OVERVIEW OF ENERGY

MODULE II

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

TOPIC OUTLINE
• OVERVIEW
• FORMS OF ENERGY
• SOURCES OF ENERGY
• UNITS OF ENERGY
• WORK
• HEAT

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the discussion, the students shall be able to:
• Determine the different Laws of Energy (General Thermodynamics
and Fluid Mechanics);

• Discuss the different Types of Energy and Rank Energy Efficiencies;

• Solve problems on Energy efficiency, Nuclear Chemistry and

Electrochemistry.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

TOPIC OUTLINE
• OVERVIEW
• FORMS OF ENERGY
• SOURCES OF ENERGY
• UNITS OF ENERGY
• WORK
• HEAT

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

WHAT IS ENERGY?
• Energy does things for us.
• It moves cars along the road
and boats on the water.
• It bakes cake in the oven and
keeps ice frozen in the
freezer.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

WHAT IS ENERGY?
• It plays our favorite songs and
lights our homes at night.
• Energy helps our bodies grow
and our minds think.
• Energy is a changing, moving,
doing, and working thing.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

WHAT IS ENERGY?
• Energy is defined as
the ability to produce
change or do work.
• Energy produces
light, heat, motion,
sound, growth,
technology, etc.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

TOPIC OUTLINE
• OVERVIEW
• FORMS OF ENERGY
• SOURCES OF ENERGY
• UNITS OF ENERGY
• WORK
• HEAT

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

FORMS OF ENERGY
• There are many forms of energy but they fall into two(2) categories:

1. POTENTIAL ENERGY
2. KINETIC ENERGY

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

POTENTIAL ENERGY
• Is stored energy and energy of
position, or gravitational energy.
There are several forms of
potential energy which include:

1. CHEMICAL ENERGY
2. NUCLEAR ENERGY
3. GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

POTENTIAL ENERGY
• CHEMICAL ENERGY
• Energy stored in the bonds of
atoms and molecules. It is the
energy that holds these
particles together.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

POTENTIAL ENERGY
• NUCLEAR ENERGY
• Is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom or the energy that holds the
nucleus together.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

POTENTIAL ENERGY
• GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY
• Is the energy of position or place.
A rock resting at the top of the hill
contains gravitational potential
energy.
• Hydropower, such as water in a
reservoir behind a dam, is an
example of a gravitational
potential energy.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

POTENTIAL ENERGY
• To calculate for POTENTIAL ENERGY,
the equation below is used:
PE = mgh

Where:
m = mass (kg)
g = acceleration due to
gravity (9.81 m/s²)
h = height (m)

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

EXAMPLE:
• Find the change in potential energy of a 2.6 kg textbook that falls
from the 66 cm height of a table top onto the floor.

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KINETIC ENERGY
• Is the energy of motion
• Motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and objects.

• FORMS OF KINETIC ENERGY

• ELECTRICAL ENERGY
• RADIANT ENERGY
• THERMAL ENERGY OR HEAT
• MOTION ENERGY
• SOUND ENERGY

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KINETIC ENERGY
• ELECTRICAL ENERGY
• Is the movement of electrons.
• Everything is made of tiny particles
called atoms.
• Atoms are made of even smaller
particles called electrons, protons
and neutrons.
• Applying a force can cause some of
the electrons to move.
• Electron moving through a wire is
called electricity.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

KINETIC ENERGY
• RADIANT ENERGY
• Is electromagnetic energy that
travels in transverse waves.
Radiant energy includes visible
light, x-rays, gamma rays, and
radio waves.
• Light and solar energy are types of
radiant energy.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

KINETIC ENERGY
• THERMAL ENERGY OR HEAT
• Is the internal energy of a
substance.
• The vibration and movement of
atoms and molecules within a
substance.
• The faster molecules and atoms
vibrate and move within a
substance, the more energy they
possess and the hotter they
become.
• Geothermal energy is an example of
heat energy.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

KINETIC ENERGY
• MOTION ENERGY
• Is the movement of objects and
substances from one place to another.
• According to Newton’s Law of Motion,
objects and substances move when a
force is applied.
• Wind is an example of motion energy.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

KINETIC ENERGY
• SOUND ENERGY
• Is the movement of energy through
substances in longitudinal
(compression) waves.
• Sound is produced when a force
causes an object or substance to
vibrate.
• The energy is transferred through the
substance in a wave.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

KINETIC ENERGY
• To calculate for KINETIC ENERGY, the equation below is used:

KE = ½ mv²

Where:
m – mass (kg)
v – velocity (m/s)

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

EXAMPLE:
• A rifle shoots a 4.25 grams bullet at a velocity of 965 m/s. What is its
kinetic energy?

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

TOPIC OUTLINE
• OVERVIEW
• FORMS OF ENERGY
• SOURCES OF ENERGY
• UNITS OF ENERGY
• WORK
• HEAT

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

SOURCES OF ENERGY
• People have always used energy to do
work for them.
• Thousands of years ago, early humans
burned wood to provide light, heat
their living spaces, and cook their food.
• Later, people used the wind to move
their boats from place to place.
• A hundred years ago, people began
using falling water to make electricity.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

SOURCES OF ENERGY
• Today, people use more energy
than ever from a variety of
sources for a multitude of tasks
and our lives are undoubtedly
better for it.

• Our homes are comfortable and

full of useful and entertaining
electrical devices.

• We communicate instantaneously
in many ways.

• We live longer, healthier lives.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones
SOURCES OF ENERGY
• We travel the world, or at least
see it on television and the
internet.
• The major energy sources we
use today are classified into two
broad groups:

1. Non-renewable
2. Renewable

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NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
• Include coal, petroleum, natural
gas, propane, and uranium.

• They are used to generate

electricity, to heat our homes, to
move our cars, and to manufacture
products.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
• These energy sources are called non-renewable because they cannot
be replenished in a short period of time.

• Petroleum, for example, was formed millions of years ago from the
remains of ancient sea life, so we cant make more quickly.

• We could run out of economically recoverable non-renewable

resources someday.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
• It includes biomass, geothermal,
hydropower, solar, and wind.
• They are called renewable energy
sources because their supplies are
replenished in a short time.
• Day after day, the sun shines, the
wind blows, and the rivers flow.
• We use renewable energy sources
mainly to make electricity.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

TOPIC OUTLINE
• OVERVIEW
• FORMS OF ENERGY
• SOURCES OF ENERGY
• UNITS OF ENERGY
• WORK
• HEAT

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

UNITS OF ENERGY
• The basic unit of energy is Joule (J). One Joule is the amount of work
done when a force of 1 Newton acts over a distance of 1 meter; thus
1 J = N.m.

• The other two units in wide use are the calorie (cal) and British
Thermal Unit (Btu) which are defined in terms of the heating effect in
water.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

UNITS OF ENERGY
ENERGY UNIT DEFINITION
1 cal = 4.184 J 1 calorie will raise the temperature of water by
1°C. The “dietary” calorie is actually 1kcal.
1 Btu = 1055 J 1 Btu will raise the temperature of 1 lb of water
by 1°F.
1 J = 107 𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 1 erg is the c.g.s. unit of energy and a very
small one; the work done when a 1-dyne force
1 erg = 1 [Link]²/s² = 1 d-cm acts over a distance of 1 cm.
1 J = 6.24 x 10^18 eV The electron-volt is even tinier: 1 eV is the
work required to move a unit electric charge
(1C) through a potential difference of 1 volt.
1 J = 2.78 x 10^-4 watt-hr The watt is a unit of power, which measures
the rate of energy flow in J/s. Thus the watt-hr
1 watt-hr = 3.6 kJ is a unit of energy.
1 L-atm = 101.235 J The liter-atmosphere is a variant of force
pressure associated with volume changes in
Prepared By: Engr. gases.
John O. Briones
EXAMPLE:
• A glass of milk typically contains about 253 kcal of energy. Convert
this amount of energy in J and Btu.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

TOPIC OUTLINE
• OVERVIEW
• FORMS OF ENERGY
• SOURCES OF ENERGY
• UNITS OF ENERGY
• WORK
• HEAT

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

WORK
• Work is defined as a force (F) acting through a distance (d). Thus,

W = F.d
Where: F = force in Newtons
d = distance in meters

But as it turns out, there are other definitions of work that is equally
important to chemistry.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

WORK
• When a certain volume of a gas
expands, it works against an external
pressure to expand. That is, the gas
must perform work.

• Assuming that the pressure Pext is

constant, the amount of work done
by the gas is given by the equation:

W = - Pext x ∆v

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

WORK
• Where ∆v is the change in volume of
the gas and is calculated by:

∆v = Vfinal – V initial

The ∆V can be positive or negative,

depending on whether Vfinal is larger
(expansion) or smaller (contraction)
than Vinitial.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

EXAMPLE:
• Rennata is out with her friends. Misfortune occurs and they found
themselves out of gas. They accumulatively applied a force of 1080 N
to push the car 218 meters to the nearest fuel stations. Determine
the work done on the car.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

TOPIC OUTLINE
• OVERVIEW
• FORMS OF ENERGY
• SOURCES OF ENERGY
• UNITS OF ENERGY
• WORK
• HEAT

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

HEAT
• Heat is another aspect of energy.
• It is the transfer from one body to another due to a difference in
temperature.
• If two bodies at different temperatures are brought together, energy
is transferred – i.e. heat flows from the hotter body to the other one.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

HEAT
• The measurement of heat is given by the equation:
q = mc∆T

Where: m = mass (kg)

c = specific heat capacity
∆T = change in temperature (Final – Initial)

The specific heat capacity, also called specific heat or heat capacity, is a
measure of how much energy is needed to change the temperature of
a substance.
Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones
EXAMPLE
• Calculate the heat involved when 76.5 grams of Ag increase the
temperature from 17.8°C to 144.5°C. The specific heat of Ag is 0.233
J/g°C.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

OVERVIEW OF ENERGY
MODULE II

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones

Activity No.3: Group Presentation
Objective: Instructions:
To understand and explain how 1. Introduction: Provide a brief background of your
energy is created from different assigned/project topic.
engineering projects related to 2. Process of Energy Creation: Explain step-by-step how
power generation. energy is produced from your chosen project (e.g., from
raw resource → conversion → usable electricity).
3. Engineering Components: Highlight the main civil
engineering works involved (dams, turbines, solar panels,
Topics: foundations, cooling systems, etc.).
1. Hydropower 4. Advantages & Limitations: Discuss the benefits and
challenges of using this energy source.
2. Solar Energy 5. Examples: Present at least one real-world project
3. Wind Energy (local or international) and describe its significance.
6. Visual Aids: Use diagrams, images, or videos to
4. Geothermal Energy illustrate how the system works.
5. Fossil Fuel and Nuclear [Link]: Summarize why this energy source is
important for sustainable development.
6. Biomass
Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones
Activity No.3: Group Presentation
Format & Guidelines:
• Group presentation (15 minutes
Evaluation Criteria:
per group).
Content accuracy & completeness 20%
• Use PowerPoint Presentation. Clarity of explanation 20%
• Cite sources properly. Creativity and visuals 20%
Organization of presentation 20%
• Creativity and clarity in
Team participation 20%
explaining the energy creation
process will be graded.

Prepared By: Engr. John O. Briones