ISC Class XII Chemistry

Solution and its colligative properties

Instructions:

1. All questions are compulsory.

2. The intended marks for each question are given in brackets.

3. Figures, wherever required, are to be clearly labelled.

4. A simple scientific calculator may be used.

5. All necessary working must be shown.

Question 1 [3]
A student dissolves 3.42 g of sucrose in 180 g of water and finds that the freezing point
of the solution is −0.186◦ C.

1. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor for sucrose in aqueous solution.

2. State whether the calculated value supports ideal or non-ideal behaviour.

3. Give one molecular-level reason for your conclusion.

(Given: Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol−1 , molar mass of sucrose = 342 g mol−1 )

Question 2 [4]
Two solutions A and B are prepared at the same temperature:

• Solution A: 0.10 mol of urea dissolved in 1 kg of water

• Solution B: 0.05 mol of calcium chloride dissolved in 1 kg of water

1. Calculate the expected depression in freezing point for both solutions.

2. Predict which solution will show greater deviation from ideal behaviour.

3. Justify your answer using the concept of van’t Hoff factor.

4. State one experimental condition under which this deviation becomes significant.

1
 (Assume complete dissociation where applicable; Kf = 1.86 K kg mol−1 )

Question 3 [4]
The vapour pressure of pure benzene at 298 K is 640 mm Hg. When 2.5 g of a non-
volatile solute is dissolved in 100 g of benzene, the vapour pressure of the solution becomes
608 mm Hg.

1. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.

2. State the law used and write its mathematical expression.

3. If the solute were volatile, how would the vapour pressure behaviour differ?

4. Explain why such solutions often show non-ideal behaviour.

Question 4 [4]
A semipermeable membrane separates two solutions at the same temperature as shown
below:

(Diagram showing solution X on one side and solution Y on the other)

Solution X contains 0.20 M glucose. Solution Y contains 0.10 M sodium chloride.

1. Identify the direction of solvent flow through the membrane.

2. Calculate the osmotic pressure difference between the two solutions.

3. State whether solution Y is hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic with respect to X.

4. Explain one biological significance of this phenomenon.

(Given: R = 0.0821 L atm K−1 mol−1 , T = 300 K)

Question 5 [5]
The freezing point of benzene is lowered by 1.60 K when 2.00 g of benzoic acid is
dissolved in 25 g of benzene.

1. Calculate the apparent molar mass of benzoic acid in benzene.

2
 2. Compare this value with the actual molar mass and comment on the abnormality.

3. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor.

4. Determine the degree of association of benzoic acid in benzene.

5. State one structural reason for this behaviour.

(Given: Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol−1 )

1. State Henry’s Law and write its mathematical expression.

2. A gas has a solubility of 0.020 mol L−1 at a pressure of 1 atm. Calculate its solubility
when the pressure is increased to 5 atm.

3. Explain why carbonated drinks are bottled under high pressure.

4. State one limitation of Henry’s Law.

Question 8 [4]
The vapour pressure of pure toluene at 300 K is 28.4 mm Hg. A solution is formed
by dissolving 4.6 g of a non-volatile solute in 92 g of toluene. The vapour pressure of the
solution is found to be 27.0 mm Hg.

1. Calculate the mole fraction of the solute in the solution.

2. Determine the molar mass of the solute.

3. State the law used in the above calculation.

4. Give one reason why this law is not applicable to non-ideal solutions.

Question 9 [4]
Two solutions X and Y are separated by a semipermeable membrane.

• Solution X: 0.30 M aqueous urea

• Solution Y: 0.10 M aqueous potassium sulphate

1. Calculate the osmotic pressure of both solutions at 300 K.

2. Predict the direction of solvent flow across the membrane.

3. Identify which solution is hypertonic with respect to the other.

3
 4. Explain how osmotic pressure depends on temperature.

(Given: R = 0.0821 L atm K−1 mol−1 ; Assumecompletedissociationof K 2 SO4 .)

Question 10 [5]
A solution is prepared by dissolving 2.44 g of an organic compound in 100 g of benzene.
The freezing point of benzene is lowered by 0.78 K.

1. Calculate the molar mass of the solute assuming no association or dissociation.

2. The actual molar mass of the compound is 122 g mol−1 . Explain why the experi-
mentally calculated molar mass differs from the actual value.

3. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor for the solution.

4. Determine whether the solute undergoes association or dissociation.

5. Give one structural reason for the observed behaviour.

(Given: Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol−1 )

1. Define colligative properties.

2. Name any two colligative properties.

3. Explain why colligative properties depend on the number of solute particles and not
on their chemical nature.

Question 12 [4]
An aqueous solution is prepared by dissolving 1.00 g of urea in 50 g of water. The
solution freezes at −0.372◦ C.

1. Calculate the molality of the solution.

2. Calculate the theoretical depression in freezing point.

3. Compare the calculated value with the observed value.

4. State whether urea shows normal or abnormal molar mass behaviour in water.

(Given: Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol−1 ; M olarmassof urea = 60gmol−1 )

Question 13 [4]
Two solutions P and Q are prepared as follows:

• Solution P: 0.10 M aqueous glucose

4
 • Solution Q: 0.05 M aqueous aluminium chloride

1. Calculate the osmotic pressure of both solutions at 300 K.

2. Identify which solution has a higher osmotic pressure.

3. State the reason for the difference in osmotic pressure.

4. Predict which solution will cause greater dehydration of red blood cells and why.

(Given: R = 0.0821 L atm K−1 mol−1 ; Assumecompletedissociationof AlCl3 )

Question 14 [4]
The experimentally determined molar mass of acetic acid in benzene is found to be
greater than its actual molar mass.

1. State the reason for this abnormal molar mass.

2. Define van’t Hoff factor.

3. State whether the van’t Hoff factor for acetic acid in benzene is greater than or less
than unity.

4. Explain how hydrogen bonding leads to this behaviour.

Question 15 [5]
The vapour pressure of pure water at a certain temperature is 23.8 mm Hg. When a
non-volatile solute is dissolved in water, the vapour pressure of the solution becomes 22.6
mm Hg.

1. Calculate the mole fraction of the solute in the solution.

2. State the law used in the above calculation.

3. Explain why the vapour pressure of the solution is lower than that of the pure
solvent.

4. State one condition under which this law is strictly applicable.

5. Predict how the vapour pressure will change if the solution is heated at constant
composition.

Question 16 [5]
An aqueous solution contains 0.50 g of a protein dissolved in 250 cm3 of solution. The
osmotic pressure of the solution at 300 K is found to be 1.64 × 10−3 atm.

1. Calculate the molar mass of the protein.

5
 2. State why osmotic pressure is a preferred method for determining molar mass of
macromolecules.

3. Predict how the osmotic pressure will change if the temperature is increased, keeping
concentration constant.

(Given: R = 0.0821 L atm K−1 mol−1 )

Question 17 [4]
A solution is prepared by dissolving 1.20 g of potassium chloride in 200 g of water.

1. Calculate the molality of the solution.

2. Calculate the elevation in boiling point of the solution.

3. State how the result would change if potassium chloride were replaced by glucose
of the same mass.

(Given: Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol−1 ; M olarmassof KCl = 74.5gmol−1 ; As-

Question 18 [4]
Two solutions A and B are separated by a semipermeable membrane as shown below:

(Diagram showing solution A and solution B separated by a semipermeable membrane)

Solution A contains 0.20 M sucrose. Solution B contains 0.10 M sodium chloride.

1. Identify the direction of solvent flow across the membrane.

2. Name the phenomenon involved.

3. Calculate the osmotic pressure difference between the two solutions at 300 K.

4. State which solution is hypertonic with respect to the other.

6
 (Given: R = 0.0821 L atm K−1 mol−1 ; Assumecompletedissociationof N aCl.)

Question 19 [4]
The depression in freezing point of water for equimolal aqueous solutions of the fol-
lowing substances is found to increase in the order:

Glucose < Sodium chloride < Calcium chloride

1. State whether the above order is correct.

2. Justify your answer using the concept of van’t Hoff factor.

3. State one condition under which this order may not be strictly followed.

Question 20 [5]
A solution is prepared by dissolving 1.80 g of acetic acid in 100 g of benzene. The
freezing point of benzene is lowered by 0.45 K.

1. Calculate the apparent molar mass of acetic acid in benzene.

2. Compare the calculated value with the actual molar mass.

3. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor for the solution.

4. Determine the degree of association of acetic acid.

5. State one reason why such association occurs in benzene.

(Given: Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol−1 )

1. State Raoult’s law for a solution containing a non-volatile solute.

2. Write the mathematical expression of Raoult’s law.

3. State one condition under which a solution shows positive deviation from Raoult’s
law.

Question 22 [4]
An aqueous solution is prepared by dissolving 5.85 g of sodium chloride in 100 g of
water. The freezing point of the solution is found to be −3.35◦ C.

1. Calculate the apparent molar mass of sodium chloride.

2. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor for the solution.

7
 3. State whether sodium chloride undergoes association or dissociation in water.

4. Give a reason for the deviation from normal molar mass.

(Given: Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol−1 ; M olarmassof N aCl = 58.5gmol−1 )

Question 23 [4]
Two solutions A and B have the same molal concentration.

• Solution A: Aqueous glucose

• Solution B: Aqueous magnesium chloride

1. Predict which solution will have a higher boiling point.

2. Justify your answer using the concept of number of solute particles.

3. State how the result would change if magnesium chloride showed incomplete disso-
ciation.

4. Name the colligative property involved.

Question 24 [4]
The osmotic pressure of a solution at 300 K is 2.46 atm. The molar concentration of
the solution is 0.10 M.

1. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor for the solution.

2. State what the calculated value indicates about the nature of the solute.

3. Predict the effect on osmotic pressure if the temperature is increased.

4. State one advantage of using osmotic pressure for molar mass determination.

(Given: R = 0.0821 L atm K−1 mol−1 )

Question 25 [5]
The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 640 mm Hg. When
3.0 g of a non-volatile solute is dissolved in 120 g of benzene, the vapour pressure of the
solution becomes 612 mm Hg.

1. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in the solution.

2. Calculate the mole fraction of the solute.

3. Determine the molar mass of the solute.

8
 4. State the law used in the above calculation.

5. Explain why this law is applicable only to dilute solutions.

Question 26 [5]
(a) Define osmotic pressure and write its mathematical expression. (b) A solution
contains 0.40 g of a polymer dissolved in 200 cm3 of solution. The osmotic pressure of
the solution at 300 K is 6.15 × 10−4 atm.

1. Calculate the molar mass of the polymer.

2. State why osmotic pressure is suitable for determining molar masses of polymers
and proteins.

(Given: R = 0.0821 L atm K−1 mol−1 )

Question 27 [5]
(a) State Raoult’s law for an ideal solution. (b) Two liquids A and B form an ideal
solution.

• Vapour pressure of pure A = 300 mm Hg

• Vapour pressure of pure B = 200 mm Hg

• Mole fraction of A in the solution = 0.40

1. Calculate the partial vapour pressures of A and B.

2. Calculate the total vapour pressure of the solution.

3. State one reason why ideal solutions obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of
composition.

Question 28 [5]
(a) Explain what is meant by abnormal molar mass. (b) When 1.50 g of benzoic acid
is dissolved in 30 g of benzene, the freezing point of benzene is lowered by 1.28 K.

1. Calculate the apparent molar mass of benzoic acid.

2. Determine the van’t Hoff factor for the solution.

3. Calculate the degree of association of benzoic acid.

(Given: Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol−1 ; M olarmassof benzoicacid = 122gmol−1 )

Question 29 [5]
(a) Define elevation in boiling point and write its mathematical expression. (b) 2.50
g of potassium sulphate is dissolved in 250 g of water.

9
 1. Calculate the elevation in boiling point of the solution.

2. State the van’t Hoff factor used in the calculation.

3. Predict how the result would change if the salt showed incomplete dissociation.

(Given: Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol−1 ; M olarmassof K 2 SO4 = 174 g mol−1 )

Question 30 [5]
(a) Explain positive and negative deviations from Raoult’s law. (b) The vapour pres-
sure–composition curve of a binary liquid system shows a maximum.

1. Identify the type of deviation shown by the system.

2. State one reason for this deviation.

3. Name one practical consequence of such deviation.

4. State whether such a system forms an azeotrope.

10