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COURSE OVERVIEW
• Tên học phần: Từ Pháp Học Và Cú Pháp Học (Morphology and Syntax)
• Số tín chỉ: 2 (30 tiết)
• Số chương: 2
- Chương 1: Morphology (6 units)
- Chương 2: Syntax (4 units)
• Tài liệu:
- Hình thái học tiếng Anh (English Morphology)-NXB Thanh Niên [Link]. Tô
Minh Thanh
- Cú pháp học tiếng Anh (English Syntax)-NXB Thanh Niên [Link]. Tô Minh
Thanh
- The Study of Language- George Yule
- Analysing sentences-An Introduction to Syntax- Noel Burton-Roberts.
 COURSE DESCRIPTION
* Assessment
• Exam: 60 %
• 1 midterm test and attendance: 40 %
* In each section: 5 periods
• Theory presentation
• Practice
* Class’s rules
- You are encouraged to take the midterm test 1st time (2nd : - 1pt);
- You can answer by typing on chat function, or orally;
* Instructor:
- Name: Ms Huynh Thi Bich Van
- Tel: 0918920638 (zalo number)
 CHAPTER 1. MORPHOLOGY (How the word changes)
“Môn học này cung cấp kiến thức về cấu tạo của từ tiếng Anh, cách thức
và quá trình hình thành từ từ các đơn vị được gọi là hình vị, phân tích
định nghĩa, các loại hình vị cấu tạo nên từ, và nhấn mạnh vào các hình vị
phổ biến trong tiếng Anh. Ngoài ra, học phần cũng giới thiệu các quy tắc
phân tích từ vựng trong tiếng Anh thông qua vẽ sơ đồ IC và các cách
phân loại từ dựa trên các tiêu chí khác nhau.”
Morphology: the study of …
the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Ex: rich (adj) → v? enrich ; fashion (n) → adj? fashionable
beautiful (adj) → n? beauty / v? beautify
[Link] /ˈwʌn.dɚ.fəl/: full of wonder
3 syllables? 2 morphemes?
• What does this expression mean?
“self-contained underwater breathing apparatus”

→Scuba (initial letters of an expression)

• A motel: a hotel for people who are travelling by car, with space for parking cars
near the rooms
motel = motor + hotel (a blending from motor and hotel)
breakfast+ lunch: brunch
borrowed from Vietnamese
* Examples:
advertisement → ad
mathematics → math
microphone →
examination →
hippopotamus →
gymnasium →
How are words structured?
Words are constituted by morphemes
• INTERNATIONALIZATION (attendance? ability? fashionable? bedroom?
doorbell, decision…) decide, decisive, decisively, indecisive, indecisively
• INTER →PREFIX
• NATION
→ ROOT / base
• -AL
• -IZ(E ) →SUFFIXES
• -ATION
 Unit 1. Morphemes (hình vị)
1. Definition
* A morpheme is a short segment of language that meets 3 criteria:
• It is a word or a part of a word that has meaning (semantic/lexical or
grammatical). part/s, family, the, my, go/es, box, box/es
• It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation (huỷ
hoại) of its meaning or without meaningless remainder. (mà k để lại những
phần vô nghĩa) pa/rt t/able teach/er
• It recurs in different verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning. (tái
hiện trong môi trường chữ khác nhau với 1 ý nghĩa tương đối ổn định)
Ex: boy-boy/s girl/s (books)
limit/ation inform-ation
industry-al-ize-ation
internation-al-iz(e )-ation
2. Examples of Morphemes
• learn a word or a part of a word that has a
• learn-er-s meaning
→ learn/er/s
• meat
→ me-at cannot be divided into smaller
fam/ily fa/mily fami/ly meaningful parts without violation of
• window its meaning or without meaningless
→ wind/ow; win/ dow remainder

• worker, interviewer, player,… “er” “un” recur in different verbal

unhappy, unable, unaccepted, environments with a relatively stable
national (global, verbal, universal…) meaning
* Words are made up of morphemes; morphemes are the
constituents (thành tố) of words.
A word may be composed of one or more morphemes:
- 1 morpheme: boy, desire, the, my, family… mother
- 2 morphemes: boy-+ish; desir(e)+-able; move+-ment, lazy+-
laziness, tru(e)-th; (long-length; wide-width) widen, enrich
- 3 morphemes: boy+-ish+-ness; desir(e)+-abil+-ity;
un-+comfort+-able
- 4 morphemes: un-+desir(e)+-abil+-ity; un-comfort-ab(le)-ly
Practice: identify the number of morphemes in these words: restaurant
1 play 1
2 replay 2 (re-+play)
3 weak, wide 1
4 weaken, widen 2 (weak+ -en)
5 friendliest 3 (friend+-ly+-est)
6 impoliteness 3 (im-+polite+-ness)
7 hygiene 1
8 drama 1
9 dramatic 2
10 cheaply 2 (cheap+-ly)
11. unconditionally 4 (un-+condition+-al+-ly)
12 personality 3 (person+-al+-ity)
 3. Roots (gốc từ/căn tố) vs Allomorphs (biến thể hình vị/tha hình vị)
A. Root (also base form): Root is a MORPHEME which is the basic part of a
word. A root/ base morpheme is the part of a word that has the principal
meaning.
Ex: learner // pre/dict

- Kinds: 2 kinds of roots/bases: free (bases) and bound (bases)

Ex: helpful has the base form help; speaker has the base form speak
happiness has the base form happy
- Characteristics:
+ roots may be joined to other roots.
household (house+hold); house+work → housework
+ and/or take AFFIXes (phụ tố). Ex: manly, coldness, undo
+ or COMBINING FORMs
Ex: bio-rhythm → biorhythm (nhịp sinh học); biochemical (sinh hoá)
eco-climate → ecoclimate (sinh thái khí hậu), ecologist
(eco-; bio- prefix or clipping forms of ecology and biology? )
B. An allomorph is a phonetic variant form of a morpheme, or, the
different form of the same morpheme (1 dạng biến đổi khác đi của 1 hình
vị). An allomorph is the one that is similar to meaning but different from
sounds.
- Some examples of allomorphs are: books /s/, pens /z/, boxes /iz/
• Plural suffixes: - “s” (as in “dogs”), - “es” (as in “brushes”), - “en” (as in
“oxen”), and - “ae”, as in “larvae” ; child- children
• Negative prefixes: “in” - (as in “inexpensive”), “im” - (as in “immoral”),
“un” - (as in “unlucky”), and “a” - (as in “atypical” ).
• Past tense suffixes: the - “ed” in “planted” (pronounced /ɪd/), and the -
“ed” in “washed” (pronounced /t/).
• Mouse- mi/ce; woman-women (woman+-en)
• Be → was/ were;
4. Types of morphemes
A. According to the distribution: (Unit 2)
(dựa vào vị trí xuất hiện của hình vị)
1. Free morphemes (hv tự do)
2. Bound morphemes (hv phụ thuộc)
B. According to the structural relationships of the morphemes
within words (*)
1. Roots/ Bases (căn tố)
2. Affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes) (phụ tố) (Unit 3)
B. (*) According to the structural relationships of the morphemes within words:
1. Roots/ Bases (gốc)
A root/ base morpheme is the part of a word that has the principal
meaning. Two kinds of roots/ bases: free and bound
Ex: learner (free base)
predict (bound base)
(bound base AUDI- in: audience, audible, audition, auditory…)
Ex: aquarium (bể cá), aquaculture, aquaplane (ván trượt nước),
aquatics (thể thao dưới nước) → aqua- : bound base
2. Affixes: bound morphemes annexed (gắn vào) to bases
▪ Prefixes → before bases ex: happy
▪ Suffixes → after bases unhappy happiness
Infixes: sport s man, mis freakin understood prefix root suffix
Examples of bases and affixes:
• inter-+act interrupt interruption
• act+-ion interaction
 Unit 2. Free and Bound morphemes
(hình vị tự do- hình vị phụ thuộc)

1. Free morphemes: “may stand alone as words in their own right, as

well as enter into the structure of other words” (Jackson).
E.g. “drink” is a free morpheme which occurs as a word on its own; and
as a free base (căn tố tự do) in drinkable, undrinkable, drinking-
fountain
2. Bound morphemes (hv phụ thuộc)
→ must be used/combined with another morpheme.
Examples: suffix -ing must be used after a verb form: working, talking…
learn/er (suffix -er)
pre/dict (prefix pre-); prewar, prepay,…
 Free morphemes Bound morphemes
can stand alone as single words - cannot stand alone; attached to
another form
e.g. sleep, teach, quick, student e.g. asleep, sleepy, teacher, teaching,
sleepy quickly, quicker, students
the, this, a, at, I …

Ex: dis/honest listen+-s/ nice+-est / talk+-ative …

BM / FM
aware/ness uncomfortable ?
FM / BM
WHAT IS STEM? ROOT? (tham khảo)
stem is formed by: root (+ affix) / stem and root may be the same.
stem may be a free morpheme (a word)
* activity = active + -ity * active = act + -ive * foolish= fool+-ish
stem: active stem: act stem: fool
root: act root: act * foolishness= foolish +-ness
* readability = readable + -ity * readers = read + -er +-s stem: foolish
stem: readable stem: read (stem= root + affixes)
root: read root: read [Link]?
A root: is the most basic part of a word, which carries the fundamental meaning, and
cannot be further broken down.
A stem: a root + derivational affixes; if there are no derivational affixes, the root and the
stem will be the same.
Ex: foolish (root: fool; stem: fool) Vs foolishness (root: fool, stem: foolish)
Practice: identify the free and bound morphemes in each of the given
words
1. dishonesty 1. dis+-honest-y
2. excitingly 2. excite+-ing+-ly
3. deactivates 3. deactivates de-act-iv-ate-s
4. unbelievably 4. unbelievably (un-+ believe+ -able+ ly)
5. strengthening 5. strengthening (strong+-th, -en,-ing)
6. unconditionally 6. unconditionally
7. friendliest 7. [Link]
8. impoliteness 8. impoliteness
9. hopefulness 9. hopefulness (-ful+-ness)
[Link] 10. unhappily (un-+happy+-ly)
[Link] 11. irresponsibility (ir-+respons(e)+-ible+-ity)
 Unit 3: Derivational and Inflectional morphemes
(hình vị phái sinh và hình vị biến tố )
Ex1: teach - teacher Ex2: happy - happiness
- teachers - unhappy
- teaching - happier
Derivational morphemes Inflectional morphemes
A base (root) + derv. affixes→ new words a stem + inflect. suffixes → new form
of the same word
changes to word class or original meaning functional or grammatical changes in the
e.g. compete (v) word
compet+-ition (n) e.g. competitions
super-competitive (adj.) book
competitively (adv.) books
worked
workers, worker’s (room)
1. Derivational affixes: (phụ tố phái sinh)
- Definition: Derivation is “the formation of new words by adding
affixes (phụ tố) to other words or morphemes.
- Characteristics:
+ lexical function
+ create new words
+ numerous
- Types: there are 2 subgroups:
+ class maintaining (duy trì)
e.g. unhappy, dishonest, redo…; overwork, overload
+ class changing (adj/n/v/adv forming)
e.g. government, enrich, readable…
 Other examples of class changing (adj/n/v/adv forming)
Noun → adj Noun → verb Verb → noun Adj → adv Adj → N
boy +-ish: boyish -ify/fy: beautify -ance: clearance exact+-ly: exactly -ness
maintainance happy
appearance sad
virtu(e)+-ous: -ate: vaccinate -ation: commonly -ity
ˈvɜː.tʃuː - ˈvɜː.tʃu.əs dominate accusation popular
virtuous (chi phối, thống trị) -ition obesity,
(có đạo đức) recognition generosity
-ous: fame+-ous: -ise: economise -tion quietly -ism
famous, (tiết kiệm, giảm chi) action, modernism
dangerous population (quan điểm mới)
-y: luck-lucky -cy
-ive: active, bankrupt→
native, decisive bankruptcy
-al: chemical,
Other examples of class maintaining
a-+mortal (adj bất tử)
ex-+wife
super-+market
re-+print
semi-+annual
+-an (America - American)
 DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES (tham khảo)

PREFIXES SUFFIXES
un- (unlucky, …) -ness: sadness, sickness
in- (inability, infeasible) -ion, -ation, -ition (recognition)
im- (immoral …) -ly (friendly, hopefully)
inter- (interaction) -ive (native, aggressive, attractive)
super- (superman) -ative: informative
re- (redo, recover) -ful: powerful, colorful
en- (enlarge, enable) -ist (scientist, tourist)
de- (devalue, decline) -er
over- (overpopulated, oversleep) -or/ess (actor, actress)
ir- (irresponsible, irregular) -ment (excitement)
dis- (dishonest, disadvantages) -able/ al/ an/…
2. Inflectional suffixes: (hậu tố biến tố)
- Definition: inflection is “the process of adding a suffix to a word
or changing it in some other way according to the rules of the
grammar of a language”
ex: I work/ he works
worked (past tense)
a boy – boys (plural)
mother- mother’s hat
- Characteristics:
+ grammatical function
+ show grammatical aspect
(tense, number, possessive, person)
+ small number (only 8 suffixes)
- Kinds of inflection
+ Noun inflection (biến cách của danh từ)
mother (singular N) → mothers (plural N)
mother’s/mothers’ (possessive N)
+ Verb inflection
work → works, working, worked
break → breaks, breaking, broke, broken
+ Adjective and adverb inflection
short → shorter, shortest
hard →harder, hardest ;
break (breaks, broke, breaking, a broken glass)
 Summary
Derivational Inflectional
Ex: cooker Ex: cooks, cooked, cooking
- create a new word - create a new form of the same word
- change the meaning
- prefixes- suffixes (numerous) - only suffixes (8 types)

- How many prefixes and suffixes are there in the word “receptionists”?
Ex: re/cept/ion/ist/s
cept: (root): meaning “take” (bound base)
→ A word may take only 1 prefix, but many suffixes
- How many derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes are there in
the word “receptionists”?
re-, -ion, -ist: derivational morphemes
-s: inflectional morpheme
→ A word may have many derivational morphemes but only one inflectional
morpheme (suffix)
YOU R LOGO
 * Practice: How many morphemes are there in each of these words? What are they?
1. unfriendliness
…
4 morphemes
un-: derivational negative adj forming prefix
friend: root/free base
-ly: derivational adj forming suffix
-ness: derivational noun forming suffix
2. internationalized
5 morphemes …

nation: free base/root

inter-: derivational prefix
-al: derivational adj forming suffix
-ize: derivational verb forming suffix
-ed: inflectional verb simple past/ past participle
3. uncomfortably ( 4 morphemes: un-+comfort+-able+-ly)
4. dishonest (2: derivational prefix; honest: root/free base)
5. disadvantages (3: advantage: free base; dis: derivational prefix
s: inflectional suffix)
• Identify the morphemes in these words:
1. infamously: 4 ( in-+ fame+-ous+-ly)
2. destructive: 3 (de-+ struct +-ive) (“struct”: xd)
3. instructional: 4 (in- + struct +-ion+-al) (có tính chất hướng dẫn)
Ex: weaken 2 (weak, -en)
endangered 3 (en-, danger, -ed)
1 keepers 3 (keep+-er+-s)
2 undesirable 3 (un+-desire+-able)
3 beautiful 2 (beauty+-ful)
4 establish 1 (…)
5 cheaply 2 (cheap+-ly)
2. Identify the free morphemes (free base) and bound morphemes
in each of the given words. Complete the table.

No words free morpheme bound

morpheme(s)
Ex: delivery deliver -y
undrinkable drink un-, -able
1 loveliest love -ly, -est
2 interestingly interest -ing, -ly
3 unpredictable pre/dict un-, -able
4 dishonesty honest dis-, -y
5 weakening weak -en, -ing
 PRACTICE
Use noun-forming derivational suffixes to derive new words
1. –hood; 2. –ness; 3. –age; 4. –ity; 5. -ation/-ition; 6. –ance/-ence; 7. –
th; 8. –ment; 9. -y; 10. –ship; 11-ion; 12 -ive
Words Derived words
1. active 1. activeness, activity, activation
2. happy
3. friend
4. neighbor
5. discover
6. true
7. compose
8. relate relative
9. govern
10. marry
Tham khảo

Bound bases Meanings Examples

1. ann- yearly annual, anniversary

2. aqua- water aquaculture
3. audi- hear audible, auditorium
4. -ceive; -cept; -ceit take accept, receive
5. –cide killing suicide, infanticide
6. –dict say, speak contradict, dictate
7. –gress go progress
8. mor(t)- death mortal
9. ora- mouth, speak oral, oration, orator
10. –port- carry portable, import, export
11. –rupt- break interrupt; bankrupt
12. –spect look inspect, expect
13. –tain hold contain, retain, detain
14. –vise; vis- see revise, television
Common prefixes Meanings Examples
1. anti- against antiaircraft, antibody
2. auto- self autograph (bản viết tay, bút tích),automobile
3. bi- two bilingual, biadaptive
4. co-, con- with, together co-pilot, co-operate
5. contra- against contradict (cãi lại, phủ nhận)
6. de- do the opposite of deactivate (làm cho k hđ), deforest
7. de- reduce, remove…from devalue, decrease
8. di- Vs: mono- Two Vs one dialogue
9. dis- not, lack of dishonest, disadvantage, disbelieve
10. ex- former ex-wife, ex-serviceman (cựu chiến binh)
11. in-, im-, il-, ir-, un- not
12. inter between, each other intervene (can thiệp)
13. mid- middle midterm, midnight
14. mis- wrong misunderstand, misapplication
(áp dụng sai)
Tham khảo
 Summary:
WORD STRUCTURE: Derivational prefix- Root/Base- Derivational suffix(es)- Inflectional suffix

→(generally) No more than 1 prefix (which is always derivational)

There may be more than 1 derivational suffixes
No more than 1 inflectional suffix; comes last in the word
Ex1: happy → unhappy; (derivational prefix)
happily; happiness (derivational suffixes)
happier/happiest (inflectional suffix-comparison)
Ex 2: transporters :
4 morphemes
trans-: prefix (across, through, beyond)
port: bound base (meaning “carry”)
-er: derivational noun forming suffix (person)
-s: inflectional noun plural suffix
Choose the best answer:
 Unit 4. Suffixal Homophones (đồng âm hậu tố)
1. Homophones: Forms that have the same sound.
Ex: /eɪt/ eight, ate /siː/ see, sea, c
/əˈlaʊd/ aloud, allowed /aɪ/ I, eye
/biː/ be, bee
- Forms of the same sounds but different meanings; the same or different
spellings.
+ words: (homonyms)
ant/ aunt; bear (an animal)/ bear (to endure/give birth)
+ parts of words (morphemes)
It’s exciting. / She’s crying. / The meeting is boring.
2. Suffixal homophones: is a suffix that is pronounced the same as another
suffix but differs in meaning. (đồng âm khác nghĩa)
-ED:
• Inflectional verb past simple (wanted, visited, needed→ /id/);
• Derivational adjective forming (excited, interested →/id/)
-ING:
• Inflectional verb present participle (running shoes)
• Derivational adjective forming (exciting, interesting)
• Derivational noun forming (building, findings, drinking water)
-LY:
• Derivational adverb forming (carefully, hopefully)
• Derivational adjective forming (lovely, friendly)
-ER:
• Inflectional adj/adv comparative (nicer, quicker, faster)
• Derivational noun forming (worker, painter)// teenager, New Yorker
1. -ED Examples
Inflectional verb past Added to verb to make He worked late last night.
simple/ past participle past simple/ past part. They’ve finished the
form of verb lesson.
Derivational adjective Added to verb to make He bought a stolen
forming adjective picture.
This is a complicated
question.
2. -ING
Inflectional verb present Added to verb to make I’m relaxing.
participle continuous form of verb
Derivational adjective Added to verb to make The film is very relaxing.
forming adjective
Derivational noun forming Added to verb to make What are the findings of
noun this research?
3. -LY Examples

Derivational adverb Added to adj to form adv I learn to type quickly.

forming
Derivational adjective Added to: Exercise has become part
forming + Noun to form adj of my daily routine.
+ Adj to form another adj She looks friendly.
It is a deadly virus.
4. -ER
Inflectional adj/adv Added to adj/adv (dry) Make your hair drier.
comparative dry; faster
Derivational noun Added to verb/adj to form Would you lend me your
forming noun hair drier?
cooker
 More examples of suffixal homophones (tham khảo)
1/ Inflectional -er (cp) Vs Derivational -er (n) / -er (rp)
older, bigger lover, teenager / patter (tí tách,lộp độp mưa rơi)
2/ Inflectional -ing (v) Vs Derivational -ing (n) -ing (a)
Ex: He was meeting the train// He attended the meeting.
Ex: I saw a burning house. // I saw an exciting movie.
3/ Inflectional -ed (pp) Vs derivational -ed (a)
Ex: The tapestry has faded. // Helen was excited about her new job.
(ˈtæp.ə.stri: thảm thêu) (V: phai màu)
4/ derivational suffix -ly (n→adj Vs adj→ adv)
lovely, motherly (adj) // deadly, daily (adv, adj) … // quickly, hopefully (adv)
Đề final 7GF
Unit 5. Word Immediate Constituents (IC: thành tố trực tiếp của từ)
1. Definition
Immediate Constituents are any of the 2 meaningful parts forming a
larger linguistic unit. “[Link]”?
Ex1: [Link]./ly
- First cut: un/gentlemanly
- Second cut: gentleman/ly
- Third cut: gentle/man
Now we have the layers of structure by which the word has been
composed, down to its ultimate constituents (thành tố nhỏ nhất)
(ungentleman/ly: k có ungentleman trong từ điển; chỉ có gentlemanly, gentleman)
Ex2: homeless; un/.[Link];
2. IC division (phân cắt các thành tố trực tiếp)
- The first cut is b/w the inflectional suffix (if any) and the rest of the word.
pre-+conceiv(e) -ed mal-+form+-ation -s
- One of the IC’s should be a free form, which has meaning on its own.
Here are examples of wrong and right first cut:
en- large + -ment en- +large -ment

in-+depend -ent in- depend + -ent

- The meaning of the IC’s should be related to the meaning of the word:
+ rest/rain (wrong) b/c neither rest nor rain has a semantic connection with
restrain (kiềm chế)
+ star/chy (wrong) b/c the division give an unrelated morpheme star and a
meaningless fragment chy.
→re-strain (strain: ráng sức, làm căng);
→starch –y (starch→ starchy (adj) nhiều tinh bột)
3. Diagramming (việc vẽ biểu đồ)
Để phân tích cấu tạo của 1 từ, ngoài việc dùng IC cut, còn 1 cách nữa
là vẽ sơ đồ hình cây (tree diagram).
Chia từ thành 2 phần, tiếp tục chia … cho đến khi không thể chia nhỏ
ra được nữa (morpheme)
Ex1: ungentlemanly un- gentle man -ly

un- gentlemanly

gentleman -ly

gentle man
1. re + V/adj (meaning again) reappear, redo, reaccept, rewind /ri:waind/, reprint, reapply, renew
2. un + N/adj: (meaning not) unemployment; unfriend,// unlovable, (not: unlove); unacceptable
(not: unaccept); unknown
+ Verb: (meaning do the opposite of, or remove from): untie, undo, unlock, unmask
3. in/ir + adj/adv: (meaning not): infamous; irregular
+ noun (meaning in): indoors, inpatient (bệnh nhân nội trú)

inter- nation -al -ize -ed

international

internation -al
inter- nation
Both: unfriendliness unfriendliness

unfriendly -ness un- friendliness

un- friendly friendly -ness

friend -ly friend -ly

unpredictable informality
1. re + V/adj (meaning again) reappear, redo, reaccept, rewind /ri:waind/, reprint, reapply, renew
2. un + N/adj: (meaning not) unemployment; unfriend,// unlovable, (not: unlove); unacceptable
(not: unaccept); unknown
+ Verb: (meaning do the opposite of, or remove from): untie, undo, unlock, unmask
3. in/ir + adj/adv: (meaning not): infamous; irregular
+ noun (meaning in): indoors, inpatient (bệnh nhân nội trú)

lifelessness

lifeless -ness
lifelessness
life -less
life lessness
Practice: A/ Identify the morphemes in each of the following words, then give
them their IC cuts.
Ex1: build ing build (v): a free base
-ing: inflectional verb present participle morpheme,
or: derivational noun-forming morpheme
Ex2: wall flower -s wall and flower (n): two free bases
-s: inflectional noun plural morpheme
1. hope-ful-ly : 3 (hope (v,n): root; -ful: derivational adj.; -ly: derivational adv.)
2. unlawful law: free base
+-ful: derivational adj-forming suffix
un-+: derivational negative meaning prefix
3. independently: 4 (in-; depend; -ent; -ly)
4. reappearance: 3 (re-, appear, -ance)
1/ 2/

3/(both) a. b.
• un-lov-able un-lov-able

• un-employ-ment un-employ-ment (k có “unemploy” trong từ điển)

Which is correct?
[Link] ir re cover able
Meaning of word IC division
- Help to understand the internal structure of words (root, prefix, suffix)
Ex: unemployment
- Help to understand the meaning of words through the meaning of their
morphemes (un- ?; -ment?)
- Help to identify the process of word formation (affixation, back formation,
clipping…)
Ex: netizen; viral
- Help to distinguish words with similar forms but different meaning
Ex: ambit/ion Vs relat/ion
- Support language teaching and learning: thanks to understanding word
structure, learners and remember and use new words more easily.
Choose the best answer
Final exam 6H
 Unit 6. WORDS
1. Definition of words:
The smallest linguistic unit which can occur on its own in speech
and writing.
Ex: a, go, the, nice, quickly, very, Canada, women, boys, desirable …
2. Characteristics of Words
INDIVISIBILITY
Characteristics of
INTERNAL STABILITY WORDS

MOVABILITY
a. Indivisibility (k thể bị phân cắt)
→ cannot be cut into smaller parts without influence of its meaning.
Ex: format(n) = form + at; for + mat ?? Wat/er
alive: is a word (nothing can be inserted between its elements)
im/possible: change the meaning?
b. Internal stability (ổn định nội bộ) fixed order of constituent morphemes
Derivational Derivation- Inflectional
Base
prefix al suffix(es) suffix
enlargers en- large -er -s
en-: derivational verb forming prefix indivisibility
large: free base in- + divide + -able + -ity
-er: der. noun forming suffix (prefix – base – suffixes)
-s: inflectional noun plural suffix
c. Movability (cơ động về vị trí)
→ can move to another position within a sentence without changing
meaning I usually teach English at a language
Examples: school in the summer. I often can’t
enjoy the summer because I am so
• He turned off the light. busy. So this summer, I’m not
= He turned the light off. planning to work. Instead, I’m going
• She went shopping yesterday. to have a proper summer holiday.
= Yesterday, she went shopping.
• The boys walked slowly up the hill.
= Slowly the boys walked up the hill.
= Up the hill slowly walked the boys.
Quizzes: Choose the odd one out, based on word types.
1. 3.
A. Dis/courage A. [Link] (adj) như trẻ con
B. Discuss B. [Link]
C. [Link] (adj) k có trẻ con
C. Dis/agree
D. Child/care
D. Dis/appear
2. Discuss: 1 free base
→ Simple word
A. Letter Viewer: 1 free base + 1 derivational suffix
B. Butter → Complex word
C. View/er Childcare: 2 free bases
→ Compound word
D. Mother
3. Word classification
A. According to word structure

WORDS

Simple Compound Complex

Words Words Words
According to their internal structure: 3 types of words
a. Simple words (từ đơn) = 1 free morpheme + no bound
morpheme
Ex: discuss, home, sick, present, kind, test, sad, speak…
b. Compound words (từ ghép) = at least 2 free bases (+ bound
morphemes)
Ex: home/sick, home/make (v) → home/[Link].(s) (người nội
trợ); homemade/ home-made; home-grown; desklamp(-s)
c. Complex words: (từ phức): at least one bound morpheme.
- Complex word FB (từ phức có căn tố tự do) = 1 free base + 1 or more
than one derivational affixes
Ex: viewer, homeless, homely, homelessness, homeliness, unkind,
lioness (female), uncertain,… happiness; unhappy
- Complex word BB (từ phức có căn tố phụ thuộc) = 1 bound base + 1
or more than one derivational affixes
Ex: predict (pre-: “beforehand, in advance”, -dict “say”), interrupt
(inter- “between”, -rupt:“break”), televise (tele- “far; vise-“see”),…
(Tham khảo)
Is “childlike” a compound or complex word?
Practice: What types of words are these?
1. house/keeper 1. compound
2. college 2. simple
3. building 3. complex
4. book/worm 4. compound
5. notebook 5. compound
6. beautiful 6. complex
7. hotdog 7. compound
8. godlike (adj) 8. complex
cartoonlike=cartoonish,
9. ecoclimate
Practice: Put the given words into the correct class:
simple complex
boatyard broaden answer ‘compromise
summary (sự thoả hiệp)
compromise (n) lab lab harmless
smog livelihood
harmless smog champagne ecotourism
sandwich piglet (baby pig)
livelihood champagne
phone broaden
laser
playhouse sandwich compound
boatyard
salesman phone
playhouse
salesman
ecotourism laser
any/one
however
answer anyone
Whenever
summary however

piglet whenever
 Different processes of word formation (intro)
• light amplification (sự khuếch đại ánh
• laser: sáng) by stimulated emission of
radiation (bức xạ kích thích)
• sandwich: • name of a man
• champagne: • French word
• phone: • telephone
• smog: • smoke + fog
• lab: • laboratory
• playhouse: • play + house (theatre)
 B. According to the process of word formation
Word types examples
1. coinage (inventing of cologne, sandwich, google, Vaseline (brand names)
a new word in a language) (Vnese: phong bạt, phượt, chữa lành, đu trend, trà xanh …)
2. borrowing sake /ˈsɑːki/ or /ˈsakeɪ/; pho; plaza (marketplace-Spanish); zero (Arabic)
(Vnese: check in, buffet, check var)
3. blending Hitech, netizen
4. clipping plane (airplane)/memo (memorandum) /fridge (refrigerator), co-op, ad,
(words are shortened but still keep their original meaning and word class.)
5. acronymy ASAP: As soon as possible/ VIP /RIP: Rest in Peace
(pronounced as a word) Scuba, ROM, NASA
Vs: alphabetism USA, EU (European Union); CD; UN…
6. conversion v→ n: love, turn, walk
7. affixation tour → tourism → ecotourism /happy → unhappy; happiness
8. back formation emotion (n) → emote (v)/editor (n) → edit (v)
(a word that is formed from an already existing word from which it appears to be a
derivative, often by removal of a suffix)
9. compounding table-tennis, mother-in-law, downtown, classroom, greenhouse…
10. sound imitation tiny, loud sound, boy, girl…
 CHAPTER 2. SYNTAX
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Học phần Cú pháp học cung cấp kiến thức chuyên sâu hơn về cấu trúc câu, từ đơn vị
nhỏ nhất là từ loại đến đơn vị lớn hơn gồm cụm từ, mệnh đề, và các loại câu khác
nhau dựa trên cấu trúc và chức năng của chúng; giúp hv cải thiện các kỹ năng sử dụng
tiếng Anh, nhất là đọc và viết.

SYNTAX
“The study of the rules governing the ways words are
combined to form sentences” (Finch, 200:77)
CONTENTS
• Phrases • Clauses
• Adjective Phrases • Independent Clauses vs.
• Adverb Phrases Dependent Clauses
• Prepositional • Embedded Clauses vs.
Phrases Subordinate Clauses
• Finite Clauses vs. Non-finite
• Noun Phrases Clauses
• Verb Phrases
• Sentences
• Infinitive phrases
• Simple sentences
• Ambiguity • Co-ordinate (Compound)
sentences
• Complex sentences
• Compound- complex
sentences
What make(s) a sentence?
Morphemes →Words → Phrases → Clauses → Sentences
→P
• Word(s): boy, parents, park, and, the, walking …
• Phrase(s): the boy and his parents; walking in the park;...
• Clause(s) : Because the boy likes walking in the park, …
• Sentence(s): They still keep the good habit.
Because the boy likes walking in the park, his
parents still keep the good habit.
 Unit 1: Phrase structures
I. What are Phrases?
to study online
to walk in the park
→Infinitive phrase
Vs: (walk) to the river
II. TYPES OF ENGLISH PHRASES
• ADJECTIVE PHRASES
• very studious; rather tired
• NOUN PHRASES
• A smart student(s)
• VERB PHRASES
• go quickly / am reading
• PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
• to class / at the end/ with me/ of going to HN
• ADVERB PHRASES
• quite early

** INFINITIVE PHRASES: to go very far; to study online

 1. ADJECTIVE PHRASES (AP)
pre-mod (degree/general adv) + head Adj + post-mod (PP/Inf.P/clause)
AP = (pre-mod) head A (post-mod)
Ex: She is good./ very good./good at English./She is very good at English.
1/ Pre-modifiers: (optional)
+ Degree Adverb (DEG): very, quite=rather= fairly, somewhat, extremely, highly, too,…
Ex: The weather is extremely cold.
+ General Adverb ([Link]): beautifully, incredibly…
Ex: He was incredibly rich/angry/quick.
2/ Post-modifiers: (optional; obligatory)
+ Prepositional phrases
Ex: I’m interested in syntax. (ob)// This toy is safe for children. (op)
+ Infinitive phrases
Ex: His book is interesting to read. (op)
The lesson is too difficult// to understand well. (inf.P: post-mod)
+ that- clause: She’s glad that he’s staying there for a long time. (ob)
TREE DIAGRAMS OF ADJECTIVE PHRASES
Complex AP Simple AP
a/ AP AP

[Link] A → head of AP A

very beautiful beautiful

b/ AP

Adv.P A

obviously artificial → head A

(general adv)
TREE DIAGRAMS OF AP
c/ extremely anxious about her son’s health
(adv: pre-mod + head A + PP: post-mod)
AP

AP’ PP

DEG Adv head A

extremely anxious about her son’s health
d/ interesting to read e/ safe for children
TREE DIAGRAMS OF AP
e/ safe for children
AP
A PP

safe (headA) for children

d/ interesting to read AP
A InfP

(head A) interesting to read

2. ADVERB PHRASES (Adv.P)
Identify the adverb phrases in these sentences:
• Time goes very quickly.
• The day passed quickly enough.
• This works really well for its size.
• He drove extremely carefully at first but horribly fast later.
• We kept the new money quite separately from what we’d
already collected.
TREE DIAGRAMS OF ADVERB PHRASES
a/ simple Adv.P Adv.P
Ex: - quickly
Adv

quickly → head of Adv.P

(Degree adv+ head Adv)
- very quickly Adv.P
- extremely carefully
DEG Adv

very quickly → head Adv

extremely carefully
b/ complex Adv.P = (degree Adv) head Adv (post-modifiers:
degree adv / PP)
(This works) really well for its size.
(The day passed) quickly enough.
3. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES (PP)
PP = Preposition + Noun Phrase (or: N/[Link]./V-ing/[Link])/ PP

PP

P NP

- He trudged towards the town (NP)

- She is afraid of ghosts (N)
- There’s a great anxiety about his future
- I’m thinking of going to Da Lat (V-ing)/him
- I always think of what he said to me. (clause)
EX: away from home
(PP=P + PP’)
* Identify the prepositional phrases, then draw their tree diagrams
1. Phil sunbathed beside a stream.
2. Oscar should be in the engine room.
3. Max glanced at the falling acrobat.
PP
P NP

beside a stream
in the engine room
at the falling acrobat
 4. VERB PHRASES VP → V (NP) (PP) (AP) (Adv.P) (S)
- A verb phrase [VP] must contain a verb group [Vgrp].
- A Vgrp. may be a lexical verb or auxiliary verb(s) + a lexical verb
Vgrp → a lexical V Vgrp → auxiliary verb(s) + a lexical verb
They arrived. They have arrived.
He dances. He is dancing.
I bought a dress. I will buy a dress.
She can swim.
- 2 main groups of verbs:
+ intransitive: (tự đt) no Obj
go, arrive, run, die, rise…
+ transitive: need 1 or 2 Objs
cook, like, build,// buy, give, send, …
- 6 main sub-categories of verbs: →
 1. A monotransitive verb has one object (NP)
VP= Vgrp + NP (N/[Link]/[Link]/V-ing)
* I love apples. * The students are drawing tree diagrams.
 2. An intransitive verb does not have any objects.
* They left. * The man is sunbathing.
 3. A ditransitive verb has 2 objects (direct and indirect objects)
• My mom will buy me a new shirt. (me: I.O) (a new shirt: D.O)
4. An intensive verb (đt trạng thái: be, become, get,// linking verbs: feel,
sound, look, smell, taste…) has a subject-complement (PP/NP/AP)
→ k bổ ngữ cho V, mà nói rõ thêm S
 5. A complex transitive verb has an object (NP) + object-predicative
(PP/NP/AP)
Ex: The boy put /the book /on the table.
V NP PP

He calls /me /“honey”.

V NP NP
His decision made /me /very angry.
V NP AP

Common verbs: make, call, find, turn into, keep, believe, prove, consider, think,…
 6. A prepositional verb group has a prepositional complement (PP)
A prepositional verb is a verb that is followed by a preposition (cannot be
separated). Ex: worry about, agree with, depend on, believe in, care for,
consist of, wait for, deal with …

Ex: The boy looked at the window.

look after/ look for

pass away: die
 Homework: draw the tree diagrams of these VPs
VP → Vgrp (NP) (PP) (S)
1. Mary opened the door.
PP
 VP → V (NP) (PP) (S)
• Complex transitive V (type 5)
He made the team what it is today. Vs made the team become what it is today.
S V O: (NP) oC: ([Link])
Which is the correct Tree diagram for the underlined part of the
sentence “The students are worrying about the exam.”?

Diagram A Diagram B
 5. NOUN PHRASES NP → (DET) (A) Noun (PP)
• Noun phrase: (DET) + Nom
→ Determiners (từ hạn định/định ngữ); nominal heads (nouns or
pronouns, with or without modifiers)
Ex: the blue cotton shirt
any moment
this question
some hunters with
binoculars
 Determiners

a/ DET → articles (a, an, the) b/ DET → demonstrative

(this, that, these, those)
 Determiners
c/ DET → Quantifiers d/ DET → POSS (my, his, your…)
(some, any, each, no…) the man in the corner’s costume
Pre-determiners (all, half, both)
both my studious roommates// all my money/ half an hour/ both women

NP

PRE-DET NP’

both my studious roommates

Det NP
A N
my studious roommates
 NP with a PP as a post modifier:

NP
DET NP’

Art headN PP (Post-Mod)

an expedition to the pub

good teachers of English
NP with both Pre-modifier (AP) and post- modifier (PP):

The nuclear scientist (who are) from Germany

NP
NP PP
Det NP’
A head N
The nuclear scientist from Germany
Which is the correct Tree diagram for the underlined part of the
sentence “Tom is talking to a woman with long hair.”?

Diagram A Diagram B
NP with an adj. as a pre modifier: a/ several attractive women
b/ lovely clear print
 SUMMARY ABOUT PHRASES
Phrase structure rules for English
• S → NP VP
• NP → (pre-det)(DET) (A) N (PP)
• VP → Vgrp (NP) (PP) (AP) (AdvP) (S)
• PP → PREP NP (PP: away from home)
• AP →(pre-mod:) head A (post-mod)
• AdvP →(DEG/ Adv) head Adv (post-modifiers: adv/PP)
(ex: quickly enough/well for its size)
 PRACTICE ABOUT PHRASES
I. Indicate kinds/types of underlined phrases:
1. He jumped the horse over the fence.
2. These books have lovely clear print.
3. He takes me on a tour and we pass several attractive women who all
smile at him in a hopeful way.
4. The river was low and clear with good light making everything clearly
visible. (AP)
5. He drove rather carefully (Adv.P) at first but then he became crazy.
II. Draw tree diagrams for 5 purple phrases above (homework)
* Homework:
a/ jumped the horse b/ in a hopeful way
Unit 2: Clause Structures
1. Definition: A clause is a unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in
rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate.

Clauses = Subject + Predicate

(sth., s.o) {Vgrp+ elements following}
(information about Subject: how, why, what, where, when …)

Object, Complement, Adjunct (bổ ngữ)

Ex:
➢The possibility is that Jim is scared of water. (comp)
➢They stared at me as if I was crazy. (adjunct)
(tham khảo)

*Adjuncts: (định ngữ, bổ ngữ)

- optional
- answer the questions when, where, why, how…
- Adv phrases/clauses; modify verbs/adj/adv
- Ex: She went to the store yesterday.
He lost his dog in the woods.
The old man walked slowly along the river bank.
As it's Friday, you can stay up another hour.
2. Types of clauses

• Dependent vs. Independent Cl.

• Embedded vs. Subordinate Cl. (mđ phụ)
• Finite vs. Nonfinite Cl. (mđ hạn chế-mđ k hạn chế)
* Nominal, Adjectival, Adverbial Cl.
(Functions of Cl. in Sentences)
Independent clauses Dependent clauses
- Stand alone as sentences - Do not stand on their own as
- Begin with subjects (?) sentences
- Examples: - Have introducing words which
➢ I am very surprised.
are complementizers (that, who…)
➢ They stared at me.
➢ The students try to finish the
and subordinators (although,
lesson. because, if…)
- Examples:
➢… that Jim is scared of water.
➢… as if I was crazy.
➢ … although we are all tired.
 Dependent Clause Types in terms of Functions
1. Nominal (Noun) clauses → function as Nouns (S, O, C)
Ex: What you did was unbelievable.
He wants to make the house what he likes.
2. Adverbial clauses → function as Adverbs
(adjunct; modify V/adj/ the whole sentence)
Ex: You can win if you want.
Although she was tired, she finished the race.
3. Adjectival clauses → function as Adjectives (modify Nouns)
Ex: The book that/which you borrowed was interesting.
The students who studied hard passed the test.
1. Nominal Clauses ([Link])
- name: a person, place, thing, or idea;
- may function in a sentence as any of the followings: subject, subject
complement, object, object of a preposition;
- answers the questions: who/what?
- may begin with interrogatives: who, whom, what, which, whoever,
whomever, whatever, when, where, how, why…
Ex: No one would tell me who came to Tom’s party. (N. cl. as direct obj)
When you leave is not important to me. ([Link] as subject)
S V
I don’t care what he did.
Why he gave up the job is unknown.
 1. Tree diagrams for Nominal clauses
a/ Noun clause as a Direct Object
Ex: I tell Max (that) John is leaving tomorrow.
([Link])
S
Comp S’
that NP VP
Vgrp Adv.P

John is leaving tomorrow

b/ Noun clause as an Obj
Ex: I know (that) he will marry Jane.
NP ([Link])
S
Comp S’
that NP VP
he will marry Jane
Ex2: That he will marry Jane shocks me.
 c/ Noun clauses as a subject:

Ex1: What he says is true. // Ex2: That he will marry Jane shocks me.
S
NP VP
S’
Comp S’’ Vgrp AP
NP’ VP
What he says is true
• Complementizer: Wh-words (what/where/how/whether/why/ that…)
2. Adverbial clauses
- function as adjuncts of (time, place, condition, reason, result,
concession …)
- modify V, adj, adv or the whole sentence
- answers one of these questions
where? why? how? when? to what degree?
- begin with conjunctions: because, although, as if, if, as soon as, when,
after, why, since, so that, than …
- Ex: You can leave when(ever) you want.
Although we were tired, we tried to finish the task.
Where there is smoke, there is fire.
 Tree diagrams for Adverbial clauses
a/ Adv. clause used to modify a head adj. (as an adj. complement)
Ex: They were hopeful that /the weather / would change.

S (Adv. Cl)
b. Adverbial clauses can be used to modify a verb
Ex: I have been working here since/ I /graduated/ from my university.
3. Adjectival clauses
- function as adjectives (to modify Nouns)
- answers one of these questions: which one? what kind?
- may begin with relative pronouns: who, whom, which, that, whose …
- Ex: He fell in love with a woman who came from Japan.
* Identify the types of underlined clauses:
1. I don’t know who opened the door. → N cl
2. I don’t know the man who opened the door. → [Link]
3. Where there is a will, there is a way. Adv. cl
4. Where she kept the treasures is a mystery. → N cl
5. I don’t know the place where she keeps the treasures. [Link]
 Tree diagrams for Adjectival clauses

Ex1: The place where I first met my husband is not far from here.
S
NP VP
NP’ S’ ([Link])
DET N Comp S’’
Art headN NP VP
The news that the enemy were near alarmed everybody.
The place where I first met my husband is not far from here.
The boy who 0 was sleeping was dreaming.
 Tree diagrams for clauses
Ex2. I heard a rumor that he was leaving. Vs I said that he was leaving.
I’ll never forget the day (when/which/that) I first entered the university.
S

NP’ S’ ([Link])
DET N’ Comp S’’
Art headN NP VP

a rumor that he was leaving.

the day when I first entered the university.
Identify the types of these underlined clauses
1. This is the school that nurtured me.
2. Last week I visited some old friends whom I had not seen in years.
3. The manager asked me what I was searching for.
4. I waited so that I would be able to meet them.
5. My mom remembers the days when there was no TV.
6. How she behaved at the wedding was terrible.
7. I will call you when I arrive at the airport.
8. I don’t know when he comes back.
9. He often calls me what he likes.
10. I want to find why he gave up his passion.
 Unit 3: ENGLISH SENTENCES
I. Definition
A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and
predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and
consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.
Ex: He got up at 6 this morning.// He had a quick breakfast, so he still felt hungry.
S+V S +V+O conjunction S + V + comp.

II. Classification of sentences

Based on the structures, forms and number of the constituent clauses,
sentences are categorized differently.
 TYPES OF ENGLISH SENTENCES
Simple sentences: * 1 independent clause
Ex: My father is going to buy a car.
Compound sentences: * 2 or more independent clauses; no
dependent clauses
Ex: Roses are red but violets are blue.
(and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet) FANBOYS
Complex sentences:
* only 1 independent clause
Ex: This is the village where I was born.
and 1 or more dependent clauses
Compound- complex sentences:
Ex: Laura forgot my birthday, so she sent * 2 or more independent clauses
me a card//when she finally remembered.
and 1 or more dependent clauses
Sally said (that) she saw a ghost // and
Dan believed her.
Practice: what kinds of sentences are these?
1. The poor bird couldn't fly because it had a broken wing. → complex
2. We don't go to the cinema very often these days. → simple
3. You'll find that your baby usually goes to sleep after she is fed. → complex
4. She said (that) she'd collect it for me after work //but she didn’t. → comp-complex
5. Carrying heavy loads around all day is hard work. → simple
6. She left South Africa at the age of 15 and she has never returned since then.→
compound
7. You need to tell me when to start. → simple; ….
8. My mother is a teacher and my father is a doctor. → compound
9. You need to tell me when we can start. → complex
10. She asked me whether I was interested in working for her// and I said I liked it. →
com-complex
III. Tree diagrams
1. Simple sentences
I have a green spaceship.
S
NP VP
Pron Vgrp NP’
Det NP’’
A N
I have a green spaceship.
a. The manager / may offer / a nice raise.
S (NP: Art + N) V (VP: aux. + V) O (NP: art + A+ N)
b. The children/ put/ the toy /in the box. (complex tran. V)
S (NP: art+ N) V (VP: V+ NP+ PP)
c/ His decision made me disappointed. d/I believe in your ability.
(complex tran. V) (prepositional V)
2. Compound sentences
Analyze the sentence and draw its tree diagram:
My friends /went back /to their home /and / I /went back / to my home.
(NP: [Link]+N) (VP) (PP: P +[Link]+N) conjunction …?
3. Complex sentences:
a/ I think that /aliens /exist. b/ That aliens exist //surprised /my sister.
S VP CP/S/NP (noun clause) CP (noun cl.) VP (V+NP)

* Complement phrase (CP): bắt đầu bằng complementizer: Wh-words

(what/where/how/whether/why/that…)
4. Compound-complex sentences:
a/ Sally said (that) she saw a ghost and Dan believed her.
S V O conj. S V O
Ex: Tom /offered to help// but/ I /refused.
S V conj + S +V
Practice: Analyze the sentences and draw their T- diagrams.
a/ He /bought/ me /a nice present.
b/ The students believe that the test will be easy. (homework)

S V I.O D.O
b/ I really like the book// which my close friend gave me.
S V O ([Link]) S V O
Unit 4: Structural ambiguity (sự mơ hồ về cấu trúc)
I. Definition: Syntactic ambiguity, also known as structural ambiguity,
is when a sentence can be interpreted in two or more ways due to
the structure of the sentence.
II. Common ambiguous structures and how to clarify them.
1/ cụm liên danh từ với 1 complement (tham khảo)
Ex: The captain ordered the old men and women off the ship.
- Interpretation 1:
(all women)

- Interpretation 2:
2/ Cụm giới từ
Ex: Sherlock saw the man with binoculars.
- Interpretation 1: Sherlock used binoculars to see the man. (Sherlock sử
dụng dùng ống nhòm, chứ không phải thiết bị gì khác, để quan sát người đàn
ông.
- Interpretation 2: Sherlock saw the man who was using binoculars.
(Sherlock quan sát người đàn ông đang có ống nhòm, chứ không phải người đàn
ông nào khác).
1 2
3/ cấu trúc có nhiều cụm giới từ
Ex: Put the bottle on the table in the kitchen.
- Interpretation 1: Put the bottle which is on the table in the kitchen.

- Interpretation 2: Put the bottle on the table which is in the kitchen.

4/ cấu trúc sử dụng gerunds (V-ing) (tham khảo)
Ex: Visiting relatives can be boring.
- Interpretation 1: relatives who visit

- Interpretation 2: the action of visiting people who are relatives

 Homework
In what ways, the sentence is ambiguous? Draw tree diagrams to
represent these ways. “The boy saw the man with the telescope.”
Interpretation 1: The boy used Interpretation 2: The boy saw the man who had a
the telescope to see the man. telescope.
1. He greeted the girl with a smile.
Interpretation a:
With a smile, he greeted the girl.

Interpretation b:
He greeted the girl
who is smiling.
Homework: He fixed the car in the garage.
Interpretation 1: He went to the garage Interpretation 2: He fixed the car which
to fix the car. (not any other places) is in the garage. (not any other cars)

• VP→ V (NP) (PP) • VP → V (NP); NP → N (PP)

 Final exam 6H

18D, 19A, 20D, 21A, 22C

30B, 31A, 32C, 33C, 34D
30A, 31B, 32C
16B, 17B, 18C, 19C, 20D, 21A, 22D, 23C
Thank you for taking part in my class
regularly!

Good luck for your exam!