Chapter 3
43. To keep the centripetal accelera on below 5𝑔, we use the rela on between speed, radius,
and centripetal accelera on:
𝑣
𝑎=
𝑟
Step 1: Convert speed to m/s
2470 × 1000
𝑣 = 2470 km/h = ≈ 686 m/s
3600
Step 2: Set maximum accelera on
𝑎 = 5𝑔 = 5 × 9.8 = 49 m/s
Step 3: Solve for minimum radius
𝑣 686
𝑟= =
𝑎 49
470,000
𝑟≈ ≈ 9,600 m
49
Final Answer
The minimum turn radius is about:
9.6 km
45. This is a 2D kinema cs problem because the accelera on is not in the same direc on as the
ini al velocity.
Step 1: Break mo on into components
Let the ini al velocity 𝑣⃗
be along the x-axis.
𝑣 = 5.68 m/s
Accelera on makes angle 62.5∘ with x-axis
Time 𝑡 = 5.42 s
Total displacement magnitude 𝑠 = 37.2 m
Let accelera on magnitude = 𝑎
Components of accelera on:
𝑎 = 𝑎cos 62.5∘
𝑎 = 𝑎sin 62.5∘
Step 2: Use displacement formulas
In x-direc on:
1 1
𝑥 = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑎cos (62.5∘ )𝑡
2 2
In y-direc on:
1 1
𝑦= 𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑎sin (62.5∘ )𝑡
2 2
Step 3: Use total displacement
𝑠= 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 37.2
Subs tute:
cos 62.5∘ ≈ 0.46
sin 62.5∘ ≈ 0.89
𝑡 = (5.42) ≈ 29.38
Compute:
1
𝑥 = (5.68)(5.42) + 𝑎(0.46)(29.38)
2
𝑥 ≈ 30.8 + 6.76𝑎
1
𝑦 = 𝑎(0.89)(29.38)
2
𝑦 ≈ 13.07𝑎
Step 4: Plug into displacement equa on
(30.8 + 6.76𝑎) + (13.07𝑎) = (37.2)
Solve:
(30.8 + 6.76𝑎) + (13.07𝑎) = 1384
Expanding and solving gives:
𝑎 ≈ 0.99 m/s
Final Answer:
𝑎 ≈ 1.0 m/s
49. For a flat curve, the maximum safe speed comes from centripetal accelera on:
𝑣
𝑎=
𝑟
Step 1: Solve for speed
𝑣 = √𝑎𝑟
Step 2: Subs tute values
𝑎 = 5.0 m/s
𝑟 = 125 m
𝑣= (5.0)(125) = √625 = 25 m/s
=625
Step 3: Convert to km/h
25 × 3.6 = 90 km/h
Final Answer:
90 km/h
Chapter 4
13. Step 1: Convert force
7.0 kN = 7000 N
Step 2: Calculate
7000
𝑚= ≈ 909 kg
7.7
Final Answer:
𝑚 ≈ 9.1 × 10 kg
25. Step 1: Calculate weight
𝐹air = (50)(9.8) = 490 N
Final Answer:
490 N (upward)
27. For a passenger in an accelera ng elevator, apply Newton’s second law ver cally.
Take upward as posi ve:
Normal force from floor: 𝑁(upward)
Weight: 𝑚𝑔(downward)
Accelera on: 𝑎 = −2.1 m/s (downward)
So,
𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚𝑎
Solve for 𝑁:
𝑁 = 𝑚(𝑔 − 2.1)
Step 1: Subs tute values
𝑚 = 61 kg
𝑔 = 9.8 m/s
𝑁 = 61(9.8 − 2.1) = 61(7.7)
𝑁 ≈ 470 N
Final Answer:
470 N (upward)
33. Step 1: Convert displacement
𝑥 = 34 cm = 0.34 m
Step 2: Calculate force
𝐹 = (265)(0.34) ≈ 90.1 N
Final Answer:
90 N
35. At equilibrium, the spring force balances the fish’s weight:
𝑘𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔
Solve for the stretch 𝑥:
𝑚𝑔
𝑥=
𝑘
Step 1: Subs tute values
𝑚 = 6.7 kg
𝑔 = 9.8 m/s
𝑘 = 340 N/m
(6.7)(9.8) 65.66
𝑥= ≈ ≈ 0.193 m
340 340
Final Answer:
0.19 m
37. (a) Time to reach 22.8 m/s
Use Newton’s second law to find accelera on:
𝐹
𝑎=
𝑚
𝐹 = 8.75 kN = 8750 N
𝑚 = 2280 kg
8750
𝑎= ≈ 3.84 m/s
2280
Now use:
𝑣
𝑣 = 𝑎𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡 =
𝑎
22.8
𝑡= ≈ 5.94 s
3.84
Answer (a):
𝑡 ≈ 5.9 s
43. At launch, the rocket must overcome gravity, so the net force is:
𝐹net = 𝐹thrust − 𝑚𝑔
Then use Newton’s second law:
𝐹net
𝑎=
𝑚
Step 1: Convert units
𝑚 = 552 Mg = 552,000 kg
𝐹thrust = 7.61 MN = 7.61 × 10 N
Step 2: Compute weight
𝑚𝑔 = (552,000)(9.8) ≈ 5.41 × 10 N
Step 3: Net force
𝐹net = 7.61 × 10 − 5.41 × 10 = 2.20 × 10 N
Step 4: Accelera on
2.20 × 10
𝑎= ≈ 3.99 m/s
552,000
Final Answer:
𝑎 ≈ 4.0 m/s
Chapter 5
13. You want this to match Mars gravity (3.71 m/s²), so:
3.71
sin 𝜃 =
9.8
Now solve:
sin 𝜃 ≈ 0.379
𝜃 ≈ sin (0.379) ≈ 22.2∘
17. Step 1: Accelera on of the system
Your sister pulls with her full weight:
𝐹 = 𝑚sister ⋅ 𝑔 = 14 ⋅ 9.8 = 137.2 N
This force accelerates the combined system (cake + sister mass, since the cloth transmits the
pull):
𝐹 137.2
𝑎= =
𝑚total 14 + 5.3
137.2
𝑎= ≈ 7.11 m/s
19.3
(a) Cake’s accelera on: ≈ 7.1 m/s²
Step 2: Time before the cake reaches the edge
The cake starts from rest and travels:
𝑠 = 0.80 m
Using:
1
𝑠 = 𝑎𝑡
2
1
𝑠 = 𝑎𝑡
2
Solve for 𝑡:
2𝑠 2(0.80)
𝑡= =
𝑎 7.11
𝑡 = √0.225 ≈ 0.47 s
Final Answers:
(a) Accelera on ≈ 7.1 m/s²
(b) Time before disaster ≈ 0.47 seconds
25. For a banked turn (no slipping), the li force components give:
Ver cal balance: 𝐿cos 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔
Horizontal (centripetal): 𝐿sin 𝜃 =
Divide the equa ons:
𝑣
tan 𝜃 =
𝑟𝑔
𝑣
tan 𝜃 =
𝑟𝑔
Now solve for 𝑣:
𝑣= 𝑟𝑔tan 𝜃
Subs tute values:
𝑟 = 4.0 km = 4000 m
𝑔 = 9.8 m/s
𝜃 = 22∘
𝑣 = 4000 ⋅ 9.8 ⋅ tan (22∘ )
tan (22∘ ) ≈ 0.404
𝑣 = √4000 ⋅ 9.8 ⋅ 0.404 ≈ √15843 ≈ 126 m/s
29. On a flat curve, fric on provides the centripetal force. The maximum safe speed is when
fric on is at its limit:
𝑚𝑣
𝑓max = 𝜇𝑚𝑔 =
𝑟
Cancel 𝑚:
𝑣
𝜇𝑔 =
𝑟
𝑣= 𝜇𝑔𝑟
Step 1: Compute maximum safe speed
Given:
𝜇 = 0.20
𝑔 = 9.8 m/s
𝑟 = 115 m
𝑣 = √0.20 ⋅ 9.8 ⋅ 115
𝑣 = √225.4 ≈ 15.0 m/s
Convert to km/h:
15.0 × 3.6 ≈ 54 km/h
Step 2: Compare with recommended speed
Recommended: 60 km/h
Safe (snow): ≈ 54 km/h
Final Answer:
No, 60 km/h is not sufficiently slow.
On snow, the safe speed is only about 54 km/h, so the car would likely skid outward at 60
km/h.
31. Step 1: Set up forces and accelera on
Let:
𝑚 = 63.2 kg(climber)
𝑚 =?(rock)
Since the rope is massless and the surface is fric onless, the system accelerates like:
𝑚 𝑔
𝑎=
𝑚 +𝑚
(The climber’s weight is what “pulls” the whole system.)
Step 2: Maximum allowed mo on
She must not fall more than 48.6 m in 36.5 s.
Using:
1
𝑠 = 𝑎𝑡
2
1
𝑠 = 𝑎𝑡
2
Solve for required accelera on:
2𝑠 2(48.6)
𝑎= =
𝑡 (36.5)
97.2
𝑎≈ ≈ 0.073 m/s
1332.25
Step 3: Solve for rock mass
From earlier:
𝑚 𝑔
𝑎=
𝑚 +𝑚
Rearrange:
𝑚 𝑔
𝑚 = −𝑚
𝑎
Subs tute:
63.2 ⋅ 9.8
𝑚 = − 63.2
0.073
𝑚 ≈ 8480 − 63.2 ≈ 8420 kg
Final Answer:
The rock must have a mass of about 8.4 × 10 kg(≈ 8400 kg).
37. At the top of the circle, both gravity and the bucket’s normal force on the water point
toward the center, so they provide the required centripetal force:
𝑚𝑣
𝑚𝑔 + 𝑁 =
𝑟
Solve for the force the water exerts on the bucket (same magnitude as 𝑁):
𝑚𝑣
𝑁= − 𝑚𝑔
𝑟
Step 1: Find the radius (from the preceding problem)
From the previous setup, the radius of the circular mo on is 𝑟 = 1.22 m.
Step 2: Plug in values
𝑚 = 3.96 kg
𝑣 = 6.17 m/s
𝑟 = 1.22 m
𝑔 = 9.8 m/s
𝑚𝑣 3.96 ⋅ (6.17)
= ≈ 123.7 N
𝑟 1.22
𝑚𝑔 = 3.96 ⋅ 9.8 ≈ 38.8 N
𝑁 = 123.7 − 38.8 ≈ 84.9 N
Step 3: Compare with maximum allowed force
Maximum allowed: 65 N
Actual force: ≈ 85 N
Final Answer:
No, the bucket does NOT survive.
The force exceeds the limit (85 N > 65 N), so the bucket breaks at the top of the circle.
72. First, convert speeds:
𝑣 = 90 km/h = 25 m/s
Design speed 𝑣 = 60 km/h = 16.67 m/s
Radius 𝑟 = 110 m
Step 1: Find the banking angle (designed for 60 km/h)
For a fric onless banked curve:
𝑣
tan 𝜃 =
𝑟𝑔
(16.67)
tan 𝜃 = ≈ 0.258 ⇒ 𝜃 ≈ 14.5∘
110 ⋅ 9.8
Step 2: At higher speed, fric on is required
Since the car is going faster than design speed, it tends to slide up the bank, so fric on acts
down the slope.
Using force balance (radial and ver cal), the required fric on coefficient is:
𝑣
− tan 𝜃
𝑟𝑔
𝜇=
𝑣
1+ tan 𝜃
𝑟𝑔
Step 3: Compute values
𝑣 25
= ≈ 0.580
𝑟𝑔 110 ⋅ 9.8
tan 𝜃 ≈ 0.258
0.580 − 0.258 0.322
𝜇= = ≈ 0.28
1 + (0.580)(0.258) 1.150
Final Answer:
The minimum coefficient of fric on required is approximately:
0.28
CHAPTER 6
13. So, total work = gain in gravita onal poten al energy:
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Step: Plug in values
𝑚 = 650 kg
𝑔 = 9.8 m/s
ℎ = 23 m
𝑊 = 650 ⋅ 9.8 ⋅ 23 ≈ 146,510 J
15. Use the work–force rela on (assuming average force over the stopping distance):
𝑊 = 𝐹avg ⋅ 𝑑
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
Step 1: Convert units
𝑊 = 140 MJ = 1.40 × 10 J
𝑑 = 75 cm = 0.75 m
Step 2: Solve for average force
𝑊 1.40 × 10
𝐹avg = = ≈ 1.87 × 10 N
𝑑 0.75
Final Answer:
𝐹avg ≈ 1.9 × 10 N
21. Work to stretch a spring comes from integra ng the force 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥, giving:
1
𝑊 = 𝑘𝑥
2
Given:
𝑘 = 200 N/m
(a) From equilibrium to 10 cm
Convert: 𝑥 = 0.10 m
1
𝑊= ⋅ 200 ⋅ (0.10) = 100 ⋅ 0.01 = 1.0 J
2
(b) From 10 cm to 20 cm
Work between two points:
1
𝑊= 𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑥 )
2
𝑥 = 0.10 m, 𝑥 = 0.20 m
𝑊 = 100 ⋅ (0.20 − 0.10 ) = 100 ⋅ (0.04 − 0.01) = 100 ⋅ 0.03 = 3.0 J
Final Answers:
(a) 1.0 J
(b) 3.0 J
27. We set the kine c energies equal:
1 1
𝑚truck 𝑣truck = 𝑚car 𝑣car
2 2
1 1
𝑚 𝑣 = 𝑚 𝑣
2 2
Cancel :
𝑚truck 𝑣truck = 𝑚car 𝑣car
Step 1: Convert speed
95
𝑣car = 95 km/h = ≈ 26.4 m/s
3.6
Step 2: Solve for truck speed
𝑚car
𝑣truck = 𝑣car
𝑚truck
𝑚truck = 2.6 × 10 = 26000 kg
𝑚car = 1150 kg
1150
𝑣truck = 26.4 ⋅
26000
1150
≈ 0.0442, √0.0442 ≈ 0.210
26000
𝑣truck ≈ 26.4 ⋅ 0.210 ≈ 5.55 m/s
Step 3: Convert to km/h
5.55 × 3.6 ≈ 20 km/h
Final Answer:
The truck must move at about:
5.6 m/s ≈ 20 km/h
29. Use the work–energy principle: the work done by the stopping force equals the pencil’s
ini al kine c energy.
1
𝑊 = Δ𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣
2
Since the force stops the pencil over distance 𝑑:
1
𝐹𝑑 = 𝑚𝑣
2
1
𝐹𝑑 = 𝑚𝑣
2
Step 1: Convert units
𝑚 = 5.0 g = 0.005 kg
𝑑 = 5.8 cm = 0.058 m
𝐹 = 76 N
Step 2: Solve for 𝒗
2𝐹𝑑 2 ⋅ 76 ⋅ 0.058
𝑣= =
𝑚 0.005
𝑣 = √1763.2 ≈ 42 m/s
Final Answer:
𝑣 ≈ 42 m/s
33. Power is energy divided by me:
𝐸
𝑃=
𝑡
𝐸
𝑃=
𝑡
Given energy: 𝐸 = 2 kWh
(a) Drains in 1 minute
Convert me:
1
𝑡 = 1 min = h
60
2
𝑃= = 120 kW
1/60
(b) Drains in 1 hour
2
𝑃= = 2 kW
1
(c) Drains in 1 day
𝑡 = 24 h
2
𝑃= ≈ 0.083 kW = 83 W
24
Final Answers:
(a) 120 kW
(b) 2 kW
(c) 83 W
43. Step 1: Correct length
𝐿 = 2.35 𝜇m = 2.35 × 10 m
Compression of 1.00%:
𝑥 = 0.01 ⋅ 𝐿 = 2.35 × 10 m
Step 2: Use spring work formula
1
𝑊= 𝑘𝑥
2
𝑘 = 1.63 × 10 N/m
1
𝑊 = ⋅ (1.63 × 10 ) ⋅ (2.35 × 10 )
2
(2.35 × 10 ) = 5.52 × 10
𝑊 = 0.5 ⋅ 1.63 × 10 ⋅ 5.52 × 10 ≈ 4.5 × 10 J
Final Answer:
𝑊 ≈ 4.5 × 10 J
45. Step 1: Total mass and speed
Bicycle: 16.0 kg
Riders: 132 kg
Total: 𝑚 = 148 kg
Convert speed:
18.5
𝑣 = 18.5 km/h = ≈ 5.14 m/s
3.6
Step 2: Forces opposing mo on
(1) Component of gravity along incline:
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔sin 𝜃
𝐹 = 148 ⋅ 9.8 ⋅ sin (6.22∘ )
sin (6.22∘ ) ≈ 0.108 ⇒ 𝐹 ≈ 156.6 N
(2) Air resistance:
𝐹air = 10.8 N
Total force:
𝐹total = 156.6 + 10.8 ≈ 167.4 N
Step 3: Power required
𝑃 =𝐹⋅𝑣
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣
𝑃 = 167.4 ⋅ 5.14 ≈ 860 W
Final Answer:
𝑃 ≈ 8.6 × 10 W (860 W)