (radial and vertical), the required friction coefficient is:
2
v
−tan ⁡θ
rg
μ= 2
v
1+ tan ⁡θ
rg

Step 3: Compute values

v
2
25
2
0.580−0.258 0.322
= ≈ 0.580 tan ⁡θ ≈ 0.258 μ= = ≈ 0.28
rg 110 ⋅ 9.8 1+(0.580)(0.258) 1.150

Final Answer:
The minimum coefficient of friction required is approximately:
0.28
CHAPTER 6
13. So, total work = gain in gravitational potential energy:
W =mgh
W =mgh

Step: Plug in values

 m=650 kg
2
 g=9.8 m/s
 h=23 m
W =650 ⋅9.8 ⋅23 ≈ 146,510 J
15. Use the work–force relation (assuming average force over the stopping distance):
W =Favg ⋅ d
W =Fd
Step 1: Convert units
8
 W =140 MJ=1.40 ×10 J
 d=75 cm=0.75 m

Step 2: Solve for average force

8
W 1.40 ×10 8
F avg= = ≈ 1.87 × 10 N
d 0.75

Final Answer:
8
F avg ≈1.9 × 10 N
21. Work to stretch a spring comes from integrating the force F=kx , giving:
1 2
W= k x
2

Given:
 k =200 N/m

(a) From equilibrium to 10 cm

Convert: x=0.10 m
1
W = ⋅200 ⋅¿
2

(b) From 10 cm to 20 cm
Work between two points:
1 2 2
W = k ( x 2−x 1)
2
 x 1=0.10 m , x 2=0.20 m
2 2
W =100 ⋅(0.20 −0.10 )=100 ⋅(0.04−0.01)=100⋅ 0.03=3.0 J

Final Answers:
 (a) 1.0 J
 (b) 3.0 J

27. We set the kinetic energies equal:

1 2 1 2
mtruck v truck= mcar v car
2 2
1 2 1 2
m v= m v
2 1 1 2 2 2
 1
Cancel :
2
2 2
mtruck v truck=mcar v car

Step 1: Convert speed

95
v car=95 km/h= ≈ 26.4 m/s
3.6

Step 2: Solve for truck speed

 4
mtruck =2.6 ×10 =26000 kg
v truck=v car
√ mcar
mtruck

 mcar=1150 kg

v truck=26.4 ⋅
√ 1150 1150 ≈ 0.0442 , √ 0.0442≈ 0.210 v ≈ 26.4 ⋅0.210 ≈ 5.55 m/s
26000 26000
truck

Step 3: Convert to km/h

5.55 ×3.6 ≈ 20 km/h

Final Answer:
The truck must move at about:
5.6 m/s ≈ 20 km/h
29. Use the work–energy principle: the work done by the stopping force equals the pencil’s
initial kinetic energy.
1 2
W =Δ K = m v
2
Since the force stops the pencil over distance d :
1 2
Fd= m v
2
1 2
Fd= m v
2

Step 1: Convert units

 m=5.0 g=0.005 kg
 d=5.8 cm=0.058 m
 F=76 N

Step 2: Solve for v

 v=
√ 2 Fd
m
=
√2⋅76 ⋅ 0.058
0.005
v=√ 1763.2≈ 42 m/s

Final Answer:
v ≈ 42 m/s
33. Power is energy divided by time:
E
P=
t
E
P=
t
Given energy: E=2 kWh

(a) Drains in 1 minute

Convert time:
1 2
t=1 min= hP= =120 kW
60 1/60

(b) Drains in 1 hour

2
P= =2 kW
1

(c) Drains in 1 day

2
t=24 h P= ≈ 0.083 kW=83 W
24

Final Answers:
 (a) 120 kW
 (b) 2 kW
 (c) 83 W

43. Step 1: Correct length

−6
 L=2.35 μ m=2.35 ×10 m
Compression of 1.00 %:
−8
x=0.01 ⋅ L=2.35 ×10 m

Step 2: Use spring work formula

1 2
W= k x
2
−7
 k =1.63 ×10 N/m
 1 −7
W = ⋅(1.63 ×10 ) ⋅¿( 2.35 ×10−8 ¿2=5.52 ×10−16
2
−7 −16 −23
W =0.5 ⋅1.63 ×10 ⋅5.52 ×10 ≈ 4.5 ×10 J

Final Answer:
−23
W ≈ 4.5 × 10 J
45. Step 1: Total mass and speed
 Bicycle: 16.0 kg
 Riders: 132 kg
 Total: m=148 kg
Convert speed:
18.5
v=18.5 km/h= ≈ 5.14 m/s
3.6

Step 2: Forces opposing motion

(1) Component of gravity along incline:
F g=mgsin ⁡θ F g=148 ⋅ 9.8⋅ sin ⁡(6.22∘ )sin ⁡(6.22∘)≈ 0.108 ⇒ F g ≈156.6 N
(2) Air resistance:
F air =10.8 N
Total force:
F total =156.6+10.8 ≈ 167.4 N

Step 3: Power required

P=F ⋅v
P=Fv
P=167.4 ⋅5.14 ≈ 860 W

Final Answer:
2
P ≈ 8.6 ×10 W (860 W)