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Lec05 LectureNotes

The document discusses the work done by pressure in a piston, detailing the relationship between pressure, volume, and work through equations and p-V diagrams. It also covers the work required to compress a spring and the concept of shaft work in rotating fluid machines, providing relevant formulas for each scenario. Key concepts include the calculation of work on the surroundings versus the system and the significance of different paths in pressure-volume relationships.

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5 views3 pages

Lec05 LectureNotes

The document discusses the work done by pressure in a piston, detailing the relationship between pressure, volume, and work through equations and p-V diagrams. It also covers the work required to compress a spring and the concept of shaft work in rotating fluid machines, providing relevant formulas for each scenario. Key concepts include the calculation of work on the surroundings versus the system and the significance of different paths in pressure-volume relationships.

Uploaded by

Hello hello
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Work due to Pressure, Shafts, Springs, and Electricity

Pressure Work
Consider the work done by the expansion of a fluid (a gas or liquid) in a piston:
Work done on a piston during expansion of a fluid 2
1 2 Won surr,1→2 = Fon surr ⋅ ds ∫
1
fluid x2
F
= ∫ ( pAeˆ
x1
x ) ⋅ ( dxeˆ x )
x2
dx
x = ∫ pAdx
x1
pressure force the system
V2
exerts on the face of the
piston: ∴Won surr,1→2 = ∫ pdV
V1
(11)
where p is the pressure at
the piston face and A is the Note that dV=Adx. Note also that in this example, the
area of the piston face work on the surroundings has been calculated instead
of the work acting on the system. To get the work
done on the system, we simply have,
Won system = -Won surr .

If we plot how the pressure changes with volume we get a p-V diagram:
p
path 2 The area under the curve is equal to the work done by
p2 the fluid on the surroundings in going from state 1 to
p 1 area = pdV state 2.
1
V2

Won surr,1→2 = ∫ pdV .


V V1
V1 V2
dV

Note that different paths from state 1 to state 2 will give different amounts of work:

p p
2 2
1 1

V V
(a) (b)

W1→2(a) > W1→2(b)

One example of a particular pressure-volume relationship is known as a polytropic process where the
pressure and volume are related by,
pV n = constant . (12)

C. Wassgren Last Updated: 2016 Dec 18


Chapter 03: Basic Thermodynamics
Power required to rotate a shaft

Spring Work
Now let’s examine the work required to compress a spring with stiffness, k:
Work required to compress a spring 2
k F
∫
Won system,1→2 = Fon system ⋅ ds
1
x2
k F
= ∫ ( −kxeˆ
x1
x ) ⋅ ( dxeˆ x )
x
x2 x1
∴Won system,1→2 = 1
2k (x
2
1 − x22 ) (25)
Note k is assumed constant in the Eqn. (25).

Shaft Work
Another method of transferring energy between a system and the surroundings is through shaft work. Shaft
work is most often associated with rotating fluid machines such as compressors, pumps, turbines, fans,
propellors,Power required to
and windmills. Themove electrons
power actingacross an electric
on a system due tofield potential
a rotating shaft is given by,
W!on system = Ton system ⋅ w , (26)
where Ton system is the torque acting on the system (assumed constant here) and ω is the angular velocity of
the shaft.

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