8TH Social Science
HISTORY
Ch-1 (How, when and where)
Q.1. What is colony and colonial rule?
Ans: When a powerful country directly controls less powerful countries and uses their resources and exploited the
peoples for their own wealth is called colonial rule. And less or victim country is known as colony.
Ch-2 (From trade to Territory)
[Link] the claim to Paramountcy?
Ans: The claim to Paramountcy • Under Lord Hastings (Governor- General) a new policy of “Paramountcy” was
initiated which claimed its power was greater than that of Indian states.
→ In order to protect its interests it was justified in annexing or threatening to annex any Indian kingdom.
Q.2. Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.
Ans: The system of the subsidiary alliance (introduced by Lord Wellesley) made Indian rulers let go of their armed
forces and come under the protection of the East India Company.
The following changes occurred when this system came into being:-
→ According to the terms of this alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces.
→ The Indian rules were asked not to allow any other European companies to trade with them and enter their
territory.
→ They were to be protected by the Company though they had to pay huge amounts for this protection.
→ If Indian rulers failed to make these payments, a part of their territory was to be taken away by the Company.
Q.3. Explain the doctrine of Lapse.
Ans: The doctrine of Lapse: A law introduced by Lord Dalhousie which stated that if any ruler of a subsidiary state
dies without having a natural male heir, his state would ‘lapse’ into East India Company empire.
• Many kingdoms were annexed under this rule:→ Satara, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Nagpur, Jhansi, Awadh.
Q.4. Explain the Battle of Plassey with reasons.
Ans: Sirajuddaulah succeeded Ali Vardi Khan. He faced the armies and the naval fleet of the East India Company at
Plassey in the year 1757. The British army was led by Robert Clive who managed to crush the forces of the Nawab,
thus winning the first major battle and making it a historic landmark.
Reasons of the battle-
• The Company was keen on a puppet ruler so it help one of Sirajuddaulah’s rivals become the nawab without
success.
• Angry Sirajuddaulah asked the Company to stop interfering in the political affairs of his dominion, stop
fortification, and pay the revenues. Negotiations failed thus battle started.
Q.5. Who had become “Nobobs”?
Ans: Company officials become “nabobs” • After the Battle of Plassey the actual nawabs of Bengal were forced to
give land and vast sums of money as personal gifts to Company officials.
• Those who managed to return Britain with wealth led flashy lives and flaunted their riches. They were called
“Nabobs” – an anglicised version of the Indian word Nawab.
Ch-3 (Ruling the Countryside)
Q.1. Explain in brief about the Permanent settlement, Ryotwari system and Mahalwari system.
Or
How was the Mahalwari system different from the Permanent system?
Ans:(i) Permanent Settlement- Permanent Settlement is a system of revenue collection which was introduced in the
provinces of Bengal and Bihar by Lord Cornwallis in 1793.
• The entire work of revenue collection was assigned to zamindars, who were given
hereditary rights over the land on the condition that they would pay a fixed amount of
revenue to the government every year.
(ii) Ryotwari system (the Munro system)- This system of land revenue collection was introduced by the British in the
Madras and Bombay Presidencies.
• The government made settlements with farmers for a specific period of about 30years.
• The farmer had to pay 50% of their production to the government every year.
(iii) Mahalwari system- Holt Mackenzie, an Englishman, introduced a new system of mahalwari in 1822.
• In this system, the revenue-collectors went from village to village inspecting and
measuring the land, and recording the customs and rights of different groups. The
estimated revenue was calculated for each village. This demand was not fixed and could be revised.
Q.2. What were the cause of Champaran movement?
Ans:When Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa, a peasant from Bihar persuaded him visit Champaran and
see the plight of the indigo cultivators there. Mahatma Gandhi’s visit in 1917 marked the beginning of the
Champaran movement against the indigo planters.
Q.3. What was the “Blue Rebellion”?
Ans: In March 1859 thousands of ryots in Bengal refused to grow indigo. This was known as the ‘Blue rebellion’.
As the rebellion spread, ryots refused to pay rents to the planters, and attacked indigo factories armed with swords
and spears, bows and arrows. Women turned up to fight with pots, pans and kitchen implements.
Ch-5 (People Rebel 1857)
Q.1. What is Rani Laxmi Bai famous for?
Ans: In 1858, Rani Lakshmibai, also known as the Rani of Jhansi, died fighting British colonial rulers near
Gwalior in a place known as Kotah-ki-Serai. She was one of the first women freedom fighters of India who
revolted against the British in 1857.
Q.2. What objections did the sepoys have to the new cartridges that they were asked to use?
Ans: The new cartridges were unacceptable to the Indian sepoys, as they held the belief that these had been
coated by the fat of cows and pigs. The sepoys had to bite the cartridges to load them. But their religion did
not allow them even to touch these cartridges. Hence, they refused to use the new cartridges.
Q.3. What was the word of Rani Luxmibai and Hugh Rose?
Ans: When British force under the command of sir Hugh Rose arrived at the Jhansi fort with the intention of
capturing it-
• Rani Luxmibai refused to surrender and Proclaimed ““We fight for independence. In the words of Lord
Krishna, we will if we are victorious, enjoy the fruits of victory, if defeated and killed on the field of battle,
we shall surely earn eternal glory and salvation.”
• Hugh Rose has commented on Queen of Jhansi ““Remarkable for her beauty, cleverness and perseverance, she
had been the most dangerous of all the rebel leaders. The best and bravest of all.”
Q.4. Who were the famous leaders lead the Rebel of 1857?
Ans: Many famous leaders lead troops at different places:
→ Nana Saheb in Kanpur → Bakht Khan in Bareilly → Kunwar Singh in Bihar
→ Birjis Qadr in Lucknow → Rani Lakshmibai Jhansi
Ch-6 (Women caste and Reform)
Q.1. What were the different reason people had for not sending girls to school?
Ans:There were the following reasons for people not sending their girls to school:
a. They feared that schools would take girls away from home.
b. Schools will prevent them from doing their domestic duties.
c. Girls had to travel through public places in order to reach school.
d. Travelling to schools would have a corrupting influence on them.
e. They felt that girls should stay away from public spaces.
Q.2. How did the knowledge of ancient texts help the reformers promote new laws?
Ans:Ram Mohan Roy was well-versed in Sanskrit, Persian and several other Indian and European languages. He
tried to show through his writings that the practice of widow burning had no sanction in ancient texts. The strategy
adopted by Ram Mohan Roy was used by later reformers as well. Whenever they wished to challenge a practice that
seemed harmful, they tried to find a verse or sentence in the ancient sacred texts that supported their point of view.
They then suggested that the practice, as it existed at present, was against early tradition. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
used the ancient texts to suggest that widows could remarry.
Q.3. What did Ambedkar want to achieve through the temple entry movement?
Ans:In 1927, Ambedkar started a temple entry movement, in which his Mahar caste followers participated. Brahman
priests were outraged when the Dalits used water from the temple tank. His aim was to make everyone see the power
of caste prejudices within society.
Ch-7 ( National movement)
Q.1. Why were people dissatisfied with British rule?
Ans: People were dissatisfied with British rule because of the following reasons:
a. British were exercising control over the resources of India.
b. British were attempting to control the lives of its people and until this control ended, India could not be for
Indians.
c. The Arms Act was passed in 1878, disallowing Indians from possessing arms.
d. The Vernacular Press Act was also enacted in 1879, in an effort to silence those who were critical of the
government.
e. In 1883, there was a furor over the attempt by the government to introduce the Ilbert Bill. The bill provided for the
trial of British or European persons by Indians, and sought equality between British and Indian judges in the country.
Q.2. Who were the moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?
Ans: The Moderate leaders wanted to develop public awareness about the unjust nature of British rule. They
published newspapers, wrote articles and showed how British rule was leading to the economic ruin of the country.
They criticised British rule in their speeches and sent representatives to different parts of the country to mobilise
public support. They felt that the British had respect for the ideals of freedom and justice and so would accept the
just demands of Indians. What was necessary, therefore, was to express these demands and make the government
aware of the feelings of Indians.
Q.3. how was the politics of the Radicals with the congress different from that of the Moderates?
Ans: In the fight for swaraj, the radicals advocated mass mobilisation and boycott of Britishinstitutions and goods.
Some individuals also began to suggest that “revolutionary violence” would be necessary to overthrow British rule.
Moderates, on the other hand, wanted to follow the rules, the laws and the order posed by the British. They followed
the ‘practise of prayers’ which the radicals totally opposed.
Q.4. Discuss the various forms that the Non-Corporation movement took in different.
Ans: Different places in the country showed different reactions, given below:
a. At Kheda in Gujarat, Patidar peasants organised nonviolent campaigns against the high land revenue demand of
the British.
b. In coastal Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were picketed.
c. In the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, tribals and poor peasants staged a number of “forestsatyagraha”,
sometimes sending their cattle into forests without paying grazing fee.
d. In Sind (now in Pakistan), Muslim traders and peasants were very enthusiastic about the Khilafat call.
e. In Bengal too, the Khilafat-Non-Cooperation alliance gave enormous communal unity and strength to the national
movement.
f. In Punjab, the Akali agitation of the Sikhs sought to remove corrupt mahants – supported by the British – from
their gurdwaras.
Q.4. Why Gandhiji choose to brake the salt law?
Ans: The Salt March related the general desire of freedom to a specific grievance shared by everybody and thus did
not divide the rich and the poor. Hence, in 1930, Gandhiji declared that he would lead a march to break the salt law.
CIVICS(Political Science)
Ch-1 (The Indian Constitution)
[Link] does a democratic country need a Constitution?
Ans: There are various reasons why a democratic country needs a Constitution.
1. The basic ideals on the basis of which we as citizens aspire to live in our country are mentioned in the
Constitution.
2. It tells the fundamental nature of society
3. To define the nature of the political system of the country.
4. It states a set of rules based on which people belonging to different religions and communities can peacefully co-
exist with each other.
Ch-2 (Secularism)
Q.1. How Indian secularism different from that of other democratic countries?
Ans: The strict separation between religion and the State in American secularism, while in Indian secularism
the State can intervene in religious affairs. The Indian Constitution guarantees Fundamental Rights that are
based on these secular principles.
[Link] the different types of religious practices that you find in your neighbourhood.
Ans: The different types of religious practices that we can see in our neighbourhood are as follows:
1. A Sikh person worships in Gurudwara to Guru Nanak using Guru Granth Sahib
2. A Muslim worships in a mosque, and their sacred book is the Quran.
3. A Christian worships Jesus Christ in a Church, and their religious book is the Holy Bible.
4. A Hindu worships in a Temple to the idols of Gods and Goddess.
This shows that the people in India have the freedom to practise the religion of their choice and yet live
together in peace and harmony.
Ch-3 (Parliament)
Q.1. What is an Executive or Government?
Ans: One of the most important functions of the Lok Sabha is to select the executive. An executive is a group of
persons who work together to implement the laws made by Parliament, for which we use the term government. The
Prime Minister of India is the leader of the ruling party in the Lok Sabha.
[Link] is known as Coalition government?
Ans: If different political parties join together to form the government then this is known as a coalition government.
(This happens if any single party can't get clear majority in Lok Sabha).
[Link] will become Ruling an Opposition party?
Ans: The Opposition in Parliament is formed by all the political parties that oppose the majority party/coalition
formed. The largest among these parties is called the Opposition party.
Q.4. What is ‘Question hour’ in Parliament?
Ans: Question Hour is the first hour of every session of a Parliament Session. During ‘Question hour,’ members
pose questions to certain government ministries. The relevant Ministries must respond to these Questions within a
specific deadline. This Question Hour assists Parliament to control over the Executive (Government).
Q.5. Note on Lok sabha and Rajya sabha.
Parliament Assembly Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha
1) Name of house House of Peoples Council of States
2) Chairman Speaker of the House Vice-President
3) Name of members Member of Parliament (M.P.) Member of Parliament (M.P.)
4) Election type Direct election-by the people Indirect election-by the MLAs
5) Seats of MPs 543 elected+2 nomited=545 MPs 233 elected+12 nomited=245 MPs
6) Tenure 5 Years 6 Years
Ch-4 (Judiciary)
Q.1. What is Judiciary?
Ans: The judiciary is that branch of the government that interprets law, settles disputes and administers justice to
all citizens. Judiciary is an independent body of the government.
Q.2. Does Everyone Have Access to the Courts?
Ans: Theoretically, all citizens of India can access the courts in this country. In reality access to courts has always
been difficult for a vast majority of the poor in India.
→ Legal procedures involve a lot of money and paperwork as well as take up a lot of time.
→ For a poor person who cannot read and whose family depends on a daily wage, the idea of going to court to get
justice often so remote.
[Link] the three tier pyramid system of Indian Judiciary.
Judiciary Structure-India has a single integrated judicial system. The judiciary in India has a pyramidal structure with
the Supreme Court (SC) at the top. High Courts are below and below them are the District courts.
Ch-6 (Confronting Marginalisation)
Q.1. List two Fundamental Rights in the Constitution that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated
with dignity and as equals. Re-read the Fundamental Rights listed on page 14 to help you answer this
question.
Ans: The two fundamental rights that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they be treated with dignity and as equals
are as follows:
o Right to Equality: All persons are equal before the law. No citizen can be discriminated against on the basis
of his or her socioeconomic background, caste, religion, etc. Every person has equal right of access to all
public places.
o Cultural and Educational Rights: This includes the right to protect the culture language etc of different ethnic
groups while at the same time allowing for access of education without any discrimination.
Q.2. Re-read the story on Rathnam as well as the provisions of the 1989 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. Now list one reason why you think he used this law to file a complaint.
Ans: The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989 seeks to punish those who
humiliate or ill-treat the members of dalit or tribal groups. Rathnam sought the support of the law, filing his complaint
under the above Act to seek protection against the domination and violence of the powerful castes in his village.
Ch-7 (Law and Social Justice)
Q.1. How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples.
Ans: Laws ensure that markets work in a fair manner by protecting the people from unfair practices.
The two examples are –
→Child Labour Prevention Act: This law states that no child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to work in
any factory or mine or engage in any other hazardous employment.
→Right against Exploitation: This law states that no one can be forced to work for low wages or under bondage.
The government has also passed laws to make sure that essential products such as kerosene, food grain, sugar, etc.,
are not highly-priced. It is imperative to impose such restrictions on people who are marketing these types of
products so that people of low economic strata can afford these goods.
Q.2. Write a paragraph on the various roles of the government that you have read about in this unit.
Ans: The government plays the following roles:
i. Providing public facilities like healthcare, sanitation and water supply ensures that these are not overtaken
by private enterprises.
ii. Enforcing the laws against child labour.
iii. Fixing minimum wages for workers and revising it from time to time.
iv. Enforcing laws regarding safety at the workplace.
v. Enforcing laws regarding the safety of the environment.
vi. Protecting the interests of consumers against overpricing and standard products.
vii. Punishing organisations which do not follow policies to protect the environment against pollution.
Q.3. What are the sources of environmental pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to (a) air; (b) water
and (c) soil. What are the steps being taken to reduce pollution? Can you suggest some other measures?
Answer: The various sources of environmental pollution in our area are as follows:
(a)Air- Smoke from factories and vehicles that run on petrol or diesel is the main reason behind air pollution.
(b)Water- The main cause of water pollution is chemical fertilizers and garbage from factories, farms and houses.
(c)Soil- Soil is polluted by the pesticides and fertilisers that are used to grow crops or by garbage dumped by human
or by factory waste.
Steps taken to reduce pollution are listed below:
Various laws have been enforced to keep a check on environmental pollution.
Promotion of CNG vehicles to reduce air pollution.
Strict actions against companies who violate environmental laws.
ARTICLEs
(Article-15)-No one can be discriminated on the basis of caste, Religion, Birth place, Socio-economic
background and gender.
(Article-17)- Untouchability is prohibited.
(Article-21)-Each and every human have the right to live with dignity.
(Article-23)-Prohibition of Human trafficking, forced and bondage labour.
(Article-24)- Prohibits the employment of children under the age of 14 in factories, mines, or other hazardous
occupations.
GEOGRAPHY
CH-1 (Resources)
Q.1. Why are resources distributed unequally over the earth?
Ans: Earth has different topography, climate and altitude at different places. The difference in these factors has
resulted in unequal distribution of resources on the earth. Also, all these factors are different from place to place on
the planet.
Q.2. What is sustainable development?
Ans: Balancing the need to use resources and also conserving them for the future is called sustainable development.
when all renewable resources are used sustainably, the diversity of life on the earth is conserved, and the damage to
the natural environmental system is minimised and saved for future generations.
Q.3. What do you understand by Resources? Explain about type of Natural resources.
Ans:“Anything that can be used to satisfy a need is a resource. Like Water, electricity, rickshaw, vegetable and
textbook etc. they all have utility to us.
Resources
Renewable Resources Non-renewable Resources
→Renewable resources are those →Non-renewable resources
which get renewed or replenished are those which have a
Human made quickly. limited stock. Once the
Natural Resources →Some of these are unlimited and stocks are exhausted it may
Resources
are not affected by human activities. take thousands of years to
Exa.- Solar energy, Wind energy etc. be renewed or replenished.
Non-renewable
→Some can be affected by human Exa.- Coal, petroleum,
Renewable
Resources
Resources activities.-ie. Water, Forest. natural gas.
CH-2 (Land, soil, Water)
Q.1. Write any two reasons for land degradation today.
Ans: The overuse of chemical fertilizers and deforestation are the two main reasons for land degradation. The
growing population and their ever-growing demand has led to large scale destruction of forest cover and arable land
and has created a fear of losing this natural resource.
[Link] any two steps that the government has taken to conserve plants and animals.
Ans: Two major steps taken by the government to protect and conserve plants, animals and natural vegetation are as
follows:
National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves are made to protect our natural vegetation and wildlife.
Awareness programmes like social forestry and tree plantation- ‘Van mahotsava’ are organised to conserve
forests, which are a valuable natural resource.
Q.3. Suggest three ways to conserve water.
Ans: Three main ways to conserve water are:
a. Increasing forest cover and other vegetation to slow the surface runoff.
b. Replenishing underground water through rainwater harvesting.
c. Reducing the loss of water in irrigation and shifting to less water-intensive methods of agriculture.
Q.4. What is soil?
Ans: The thin layer of grainy substance covering the surface of the earth is called soil.
Soil Profile-
CH-3 (Agriculture)
Q.1. What is agriculture?
Ans: Agriculture is a primary activity that includes growing crops, vegetables, fruits, flowers and rearing livestock.
Agriculture is a primary activity, as it is connected with the extraction and production of natural resources.
Q.2. What is plantation agriculture?
Answer: Plantations are a type of commercial farming where single crops of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber,
banana, cotton etc., are grown. Large amounts of labour and capital are required. The produce may be processed on
the farm itself or in nearby factories. The development of a transport network is thus essential for such farming.
Major plantations are found in the tropical regions of the world. Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, and tea in
India and Sri Lanka are some examples.
Q.3. What is shifting cultivation? What are its disadvantages?
Answer: Shifting cultivation is also known as slash-and-burn cultivation. It is a type of farming activity which
involves clearing a land plot by cutting down trees and burning them. The ashes are then mixed with the soil, and
crops are grown. After the land has lost its fertility, it is abandoned. The farmers then move to a new place.
Shifting cultivation Names :
The disadvantages of shifting cultivation are as follows:
(i) Leads to deforestation. (ii) Loss of fertility of a particular land. (iii) Leads to soil erosion.
(iv) Burning of trees causes air pollution. (v) Insufficient cultivation of crops for a large population.
Q.4. Primary activities, Secondary and tertiary activities
Ans: Primary activities are related to the production and extraction of natural resources, such as fishing, agriculture
and mining.
Secondary activities, These are concerned with the processing of the Primary resources.
Exa- Manufacturing steel, weaving of cloths, baking of breads. It’s also called manufacturing sector.
Tertiary activities are those that provide support to primary and secondary sectors in carrying out their activities like
transportation, banking etc. it’s also called service sector.
CH-4 (Industry)
Q.1. What is meant by the term ‘industry’?
Answer: Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods like the iron and steel
industry, the extraction of minerals like the coal mining industry and the provision of services like the tourism
industry.
Q.2. Which are the main factors which influence the location of an industry?
Ans: Picture is shown above.
Q.3. What is Agro-based and mineral-based industry
Ans: Agro-based industries use plant and animal-based products as their raw materials. It is a source of employment
for people in rural areas.
Exa-Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries.
Mineral-based industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. It is a source of
employment for both rural and urban populations.
Exa-Steel and Iron Industries and Heavy Machinery industries.
Q.4. Public sector and joint sector industry
Ans: Public sector industries are owned and operated by the government.
Exa-Steel Authority of India Limited and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.
Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.
Exa- Maruti Udyog Limited.
Q.5. Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of the modern industry and why?
Ans: Steel is called the backbone of modern industry because almost everything we use is either made of steel or has
been made with machinery or tools made out of steel. The steel industry is basically the feeder industry, whose
products are the raw materials for other industries.
CH-5 (Human Resourecs)
Q.1. What are the causes for the uneven distribution of population in the world?
Ans:Population distribution in the world is uneven because of two factors, Geographicaland Social.
Geographical factors include
1. Topography: People prefer living on plains rather than mountains and plateausbecause these areas are suitable for farming,
manufacturing and service activities. TheGanga Plains are the most densely populated area in the world.
2. Water: People prefer living in areas where fresh water is easily available. The rivervalleys of the world are the densely
populated regions, while deserts have a lesspopulation.
Social factors include
1. Social: Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are more denselypopulated. (For example, Pune)
2. Economic: Industrial areas provide employment opportunities. A large number ofpeople are attracted to theseareas.
Q.2. What is meant by population composition?
Ans:Population composition refers to the structure of the population. The composition ofthe population helps us know how
many are males or females, which age group they belongto, how educated they are, what type of occupations they are employed
in and what theirincome levels and health conditions are. An interesting way of studying the populationcomposition of a country
is by looking at the population pyramid, also called an age-sexpyramid.
Q.3. What are population pyramids? How do they help in understanding the populationof a country?
Ans:The graphical representation used to study the composition of a country’spopulation is called the population pyramid. It
shows the total population divided into variousage groups, the percentage of the total populationsubdivided into males and
females and thenumber of dependents in a country. When the population of a country has high birth anddeath rates, the
population pyramid is broad at the base and narrow towards the top.
* * leT uS pay TribuTe To THe marTyrS of our counTry * *
1) Story of a 24 year old revolutionary who ascended the gallows laughing.-“The Legend of Bhagat Singh.”
He was born on 28 September 1907 in the village of Banga in the Lyallpur (today’s Pakistan)
When Bhagat Singh was only 12 years old, he bunked school to visit the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre just
hours after thousands of unarmed people had been killed.
Bhagat Singh’s Revolutionary Activities
In 1926, he founded the Naujawan Bharat Sabha.- This
organisation aimed to encourage revolution against British rule
by rallying the peasants and workers.
In 1928, he established the Hindustan Socialist Republican
Association (HSRA) along with Sukhdev, Chandrashekhar Azad
and others.
Hunger Strike in Jail- Shaheed Bhagat Singh, along with Jatin Das,
held a hunger strike demanding better prison conditions for
Indian prisoners.
Bhagat Singh Quotes
Bhagat Singh said 'They may kill me, but not my ideas.’
Inquilab Zindabad means Long Live the Rebellion.
They can crush my body, but will not be able to crush my spirit.
Great empires crumbled while the ideas survived..
Central Assembly Bombing Case
“If the deaf are to hear, the sound has to be very loud.”
On 8th April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly at Delhi,
from the Visitors’ Gallery.
Nobody was hurt in the incident, and it was never their intention to cause physical harm to anyone.
Their stated aim was ‘to make the deaf hear’.
Tthey wanted to spread their message of revolution and anti-imperialism.
Shaheed Diwas
Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were hanged in Lahore Jail on 23rd march 1931 at 7:30 am. While proceeding
to the gallows, they raised slogans like ‘down with British imperialism’ and ‘Inquilab Zindabad’. We celebrate
Shaheed Diwas at 23rd march.
2) Veerangna Rani Lakshmi Bai
Rani Lakshmibai was born on 19 November 1828 in thetown of Varanasi.
She was named Manikarnika Tambe and was nicknamedManu.
At the age of 14, she was married to the Maharaja of Jhansi, Gangadhar Rao.
After her marriage, she was called Laxmibai.
Rani Lakshmi Bai Role in the 1857 Revolt
Lord Dalhousie sought to annex Jhansi when the Maharaja died applying
the Doctrine of Lapse since the king did not have any natural heir.
Rani Laxmibai refused and proclaimed, “We fight for independence.
In the words of Lord Krishna, we will if we are victorious, enjoy the
fruits of victory, if defeated and killed on the field of battle, we shall
surely earn eternal glory and salvation.”
Rani Laxmibai died while fighting in Gwalior on 18th June 1858, aged 23. She was dressed as a soldier
when she died.
Rani Lakshmi Bai’s Legacy
Sir Hugh Rose(who’s troop fought to her) has commented,“Remarkable for her beauty, cleverness and
perseverance, she had been the most dangerous of all the rebel leaders. The best and bravest of all.”
She will always be remembered as a great martyr who laid down her life for the cause of freedom. She is a
symbol of courage, heroism and woman power.
3) Birsa Munda-The Tribal Hero
Birsa Munda was a young freedom fighter and a tribal leaderof the Munda tribe
who fought against the British colonial rule in India. He was born on 15 November
1875 in Ulihatu, a small village in Ranchi district, [Link] 1900 Birsa died of
cholera and the movement faded out.
Leadership and Resistance
Birsa Munda became a leader of the Munda tribe and organized a resistance
movement against the British colonial rule. He mobilized the tribal people
against the British and their policies of exploitation and oppression.
He aimed at reforming tribal society. He urged the Mundas to give up
drinking liquor, clean their village, and stop believing in witchcraft and
sorcery.
Religious Reforms
He rejected the traditional practices of the Mundas and promoted a new religion that was based on the worship of
one God and emphasized the equality of all people.
Legacy of Birsa Munda
Birsa Munda was a courageous leader who fought against the British colonial rule and the oppression of the tribal
people. He was also a religious reformer who promoted a new religion based on equality and the worship of one
God. His legacy continues to inspire and guide the tribal people of India in their struggle for justice and equality.
History) Locate on the Map:- Fort William, Fort [Link], Surat, Daman-Diu, Goa,Hoogly, Plassey,
Buxar, Pondicherry.
Geography) Locate Iron and Steel Industries on the map.