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Programming Fundamentals Notes

The document outlines the fundamentals of programming, including the Four Ps: Problem, Plan, Program, and Process. It details the generations and types of programming languages, with a focus on C language, its structure, data types, and key programming concepts such as looping, conditional statements, and operators. Additionally, it mentions the use of IDEs for programming in C and introduces structures and unions.

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6 views4 pages

Programming Fundamentals Notes

The document outlines the fundamentals of programming, including the Four Ps: Problem, Plan, Program, and Process. It details the generations and types of programming languages, with a focus on C language, its structure, data types, and key programming concepts such as looping, conditional statements, and operators. Additionally, it mentions the use of IDEs for programming in C and introduces structures and unions.

Uploaded by

giyanchandrabari786
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Programming Fundamentals

1. Four Ps in Programming:

- Problem: Identify the problem to solve.

- Plan: Design a solution or algorithm.

- Program: Write the code using a programming language.

- Process: Run the program and verify the result.

2. Generations of Programming Languages:

- 1st Generation: Machine language (binary code).

- 2nd Generation: Assembly language (low-level).

- 3rd Generation: High-level languages (C, Java, Python).

- 4th Generation: SQL, report generators.

- 5th Generation: Logic-based, AI programming (Prolog).

3. Types of Programming Languages:

- Procedural: Uses procedures/functions (e.g., C).

- OOP: Object-Oriented Programming (e.g., Java, C++).

- Imperative: Commands that change state (C, Python).

- Functional: Uses functions, no state changes (Haskell).

- Logic-based: Uses facts and rules (Prolog).

4. C Language:

- History: Developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie.

- Advantages: Fast, portable, structured, widely used in system programming.

5. How to Do Programming in C (IDE):


- Use IDEs like Turbo C, Code::Blocks, Dev C++, Visual Studio Code.

- Write, compile, and run C programs.

6. Structure of C Language / Programming:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

// code

return 0;

7. Variables and Identifiers:

- Variable: Stores data.

- Identifier: Name of a variable/function.

- Types: int, float, char

8. Declaration and Initialization:

- Declaration: int a;

- Initialization: int a = 5;

9. Data Types:

- Primary: int, char, float, double

- Derived: array, pointer, structure

- User-defined: structure, union, enum

10. Looping in C:

- For loop, While loop, Do-while loop

- Counter/fixed loops
11. Conditional Statements:

- Simple: if (condition)

- Compound: if-else

- Complex: if-else if-else, switch

12. Arrays:

- One-dimensional: int arr[5];

- Two-dimensional: int arr[3][3];

- Multi-dimensional: 3D or more

13. Structure:

struct Person {

int age;

char name[20];

};

14. Union:

union Data {

int i;

float f;

};

15. Graphics in C:

- Use libraries like graphics.h to draw shapes.

16. Operators:
- Arithmetic: +, -, *, /

- Relational: >, <, ==

- Logical: &&, ||, !

- Assignment: =, +=, -=

- Bitwise: &, |, ^

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