 What is media?

• Media classification and functions

 What is communication technology?
• Classification of communication technologies
• Modern communication technologies
UNITIII: UNDERSTANDING FAMILY, COMMUNITY AND SOCIETY

The chapters in Unit II were all addressed to you for the

understanding of self and of the factors that influence your
decision making. Let us now move on to understanding the
family, the community and the society that you are a part of. In
the first section- the focus will be on relationships and
interactions with significant others, i.e. those important to you
in these contexts. The second section- will discuss concerns
and needs, such as those of health, work, resources, education
and textile tradition in the adolescent’s diverse social contexts.
CHAPTER : CONCERNS AND NEEDS IN DIVERSE CONTEXTS

A. NUTRITION, HEALTH AND HYGIENE

 Health and its Dimensions
• Social health
• Mental health
• Physical health
 Health care Indicators of Health
 Nutrition and Health
 Importance of nutrients
 Factors affecting nutritional well being
• Food and nutrient security
• Care for the vulnerable

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Class XI xxiv
 • Good health for all
• Safe environment
 Nutritional Problems and their consequences
• Malnutrition
• Under nutrition
• Over nutrition
 Hygiene and Sanitation
• Personal Hygiene
• Environmental Hygiene
• Food Hygiene
• Water safety-Qualities of potable
water, methods of water
purification(Boiling, chlorine,
storage and electric filter , RO)
•
B. RESOURCES AVAILABILITY AND MANAGEMENT
 Time Management
• Definition of time plan
• How good is your time management (Activity)?
• Steps in making time plan
• Tips for effective time management
• Tools in time management---Peak load
period, Work curve, Rest
/break periods, Work simplification
 Space Management
• Space and the home
• Principles of space planning
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xxv Home Science

 UNIT IV: CHILDHOOD

The theme of this unit is ‘Childhood’. You may wonder why did
the book address the adolescent years first and childhood later.
Well, it is because if you as an adolescent understand issues
about yourself first, it would be easier to grasp the issues that
are concerned with the stage of childhood and later with
adulthood. In this unit you will be studying about children’s
growth and development, critical concerns about their health
and nutrition, education and clothing. As we would like children
with disabilities to be an inclusive part of our society, the
chapters provide us important information on their needs and
ways to meet them.

CHAPTER : SURVIVAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

 The meaning of survival

 Growth and development
 Areas of development
• Physical development
• Motor development
• Cognitive development
• Sensory development
• Language development
• Social development
• Emotional development
 Good Nutrition
 Stages in development
• Neonate
o Reflexes

xxiv

Class XI xxvi
 o Sensory capabilities
 Development across stages from infancy to adolescence
• Physical and motor development
• Language development
• Socio –emotional development
• Cognitive development
o Mental processes involved in thinking
o Stages of cognitive development
 Sensory motor stage
 Pre-operational stage
 Concrete operational stage
 Formal operational stage
CHAPTER : NUTRITION, HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

 Introduction
 Nutrition, Health and Well-being during infancy (birth – 12
months)
• Dietary requirements of infants
• Breast feeding
• Benefits of breast feeding
• Feeding the low birth weight infants
• Complementary foods
• Guidelines for complementary feeding
• Immunization
• Common health and nutrition
problems in infants and young
children

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xxvii Home Science

  Nutrition, Health and well-being of preschool children (1-6
years)
• Nutritional needs of preschool children
• Guidelines for healthy eating for pre-schoolers
• Planning balanced meals for preschool children
• Some examples of low-cost snacks
• Feeding children with specific needs
• Immunization
 Nutrition, Health and well-being of school-age children (7-12
years)
• Nutritional requirements of school children
• Planning diets for school-age children
• Factors that influence diet intake of
preschool-age and school-age children
• Healthy habits
• Health and nutrition issues of school age
children
CHAPTER: OUR APPAREL

 Clothing functions and the selection of clothes

• Modesty
• Protection
• Status and prestige
• Adornment
 Factors affecting selection of clothing in India
• Age
• Climate and season
• Occasion
xxvi

Class XI xxviii
 • Fashion
• Income
 Understanding children’s basic clothing needs
• Comfort
• Safety
• Self help
• Appearance
• Allowance for growth
• Easy care
• Fabrics
 Clothing requirements at different childhood stages
• Infancy (birth to six months)
• Creeping age (6 months to one year)
• Toddlerhood (1-2 years)
• Preschool age (2-6 years)
• Elementary school years (5-11 years)
• Adolescents (11-19 years)
• Clothes for children with special needs
UNIT V: ADULTHOOD

With the advent of adulthood, the adolescent passes through

the portal of what may be termed as the “real world”. One
enters the world of higher education, work and marriage, and
gets involved in establishing one’s own family. Hence
responsibilities of the individual increases manifold. In this
unit you will learn about the major factors that play a role in
determining the quality of adult life, these being health and
wellness, financial planning and management, maintenance
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xxix Home Science

 of fabrics and apparel that one uses personally as well as in
the home and appreciation of different perspectives in
communication. The unit concludes with the chapter on
individual responsibilities and rights, not only for one’s own
self, but also in relation to the family and larger society.

CHAPTER : HEALTH AND WELLNESS

 Importance of health and fitness

 Healthy & Unhealthy diet
 BMI
 Do’s and Don’ts for health promoting diets
 Fitness
 Importance of exercise and physical activities in adulthood
 Wellness
 Qualities of a person who is rated high on wellness
 Dimensions of wellness
• Social aspect
• Physical aspect
• Intellectual aspect
• Occupational aspect
• Emotional aspect
• Spiritual aspect
• Environmental aspect
• Financial aspect
 Stress and coping with stress
 Simple techniques to cope with stress
• Relaxation

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Class XI xxx
 • Talking with friends/family
• Reading
• Spirituality
• Music
• Hobby
• Yoga
CHAPTER : FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

 Financial management
 Financial planning
 Management
 Money and its importance
 Family Income
• Money income
• Real income: Direct and Indirect income
• Psychic income
 Income management
 Budget
 Steps in making budget
 Advantages of planning family budgets
 Control in money management
• Checking to see how well the plan is progressing
o Mental and mechanical check
o Records and accounts
• Adjusting wherever necessary
• Evaluation
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xxxi Home Science

  Savings
 Investment
 Principles underlying sound investments
• Safety to the principle amount
• Reasonable rate of interest
• Liquidity
• Recognition of effect of world conditions
• Easy accessibility and convenience
• Investing in needed commodities
• Tax efficiency
• After investment service
• Time period
• Capacity
 Savings and investment avenues
• Post office
• Banks
• Unit Trust of India
• NSC
• Mutual funds
• Provident funds
• Chit fund
• Life insurance and medical insurance
• Pension scheme
• Gold, house, land
• Others (new schemes)
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Class XI xxxii
 Credit
 Need of credit
 4C’s of credit: character, capacity, capital means, collateral

CHAPTER : CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF FABRICS

 Mending
 Laundering
• Stain removal
o Vegetable stains
o Animal stains
o Oil stains
o Mineral stains
o Dye bleeding
• Techniques of stain removal
o Scraping
o Dipping
o Sponging
o Drop method
• Reagent for stain removal
• Common stains and method of removing
 Removal of dirt: the cleaning process
• Soaps and detergents
• Methods of washing: friction, kneading &
squeezing, suction, washing by machine
 Finishing

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xxxiii Home Science

 • Blues and optical brighteners
• Starches and stiffening agents
 Ironing
 Dry cleaning
 Storage of textile products
 Factors affecting fabric care
• Yarn structure
• Fabric construction
• Colour and finishes
 Care label

NOTE:
• Wherever required latest data/figures to be used.
• Latest RDA’s to be used.

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Class XI xxxiv
 HOME SCIENCE (CODE 064)
PRACTICALS FOR CLASS XI

1. Understanding oneself with reference to:

a) Physical development in terms of age, height, weight, hip and
chest circumference.
b) Sexual maturity (Age at menarche, Development of breasts :
girls). Growth of beard, change in voice: boys)
2. Observe developmental norms: (Physical, Motor, Language and
social -emotional) birth to three years.
3. List and discuss 4-5 areas of agreement and disagreement with
a) Mother
b) Father
c) Siblings/ Friends
d) Teacher
4. a) Record own diet for a day
b) Evaluate qualitatively for adequacy
5. Preparation of different healthy snacks for an adolescent suitable in
her/his context.
6. a) Record one day’s activities relating to time use and work
b) Prepare a time plan for yourself
7. Plan a budget for a given situation/purpose.
8. a) Record the fabrics and apparel used in a day
b) Categorize them according to functionality
9. Relationship of fibre properties to their usage:
a) Thermal property and flammability
b) Moisture absorbency and comfort
10. (a) Analyze label of any one garment with respect to: Clarity, fiber
content, size and care instructions.
(b) Prepare one care label of any garment.
(c) Analyze two different fabric samples for color fastness.

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xxxv Home Science

 Scheme for practical examination 30 marks

1. Observe developmental norms: (Physical, Motor, Language

and social emotional) birth to three years.
5 marks
OR
List and discuss 4-5 areas of agreement and disagreement
with

a) Mother
b) Father
c) Siblings/ Friends
d) Teacher
2. Preparation of healthy snacks for an adolescent. 7marks

3. Plan a budget for a given situation/purpose. 3 marks

4. Prepare a time plan for yourself. 3 marks

5. Relationship of fibre properties to their usage: 5 marks

a) Thermal property and flammability
b) Moisture absorbency and comfort
OR
Prepare one care label of any garment.

6. File 5 marks

7. Viva 2 marks

Prescribed textbook: Human Ecology and Family Sciences

(For class XI): Part I and Part II

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Class XI xxxvi
 QUESTION PAPER DESIGN 2023-24
HOME SCIENCE (CODE NO. 064)
CLASS – XI
TIME : 3 HOURS MAX. MARKS : 70
[Link]. Typology of Questions Total %
Marks Weightage
1. Knowledge and understanding based
questions terms, concepts, principles,
28 40%
or theories; Identify, define or recite
interpret, compare, contrast, explain,
paraphrase information)
2. Application – or knowledge/concepts
based questions
(Use abstract information in concrete
21 30%
situation, to apply knowledge to new
situations. Use given content to
interpret a situation, provide an
example, or solve a problem)
3. Formulation, analysis, Evaluation and
creativity based question (Appraise,
judge, and / or justify the value or
worth of a decision or outcome, or to
predict outcomes)
21 30%
Classify, compare, contrast, or
differentiate between different pieces
of integrate unique piece of
information from a variety of sources
TOTAL 70 100

Note : Internal Choice of 30% will be given

Easy – 20%
Average – 60%
Difficult – 20%

CONTENT
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xxxvii Home Science

 CONTENT

[Link]. CH. No. CHAPTER Page

1. 1 Introduction to Home Science 1-6

2. 2 Understanding The Self-Adolescence 7-22
3. 3 Food, Nutrition, Health and Fitness 23-43
4. 4 Management of Resources 44-66
5. 5 Fabric Around Us 67-90
6. 6 Media and Communication Technology 91-108
7. 10 (A) Nutrition, Health and Hygiene 109-132
10 (C) Resources Availability and Management 133-145
8. 11 Survival, Growth and Development 146-170
9. 12 Nutrition, Health and Well-being 171-197
10. 14 Our Apparel 198-215
11. 15 Health and Wellness 216-237
12. 16 Financial Management and Planning 238-253
13. 17 Care and Maintenance of Fabrics 254-273
14. Case Study Based Question 274-290
15. Assertion and Reasoning Based Questions 291-308
16. Practice Question Paper 1 309-316
Marking Scheme of Practice Question Paper 1 317-324
17. Practice Question Paper 2 325-332
18. Common Annual School Examination (2022-23) 333-344

Note :- Chapter No. 7, 8, 9, 10 (b, d, e), 13, 18 and 19 (deleted chapters

for session 2023-24)

Class XI xxxviii
 Chapter – 1

INTRODUCTION TO HOME SCIENCE

Definition of Home Science –

Home Science is an interdisciplinary field that aims to empower its

students to enhance their own quality of life and that of other individuals
and families according to the changing needs of society. Home science
was not intended to be a subject only about the home.

History of Home Science –

• Various subjects were included under Home Science in 1932 for
example food and nutrition, clothing etc.
• In 1932, this subject Home Science was started in Lady Irwin
College which is situated in Delhi.
• ‘Lady Irwin College’ is the first college of Home Science which
was inaugurated by Sarojini Naidu, Rajkumari Amrit and Kamla
Devi Chattopadhyay.

• Currently colleges offering Home Science at graduation level in

Delhi are...

[Link] Irwin College

[Link] of Home Economics

[Link] Bai College

[Link] Nivedita College

[Link] College

Home Science has 5 fields –

• Food and Nutrition

1 XI – Home Science
1 Home Science
 • Human Development
• Fabric and Apparel
• Communication and Extension
• Resource Management

Home Science is important for both girls and boys –

• In ancient times the work done at home was mostly done by

female members of the family.
• To bring awareness to the role of women and their respon-
sibilities, it was observed that young females should study Home
Science. The goal was that home and society both need to be
given importance.

• At school level the subject Home Science was not chosen by boys
because it has Food and Nutrition, and laundry as a subject, which
was considered to be meant for girls. This is a myth about Home
Science as it is an interdisciplinary subject and contemporary in
content.
• Now people have started to understand that this subject is not
only for girls. This subject educates one regarding the role and
responsibilities of our family and society.

Scope of Home Science –

1. Foods & Nutrition
• Clinical nutritionist
• Dietician
• Chef
• Production Manager
• Research work

2 XI – Home Science

Class XI 2
 2. Human Development
• Care giver in creche
• Teacher in Nursery School
• Counsellors
• Special Educator
3. Fabric and Apparel
• Textile Designer
• Footwear Designer
• Visual Merchandise Designer
• Fashion Designer

4. Resource Management
• Interior Decorator
• H.R. Manager
• House Keeping

5. Communication & Extension

• Journalist
• Research
• Media and Communication
Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark)

Q1. In which college the study of Home Science was first started at
higher level?
A. Lady Shri Ram College
B. Lady Harding
C. Lady Irwin
D. Lady the Irwin
Ans. C) Lady Irwin
3 XI – Home Science

3 Home Science
 Q2. How many fields does home science subject have?

A. Six

B. Five

C. Three
D. Four
Ans. B) Five

Q3. In which year Lady Irwin College was established?

A. 1952

B. 1960

C. 1944

D. 1932

Ans. D) 1932

Q4. Which of the following is not the field of Home Science?

A. Food and Nutrition

B. Human Development

C. Fabric and Apparel

D. Agriculture Science

Ans. D) Agriculture Science

Q5. Home Science subject is essential for boys because –

A. In this we learn the role and responsibilities of family

4 XI – Home Science

Class XI 4
 B. In society interaction between human and its environment
[Link] is not only related to home but this is a interrelated subject
D. All of the above
Ans. D) All of the above

Q6. In which state Lady Irwin College is situated?

A. Mumbai
B. Delhi
C. Bihar
D. Punjab
Ans- B) Delhi

Short Answer Questions (1 Mark)

Q1. What do you mean by Home Science? Explain different fields of
Home Science?
Ans. Home Science is an interdisciplinary field that empowers its
students to enhance their quality of life and that of other
individuals and families.
Home science has 5 fields:-
• Food and Nutrition
• Human Development
• Fabric and Apparel
• Communication and Extension
• Resource Management

5 XI – Home Science

5 Home Science
 Q2. Why is Home Science important for both girls and boys?
Ans. Home Science is important for both girls and boys because in this
subject we learn the roles and responsibilities of family and
society and both boys and girls shoulder these responsibilities.

Q3. Among different fields of Home Science explain the scope of any
one field?

Ans. Human Development

• Caregiver in Creche
• Teacher in Nursery School
• Counsellors
• Special Educator

****

6 XI – Home Science

Class XI 6
 Chapter – 2

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

INTRODUCTION :-
1. SELF – Who am I / who we are.
The idea that we hold of ourselves is the notion of the self.

7 XI – Home Science

7 Home Science
2. Identity - A sense of who we are, which we carry throughout our lives.

3. Development of Self in Infancy- It is multidimensional in nature. It

undergoes changes as person grows from an infant to an adult. Self
starts developing in Infancy and by 18 months, they start self-
recognition like my, mine, me.
4. Self during Early Childhood- They use physical description of their
self like – “tall” or “big”. Their self-understanding contains active
descriptions of themselves Ex. ‘I can ride a bicycle’.
5. Self during Middle Childhood- In this stage the child’s self-
evaluation becomes more complex. The child shifts towards describing
himself / herself in terms of internal characteristics, ‘’ I am good at making
friends’. Children begin to make social comparisons also, ‘’I can run
faster than Kiran’. Now the self-description becomes more realistic as
compared to preschool child.
6. Self during Adolescence – Self-understanding becomes increasingly
complex during adolescence period. In this stage there is enhanced
focus on the development of self. The person is intensely concerned
with understanding of himself / herself. Towards the end of
adolescence, the individual creates a sense of selfhood and
identity and say “This is who I am’.

8 XI – Home Science
Class XI 8
 • In this stage the adolescent’s rebel against being treated like a “child”
but at the same time seek comfort as a child would.
• Parents may often tell adolescents to behave like “Grown-ups” but
their actions indicate that they are not grown up.
• Adolescents experiences “Role Confusion’ or “Identity Confusion”
• They also experience contradictory feelings and emotions in this stage.

7. Characteristics of an Adolescent’s sense of Self - description

during this period is abstract, Ex. Quiet, sensitive, cool- headed etc.
• Self during adolescence had several contradictions like- “I am calm
but get easily disturbed’’.
• They experience a fluctuating sense of self and understanding of
their own self fluctuates over situations and over time.
• The sense of adolescence contains the “Ideal Self” and the “Real Self’.
The Ideal Self becomes more prominent now.
• Adolescents are self- conscious and preoccupied with themselves.

8. Influences on Identity –
• Development of Self- self develops as a result of what you learn
about yourself through others and what others tell you about
yourself.
• Self is not something that you are born with but which you create
and development as you grow.
• In Infancy - as the child grows, he tends to define self by the
experience she receives.
• Developing a sense of self and identity- each one of us had
unique combination of genes.
• We all have different experiences.
• Even if we have similar experiences, we respond to them in
different ways.

9 XI – Home Science

9 Home Science
9. CLASSIFICATION –

10. Biological and Physical Changes-

• During adolescence there are certain biological and physical changes
taking place in particular sequence in the body. This leads to attainment
of sexual maturity. Menarche usually is considered the point of sexual
maturity in girls. Production of spermatozoa is considered as mark of
puberty in boys.
• The time when sexual maturity is reached is called Puberty
• For girls, this period ranges from 11 to 13 years.
• In boys, this period ranges from 13-15 years.

11. Socio- cultural contexts-

• Physical changes in the body and social expectations influences the
identity formation during Adolescence. In traditional society, onset of

10 XI – Home Science
Class XI 10
 puberty places many restrictions on the girls whereas the boys retain
their freedom of movement.
• In Indian context, Adolescents are dependent on their parents and
families exerts control on their children.
• Increase in choices and exposure to alternate lifestyles may bring
adolescents in conflict with parents and society. Socio-cultural
context also influences adolescent’s self.
• Firm and affectionate parenting fosters healthy development of
[Link] parenting style fosters independence and self- reliance
in children.
• Peer pressure can be both positive and negative in this stage
• Family atmosphere should promote individuality and connectedness
in adolescence, as it is important for the development of identity.

12. Emotional changes-

Many emotional changes are due to the biological and physical
changes occurring in the body. A sense of pride with the way one is
developing will contribute positively to the adolescent’s sense of self.
If one keeps negative self-image than the person feels insecure.

13. Cognitive changes-

• The child has no sense of separate identity during early childhood years.
• Self-description during middle childhood is also not concrete.
• During adolescence self-description are fairly realistic. They can
differentiate between “Ideal and Real Self’.
• Adolescents can think in abstract terms now. Ex. Possible careers and
can plan for studies accordingly.
• Thus, it is a significant stage for development of an Identity. They
can imaginatively link up their present with future, they imagine for
themselves.

11 XI – Home Science

11 Home Science
Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark)
Q 1. Related to the concept of self are two other concepts _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
and _________________ .
a) Person and identity
b) Identity and personality
c) Identity and feelings
d) Development and realization
Ans. b) Identity and personality

Q 2. Your relationship and role with others refer to____________of self.

a) Social aspect
b) Emotional aspect
c) Physical aspect
d) Cognitive aspect
Ans. a) Social aspect

Q 3. Personal aspect of self is associated with only.

a) Others
b) You
c) Yours
d) Theirs
Ans. b) You

Q 4. Self-concept and self- esteem are elements of ______________.

a) Identity
b) Feelings
c) Pride
d) Self- rating
Ans. a) Identity

12 XI – Home Science
Class XI 12
Q 5. In development from infant to there are changes
in self too.
a) Infancy
b) Childhood
c) Adulthood
d) Adolescent
Ans. d) Adolescent

Q 6. starts in about 18 months of age in infants.

a) Others recognition
b) Self-image recognition
c) Recognition of self body
d) Others image recognition
Ans. b) Self-image recognition

Q 7. “I am tall” example of self is given in which stage of life?

a) Adolescence
b) Early childhood
c) Old age
d) Childhood
Ans. b) Early childhood

Q 8. In they can differentiate between “Ideal Self’

and “Real Self’.
a) Adolescence
b) Adulthood
c) Middle childhood
d) Infancy
Ans. c) Middle childhood

13 XI – Home Science

13 Home Science
Q 9. The anxiety to understand Self is seen more in stage.
a) Adolescence
b) Middle childhood
c) Infancy
d) Adulthood
Ans. a) Adolescence

Q 10. Menarche usually is considered the point of in girls.

a) Sexual maturity
b) Cognitive maturity
c) Physical maturity
d) Emotional maturity
Ans. a) Sexual maturity

Very Short Answer Questions (1 mark)

Q 11. What do you understand by Self?
Ans. The idea that we hold of ourselves is the notion of the self. It refers to
the totality of a person’s experiences, ideas, thoughts etc.
Q 12. What do you mean by Self- concept?
Ans. It is a description of self, includes our qualities, feelings and thoughts.
Q 13. What do you mean by Self- esteem?
Ans. It is the judgement of ourselves according to the standards we have
set. This is largely influenced by society.
Q 14. What do you mean by Personal Identity?
Ans. Attributes of a person that make her different from others.
Q 15. What is Social Identity?
Ans. Those aspects of the person that link her to a group- professional,
social or cultural.

14 XI – Home Science
Class XI 14
Q 16. At what age, self- recognition starts in Infancy?
Ans. At 18 months, they start self- recognition and use words like my, mine,
me.
Q 17. By which age the child starts recognizing himself in photo?
Ans. By 2 Years of age.
Q 18. By which age the child starts speaking fluently?
Ans. By 3 years of age.
Q 19. A child in early childhood overestimates themselves in describing self.
Explain with example?
Ans. I am never scared.
Q 20. At what stage self-evaluation becomes more complex?
Ans. During middle childhood.
Q 21. Which stage of life is important for the development of identity?
Ans. Adolescence because in this stage there is enhanced focus on
development of self.
Q 22. Growth spurt is the characteristic of which stage of life?
Ans. Infancy and adolescence stage.
Q 23. How does adolescent describe self?
Ans. They describe self on the basis of inner aspects of their personality. Ex.
Quiet, sensitive, cool headed etc.
Q 24. Explain with examples how adolescent’s self carries contradictions?
Ans. Examples –
• “I am calm but easily gets disturbed”.
• “I am quiet and also talkative”.
Q 25. What do you mean by Puberty?
Ans. The time when sexual maturity is achieved is called puberty.
Q 26. What do you mean by affectionate parenting?

15 XI – Home Science
15 Home Science
Ans. It means that the parents are warm, loving and supportive of the
child’s effort and accomplishment.
Q 27. Define adolescence?
Ans. When the child is between childhood and adulthood is called
adolescentstage. This is also the stage of maximum growth spurt.
Q 28. What do you mean by cognitive changes?
Ans. Changes in thinking that takes place from infancy to adolescence are
called as cognitive changes.
Q 29. What is peer pressure?
Ans. Adolescence is the period when there is strong need for support and
acceptance from peers. This is the period when adolescents tend to
lean more towards their friends.
Q 30. What do you mean by ideal self?
Ans. When adolescence want to develop themselves in the ideal way example
- when a short girl wants to increase her height.

Short Answer Questions (2 marks)

Q 31. Write two concepts related to self-identity?
Ans. Two concepts related to self are
Identity – How you are different from others.
Personality – self aspect, which are associated with you only.
Q 32. Give definition of self?
Ans. It refers to the totality of a person experiences, ideas, thoughts and
feelings with regard to herself.
Q 33. Write the characteristics of self during early childhood?
Ans. During this stage the child uses physical description of their self and
material possessions to differentiate themselves from others. for
example- ‘tall, big’. They did not do comparisons with others in this
stage.

16 XI – Home Science
Class XI 16
Q 34. What is the difference between ideal self and real self?
Ans. Ideal self - what they want to have or think are most important for
themexample- ‘’I want to be tall’ .
Real self- actual competencies they have example- ‘’I am actually
quite short’’.
Q 35. In all the cultures, adolescence is filled with disagreements and
dilemmas. Explain.
Ans. This is true that in all cultures, adolescence is accompanied with
dilemmas as to what is done, how it is done, to become independent,
career, identity, disagreement from parents on various subjects etc.
can be seen in this stage.
Q 36. Tell about description of self during adolescence. In which stage do
they feel stress on their internal qualities?
Ans. Self-description during the period of adolescence - they lay emphasis
on themselves on abstract or inner aspects of their personality. They
may use words as quiet, sensitive, cool headed, brave, truthful or
emotional for themselves.
Q 37. How does development of self take place during adolescence?
Ans. This is an ongoing process. Self develops as a result of what you
learn about yourself through experiences and what others tell you
about yourself.
Q 38. Classify the influences on the formation of Identity?
Ans. Classification –
a. Biological and physical changes
b. Socio-cultural contexts including family and peer relationships
c. Emotional changes
d. Cognitive changes
Q 39. How development of Identity is different in our culture as compared
to western culture?
Ans. Development of Identity -

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 a. In Indian context majority of adolescents are fairly dependent
on parents, whereas in western culture adolescents are expected
to befairly independent
[Link] are expected to move away from the family to set
up their own home in western context whereas in Indian context,
parents exercise their control over them.
Long Answer Questions (3 Marks)
Q 40. Describe self during Infancy stage?
Ans. Self during Infancy –
a. Infant doesn’t realize that he or she is separate and distinct
from others example – ‘if they bring hand in front of his face
and looksat it, he does not realize that these are his hands’.
b. Around 18 months of age self-image recognition emerges.
c. Infants begin to use personal pronouns like- ‘’I, me, mine’.
d. They also begin to recognize themselves in photographs by two
years of age.
Q 41. Why is adolescence if a critical time for identity development?
Ans. Adolescence is a period critical for identity development because there
is an enhanced focus on development of self. This is because of three
reasons-
a. This is time when person is preoccupied with trying to know
oneself.
b. Towards end of adolescence, individual creates a lasting sense of
selfhood and identity and can say, ‘this is who I am’.
c. The individual identity is influenced by rapid biological
changes and changing social demands.
Q 42. Rinku and Tinku are twins. How will you say that their identity is
different or not?
Ans. We all have different identity. If there are twins then also their sense
of self would be different from each other. There are several reasons
for it –

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 • Each one of us have a unique combination of genes.
• Each one of us have different experiences.
• Even if we have similar experiences, we respond to these in
different ways.
Q 43. In adolescence one can experience peer pressure. Explain this?
Ans. Adolescence is a period when there is a strong need for support and
acceptance from their peers. Adolescent may tend to lean towards
their friends as compared to their parents. Peer pressure can have both
positive and negative effects.
Positive effect - when adolescents progress in right direction and are
aware of their career and healthy competition ahead.
Negative effect – When they indulge in harmful behavior such as
smoking, drugs or alcohol.

Very Long Answer Questions (4 Marks)

Q 44. Explain the physical and biological changes occurring in boys and girls?
Ans. The period of adolescence is marked by universal physical and
biological changes in the body. These changes lead to attainment of
sexual maturity which is called Puberty. Following is the list of
changes in girls and boys-
 Girls- Initial enlargement of breasts
• Straight pigmented pubic hair
• Age of maximum growth
• Menarche
 Boys- Growth of testes
• First ejaculation of semen
• Age of maximum growth
• Voice changes

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Q 45. Explain how a family can help in the sense of Identity of adolescence?
Ans. During adolescence, identity formation is enhanced by family
relationships. Where there is firm and affectionate parenting, it fosters
healthy development of identity. Here the parents often praise the child,
show enthusiasm in his activities and respond sensitively to his feelings.
However, adolescents try to spend more time with their peer group and
sometimes have difference of opinion with the parents. The parents should
understand that youth have their own emotions and should be respected
for their decisions and should encourage their small accomplishments.
This will also boost their confidence level.
(5 Marks)
Q 46. Write the characteristics of self during early childhood?
Ans. Following are the five main characteristics of children’s
understanding of themselves-
• They use physical descriptions of themselves and use simple
words like- ‘tall or big’.
• The clothes they wear or the toys / objects they have, their self
-description involves that also.
• They describe themselves in terms of things they can do
example- ‘I can ride a cycle’ , ‘I can count’.
• Self-description is in concrete terms example- ‘I have a television’.
• They often overestimate themselves Ex.- “I know all the poems’,
but may not remember them completely.
• They are unable to recognize that they can possess different
attributes, example - they can be ‘good and bad’, ‘mean and nice’
at different points in time.

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Q 47. How does self, develops during middle childhood?
Ans. During this period, self-evaluation becomes more complex. There are
five following changes –
• Child describes herself in terms of internal characteristics
example-“I am good at making friends’ .
• Child description include, social description and identity.
• Defines themselves in terms of groups they belong to, example-
‘I am in the music Choir in school’ .
• Begin to make social comparison example- ‘I can run faster than
Kiran’.
• Begin to distinguish between their real self and ideal self. Can
differentiate between their actual competencies and those they
want to achieve.
• The self-description become more realistic as compared to
preschool child. This is due to the ability to see things and
situations from the point of view of others.

Q 48. Rahul is a youth and seems to be in a dilemma. Give him suggestions

regarding this stage?
Ans. Dilemma and confusion are normal characteristics of adolescence
[Link], Rahul should be made to understand that he can discuss his
problems with his parents, friends and teachers. All people have
different outlook to solve their problems, he should discuss his
dilemmas with others and should exert control over his emotions.
Characteristics of this stage are –
Adolescents likely to emphasize the inner aspect of the personality while
describing themselves and they use words as – truthful, brave,
sensitive etc.

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 In this stage, youth is busy in developing his own identity and behaves
like grown up people, but in several instances, they have been told
that you are not grown up, you are not experienced and behave like a
kid. Sothey feel that there is dilemma in there societal roles.
Adolescence experiences fluctuating sense of self. They experience
diverse situation and respond to different experiences. They describe
themselves in a conflicting manner like- ‘I am calm but gets very
easily disturbed’.
In this stage adolescents have the ‘ideal self and the real self’, but
ideal self becomes more prominent now. They would like to develop
Ideal self for themselves for example - A girl may want to be tall but
is actually quite short.
Youth are very conscious about their outlooks and are preoccupied
with their image. This gives them a feeling of always being ‘on
stage’, that they are always being noticed. This is the reason why
most of the adolescence are over concerned about their physical
appearances.

***

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Class XI 22
 Chapter - 3

INTRODUCTION :-
● Food is anything solid or liquid which when swallowed,
digested and assimilated in the body provides it with essential
substances called nutrients. Food supplies energy, enables
growth and repair of tissues and organs. It also protects the
body from diseases and regulates body functions.

● Nutrition is the science of foods, nutrients and other substances

they contain and of their actions within including ingestion >
digestion > absorption > utilization by the body.

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 Dimensions of Nutrition
● Nutrients - constituent in food that must be supplied to the
body in suitable amount. These include carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, water and fibre (roughage).

● Balanced Diet - Includes a variety of foods in adequate

amounts and correct proportions to meet the daily requirement
of all essential nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, fats,
vitamins, minerals, water and fibre.
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It helps to promote and preserve good health and also provide
safety margin or reserve of nutrients to with stand short
durations of deprivation.

● RDA - Recommended Dietary Allowances

RDA = requirements + margin of safety

RDA (Recommended
Class XI Dietary Allowances)
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for indians Science
PER ICMR Hydrabad
 RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for indians as per ICMR Hyderabad
RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES FOR INDIANS

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