Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information

Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9−1)

Monday 16 June 2025
Morning (Time: 1 hour 40 minutes) Paper
reference 4WPH2/1P
Physics (Modular)  

UNIT 2: 4WPH2
PAPER: 1P

You must have: Total Marks

Ruler, calculator, Equation Booklet (enclosed)

Instructions
•• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
If pencil is used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
•• Answer all questions.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in the calculations and state the units where required.
Information
•• The total mark for this paper is 90.
The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
•• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
Write your answers neatly and in good English.
•• Try to answer every question.
Check your answers if you have time at the end.

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P81581RA
©2025 Pearson Education Ltd.
Y:1/1/1/1/1/
*P81581RA0128*
 FORMULAE

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wave speed = frequency × wavelength v=f×λ

1 1
frequency = f =
time period T

sin! angle of incidence " sin i

refractive index = n=
sin! angle of refraction" sin r

1 1
sin! critical angle " # sin c =
refractive index n

pressure p1 p2
= constant =
temperature T1 T2

pressure × volume = constant p1 × V1 = p2 × V2

relationship between input and output voltages for a transformer

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input (primary) voltage primary turns
=
output (secondary) voltage secondary turns

input power = output power Vp Ip = Vs Is

for 100% efficiency
2! " ! orbital radius 2"# " r
orbital speed = v!
time period T

change in wavelength velocity of a galaxy ! " !0 $! v

= # #
reference wavelength speed of light !0 !0 c

Where necessary, assume the acceleration of free fall, g = 10 m / s2.

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 Answer ALL questions.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an

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answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 (a) The words in the box give some stages of the evolution of a star.

neutron star nebula red supergiant supernova

Complete the diagram to show the stages in the evolution of a star that is larger
than the Sun.
Use the words from the box.
(2)

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main sequence star

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 (b) The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows the relationship between the absolute
magnitude and colour of stars.
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–5

Absolute
magnitude +5

+10

+15
blue white yellow red
Colour
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(i) Identify the position of a white dwarf on the diagram.

Mark the position with the letter W.
(1)
(ii) Identify the position of a main sequence star on the diagram.
Mark the position with the letter M.
(1)
(iii) Identify the position of a red giant star on the diagram.
Mark the position with the letter R.
(1)
(c) State a property of a star that is directly related to its surface temperature.
(1)
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(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

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2 This question is about sound waves.
(a) The table gives some statements about sound waves.

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Complete the table by placing a tick (ü) next to each correct statement.
(2)

Statement Correct (ü)

sound waves are longitudinal

sound waves can travel through a vacuum

sound waves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum

sound waves can be reflected and refracted

(b) An oscilloscope can be used to determine the time period of a sound wave.

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(i) Name a piece of apparatus that can be connected to the oscilloscope to

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detect sound waves.
(1)

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(ii) Describe how an oscilloscope can be used to determine the time period of a
sound wave.
(3)

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By adjusting the oscilloscope settings,

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a complete wave is shown on the screen.

Count the number of squares for one complete wave,
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multiplying it by the time base setting to find the time period

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 (iii) The diagram shows the trace on an oscilloscope screen when a sound wave
is detected.
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On the screen, draw the trace for a quieter sound wave with a
lower frequency.
(2)
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 (c) A sound wave has a frequency of 496 Hz and a speed of 324 m/s.
Calculate the wavelength of the sound wave.

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Give your answer to three decimal places.
(4)

wavelength of sound wave = ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m

(Total for Question 2 = 12 marks)

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3 This question is about light as it travels through air and a glass block.
The refractive index of the glass block is 1.52

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(a) A ray of light is shone from air into a glass block at an angle of incidence of 18° to
the normal.
(i) State the formula linking refractive index, angle of incidence and
angle of refraction.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the angle of refraction of the light in the glass.

(4)

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°
angle of refraction = ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 (b) The diagram shows the ray of light as it leaves the glass block and travels into
the air.
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angle of incidence

glass

air

normal

The angle of incidence is increased.

Above a certain angle of incidence, the light ray is not refracted.
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(i) Give the name of this effect.

(2)

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(ii) Calculate the critical angle for the glass block.

Use the equation
" 1%
c ! sin(1 $ '
#n& (2)
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°
critical angle = ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Give a use for the effect when the angle of incidence is increased so that the
light is not refracted.
(1)

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(Total for Question 3 = 10 marks)

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4 This question is about waves.
(a) Which of these properties is the same for all electromagnetic waves?

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(1)
A energy

B frequency

C speed in a vacuum

D wavelength

(b) Which of these electromagnetic waves is detected by night vision equipment?

(1)

A gamma rays

B infrared

C microwaves

D X-rays

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(c) An electromagnetic wave has a frequency of 9.85 × 104 Hz.
Calculate the time period of this wave.
(2)

time period = ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s

(d) Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.
Describe the difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves.
(2)

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Longitudinal waves vibrations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer,

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while transverse waves vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of energy
transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................

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(Total for Question 4 = 6 marks)

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 5 (a) State the name of the force which causes a planet to orbit a star.
(1)
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(b) Describe one difference between the orbit of a comet and the orbit of a moon.
(2)

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A comet orbits a star while the moon orbits a planet, where as the orbits are around different bodies

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(c) A planet orbits a star at a mean speed of 47 400 m/s.

Orbit radius is 5.79 × 1010 m.
Calculate the time period of the orbit of the planet.
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Give your answer in standard form.

(4)
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time period = ................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . seconds

(Total for Question 5 = 7 marks)

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6 A teacher demonstrates the penetrating power of different types of radiation emitted
from a radioactive source.

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The teacher has this equipment.
• radioactive sources
• metre ruler
• Geiger-Müller detector and counter
• a selection of materials, including paper, aluminium and lead
• a timer
(a) Describe a method that the teacher could use to compare the penetrating power
of different radiations from radioactive sources.
You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(5)

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 (b) The table shows the teacher’s results when using one of the radioactive sources.
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Material Counts in one minute

air 780

piece of paper 520

4 cm thickness of aluminium 520

4 cm thickness of lead 12

(i) Give a reason why these results show that the source emits alpha radiation.
(1)

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As a piece of paper is placed in front of the radio active source the count decreases
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(ii) Give a reason why these results show that the source does not emit
beta radiation.
(1)

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The count doesn’t change when aluminum is added same results as paper
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(iii) Give a reason why these results show that the source emits gamma radiation.
(1)

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Radiation is detected after passing through aluminum

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(Total for Question 6 = 8 marks)

15
 *P81581RA01528* Turn over
 7 In a nuclear power station, a chain reaction occurs.
(a) Explain the meaning of the term chain reaction.

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(2)

A fission produces neutrons

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .leading
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .to
. . . . . .cause
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .further fission
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ ....................................

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(b) Explain why the rate of fission will increase in an uncontrolled chain reaction.
(2)

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Each fission produces more than one neutron causing more than one further fission
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16
*P81581RA01628* 
 (c) The diagram shows a nuclear fission reactor with some parts labelled.
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control rod
coolant out
moderator

fuel rod coolant in

Explain how the different parts of the reactor work together to keep the rate of
fission constant.
(6)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17
 *P81581RA01728* Turn over
 (d) Suggest why there are no fusion power plants on Earth.
(2)

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Fusion ................................
requires high temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and
. . . . . . . . .pressures,fusion
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .needs a large amount of energy to obtain.
. . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ ....................................

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(Total for Question 7 = 12 marks)

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18
*P81581RA01828* 
 8 This question is about magnetic fields.
(a) Describe what is shown by magnetic field lines.
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(2)
Field lines are visual representatives of the shape and direction of the magnetic field
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(b) Diagram 1 shows two magnets held close together with their north poles facing.

S N N S

Diagram 1
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The magnets are released.

(i) Explain what happens when the magnets are released.
(2)

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Like poles repel magnets and move away from one another
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(ii) An iron nail is placed near one of the magnets.

Explain what happens to the iron nail.
(2)
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The nail is attracted and becomes induced to the magnet

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19
 *P81581RA01928* Turn over
 (c) A straight copper wire produces a magnetic field.
(i) State why the copper wire produces a magnetic field.

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(1)

Because there is current in the wire

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(ii) Diagram 2 shows the copper wire.

Sketch the shape of the magnetic field pattern around the wire.
You should draw four field lines.
(2)

copper wire

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Diagram 2

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20
*P81581RA02028* 
 (d) Diagram 3 shows two charged particles, A and B, moving in a magnetic field.
The arrow drawn on each particle shows the direction of movement.
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One particle experiences a force due to the magnetic field.

The other particle does not experience a force.

magnetic field

B
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Diagram 3

Explain which particle does not experience a force.

(2)

Particle A dose not

................................ . . . . . . .experience
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a
. . . . .force
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . due to it moving parallel to the magnetic field
. . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ ....................................

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(Total for Question 8 = 11 marks)

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21
 *P81581RA02128* Turn over
9 This question is about gases.
(a) Which of these is a correct unit for the volume of a gas?

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(1)
A J

B K

C m2

D m3

(b) A student measures the pressure of a fixed volume of gas at different temperatures.
The table shows the student’s results.

Temperature Pressure
in °C in Pa

0 720

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25 771

50 832

75 894

100 945

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22
*P81581RA02228* 
 Pressure
in Pa
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–350 –300 –250 –200 –150 –100 –50 0 50 100

Temperature in !C

(i) Plot the student’s results on the grid.

You should add a scale to the y-axis starting at 0 Pa.
(2)

(ii) Draw a line of best fit.

(1)
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(iii) Use the graph to determine a value for absolute zero.

(2)

absolute zero = ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C

23
 *P81581RA02328* Turn over
 (iv) Explain why the value of absolute zero found from the student’s results can
only be an estimate.
(2)

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Because of the small number
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . .of
. . . . .data
. . . . . . . . . .points
. . . . . . . . . . . . .and
. . . . . . . .the
. . . . . . .line
. . . . . . . .of best fit is approximate
. . . . ............................................................................................................................................ ....................................

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Explain the motion of particles at absolute zero.

(2)
The particles are stationary and have no kinetic energy
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 9 = 10 marks)

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 10 This question is about cosmology.
(a) Give two pieces of evidence that support the Big Bang theory.

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(2)

1 ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Red shift of galaxies

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 microwave
Cosmic background
........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .radiation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The galaxy NGC 300 is moving away from Earth at a speed of 1.44 × 105 m/s.
Light is emitted from hydrogen atoms in NGC 300 with a reference wavelength
of 4.3405 × 10–7 m.
Calculate the wavelength of this light when it is detected at Earth.
Give your answer to five significant figures.

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[speed of light in a vacuum, c = 3.00 × 108 m/s]
(4)

4.3426x 10 -7

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wavelength = ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m

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 (c) Two galaxies at different distances from the Earth have different redshifts.
Explain why these redshifts are different.
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(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The w=two galaxies

................................ . . . . . . . . .are
. . . . . . . . . .moving
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .at
. . . . . . .different speed
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ ....................................

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 10 = 8 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS

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 Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1)
Monday 16 June 2025
Morning (Time: 1 hour 40 minutes)
Paper
reference 4WPH2/1P
Physics (Modular)
 

UNIT 2: 4WPH2
PAPER: 1P

Equation Booklet
Do not return this Booklet with the question paper.

Turn over

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These equations may be required for International GCSE Physics modular (4WPH2) papers.
Unit 1

1. Forces and motion

distance moved
average speed =
time taken

acceleration = change in velocity a!

#v " u $
time taken t
(final speed)2 = (initial speed)2 + (2 × acceleration × distance moved)
v2 ! u 2 " $ 2 # a # s %

force = mass × acceleration F=m×a

weight = mass × gravitational field strength W=m×g

momentum = mass × velocity p=m×v

force =
change in momentum
F!
# mv " mu $
time taken t

moment = force × perpendicular distance from the pivot

2. Electricity

power = current × voltage P=I×V

energy transferred = current × voltage × time E=I×V×t

voltage = current × resistance V=I×R

charge = current × time Q=I×t

energy transferred = charge × voltage E=Q×V

3. Energy resources and energy transfers

useful energy output

efficiency = 100%
total energy output

work done = force × distance moved W=F×d

gravitational potential energy = mass × gravitational field strength × height

GPE = m × g × h

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 1
kinetic energy = ½ × mass × speed2 KE ! " m " v 2
2

work done W
power = P=
time taken t

4. Solids, liquids and gases: Part 1

mass m
density = !"
volume V

force F
pressure = p=
area A
pressure difference = height × density × gravitational field strength
p=h×ρ×g
change in thermal energy = mass × specific heat capacity × change in temperature
Q=m×c× T

Unit 2

5. Waves

wave speed = frequency × wavelength v=f×λ

1 1
frequency = f =
time period T

sin! angle of incidence " sin i

refractive index = n=
sin! angle of refraction" sin r

1 1
sin! critical angle " # sin c =
refractive index n

6. Solids, liquids and gases: Part 2

pressure p1 p2
= constant =
temperature T1 T2

pressure × volume = constant p 1 × V1 = p 2 × V2

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 7. Magnetism and electromagnetism

relationship between input and output voltages for a transformer

input (primary) voltage primary turns
=
output (secondary) voltage secondary turns

input power = output power Vp Ip = Vs Is

for 100% efficiency

9. Astrophysics

2! " ! orbital radius 2"# " r

orbital speed = v!
time period T

change in wavelength velocity of a galaxy ! " !0 $! v

= # #
reference wavelength speed of light !0 !0 c

END OF EQUATION LIST

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