Thermodynamic Processes

Again…!

1
 Simple Thermodynamic Processes

1. Isothermal process: It is one in which the temperature of the system

remains constant (dT = 0).

2. Isochoric process: The volume of a system remains constant during the

process (dV = 0).
Thermodynamic processes

3. Isobaric process: When the pressure remains constant

(dP = 0).

4. Adiabatic process: The system does not exchange heat with the
surrounding. The system is completely insulated from its surroundings
(q = 0).
 Thermodynamic processes
Cyclic process: The system undergoes
series of changes and finally returns to its
initial state.
dT = 0
dV = 0
dP = 0
 Different Cases of the First Law
1- Isobaric processes
For a constant-pressure process, we write.

∆E = q + w
∆E = qp - P∆V

or qp = ∆E + P∆V

∆H = qp
2-Isochoric Process
If a chemical reaction is run at constant volume, then ∆V = 0.

∆E = q + w
∆E = qV - P∆V
∆E = qV
 Different Cases of the First Law
3- Isothermal process (ΔT=0)

Since the temperature of a gas changes with its internal energy,∆𝑈.

∆𝐸 ∝ ∆𝑇

When ∆𝑇 = 0
Then ∆𝐸 = 0
∆𝐸= q+w

𝑞+𝑤 =0
𝒒 = −𝒘
Means that heat loss is equal work done on the system

4- Adiabatic process (q = 0) 5- In the cyclic process

If q = 0 in adiabatic process 𝑨

Then ΔE = 0 + w න 𝒅𝑬 = ර 𝒅𝑬 = 𝟎
𝑨
∆𝑼 = 𝒘
 Different Cases of PV work

1-Isochoric process

P
1

2
Why work is zero here ?

V
7
 Different Cases of PV work

2-Isobaric process
P V1 V2

8
 Different Cases of PV work
3- Work in Cyclic Processes

Work through cyclic process = the difference between the

paths A-B and B-A. Thus, work depends on the path (path
function)
 Different Cases of PV work
4– Reversible, Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas

Boyle’s law states that the pressure of a fixed amount of gas at a

constant temperature is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas.

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
A Thermodynamic Problem
 A Thermodynamic Problem

- In process (ab), 600 J of heat is

added.
- In process (bd), 200 J of heat is
added.

Find:
[Link] change in internal energy (ΔE) in
the process (ab)?
2. ΔE in the process (abd)?
[Link] total heat added in the
process (acd)?
 Heat capacity at constant Volume and Constant Pressure
∆𝑬
−@ 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒎𝒆 𝑪𝑽 = …… why ?
∆𝑻

∆𝑯
−@ 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑪𝑷 = …… why ?
∆𝑻
Why ∆𝐻 = 𝑞 @ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑃

H = E + PV

dH = dE + P dV + V dP
1
dH = dq + dw + P dV + V dP 2

dH = dq – pdv + P dV+ V dP 3

dH = dq + V dP 4

𝒅𝑯 = 𝒅𝒒
 Carnot Cycle

An idealized reversible heat-engine cycle gives

maximum efficiency and consists of an isothermal
expansion, an adiabatic expansion, an isothermal
compression, and an adiabatic compression back to
the initial state.
 Carnot Engine Cycle
The transformation of heat to work through a cyclic process

Component of Carnot engine :

1-Working substance ( example
gas)
2- Source of heat (TH)
3- Cold Sink (TC)
 Carnot Engine Cycle
In a complete cycle of a heat engine, three things happen:

1-Heat is added. This is at a relatively high

temperature, so the heat can be called 𝑞ℎ .

2-Some of the energy from that input heat is used

to perform work 𝒘.

3- The rest of the heat is removed at a relatively

cold temperature (𝑞𝑐 ).

𝑤 = 𝑞ℎ − 𝑞𝑐
 Carnot Engine Cycle
Sadi Carnot (1796-1832)
Carnot cycle: named after Carnot, consists
of 4 steps:

1- Reversible isothermal expansion from A to B at 𝑻𝒉.

2- Reversible adiabatic expansion from B to C. No energy

leaves the system as heat. In the course of this expansion,
the temperature falls from 𝑻𝒉 to 𝑻𝒄 , the temperature of the
cold sink.

3- Reversible isothermal compression from C to D at 𝑻𝒄 .

4- Reversible adiabatic compression from D to A.

The temperature rises from 𝑻𝒄 to 𝑻𝒉 .
 Carnot Engine Cycle
• Idealized thermodynamic cycle consisting of four reversible processes (any
substance):
➢ Reversible isothermal expansion (A-B, Th = constant)
➢ Reversible adiabatic expansion (B-C, Q=0, Th→Tc)
➢ Reversible isothermal compression (C-D, Tc=constant)
➢ Reversible adiabatic compression (D-A, Q=0, Tc→Th)

A-B B-C C-D D-A

 Efficiency of Carnot Engine Cycle
The efficiency of the Carnot engine is calculated as a fraction or percentage
• efficiency (𝜼) = work done by the system/heat added to the system,

𝑾
𝜼=
𝒒𝒉
• Work is just the input heat minus the rejected heat,
W= qh- qc
Temperature" is a measure of ( average kinetic energy) of "molecular motion;
"heat" is a measure of the number of molecules with a given temperature
Efficiency of Carnot Engine Cycle
−𝑾 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒕 𝒒𝒉 − 𝒒𝒄 𝒒𝒄
𝜼= = = =𝟏−
𝒒𝒉 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒒𝒉 𝒒𝒉

𝑉2
−𝑊 𝑛𝑅 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 𝑙𝑛 𝑉1
𝜂= =
𝑞ℎ 𝑉2
𝑛𝑅𝑇ℎ 𝑙𝑛
𝑉1

𝑻𝒉 − 𝑻𝒄
𝜼=
𝑻𝒉
𝑻𝒄
𝜼=𝟏−
𝑻𝒉
 Conclusion of Carnot Engine Cycle

- For all ‘Carnot’ engines, the Carnot efficiency is independent of

the working substance but depends on 𝑇ℎ and 𝑇𝑐 .

- For any device, it is impossible that 𝜂 = 1 it is always less than 1

(why)
How to increase the efficiency of a real engine?
𝑻𝒄
𝜼=𝟏−
𝑻𝒉

1- Increase Th, but the melting temperature of

the engine material limits you.

2- Decrease Tc, but your environment limits

you.
 A Thermodynamic Problem

1. A steam engine has a boiler that operates at 500K. The

exhaust temperature is that of the outside air, about 300K.

(a) What is the maximum efficiency of this steam engine?

(b) Determine the maximum work this engine can perform in

each cycle of operation if it absorbs 200 J of heat from the hot
reservoir during each cycle.
 A Thermodynamic Problem

The highest theoretical efficiency of a gasoline engine, based on the

Carnot cycle, is 30% if this engine expels its gases into the
atmosphere, which has a temperature of 300K.

(a) what is the temperature in the cylinder immediately after

combustion?

(b) If the heat engine absorbs 850 J of heat from the hot reservoir
during each cycle, how much work can it perform in each cycle?
 A Thermodynamic Problem

A Carnot engine is operated between two heat reservoirs at

temperatures 450K and 350K. If the engine receives 1000 J of heat in
each cycle, calculate:

(a) the amount of heat ejected

(b) the efficiency of the engine

(c) the work done by the engine in each cycle