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Series RLC Lab1 Theory

The document provides an overview of a Series RLC Circuit, detailing its configuration, governing equations, and key parameters such as natural frequency, damping ratio, and quality factor. It explains different damping cases (overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped) and their corresponding circuit behaviors. Additionally, it discusses impedance, resonance, bandwidth, and selectivity in the context of circuit design.

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4 views3 pages

Series RLC Lab1 Theory

The document provides an overview of a Series RLC Circuit, detailing its configuration, governing equations, and key parameters such as natural frequency, damping ratio, and quality factor. It explains different damping cases (overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped) and their corresponding circuit behaviors. Additionally, it discusses impedance, resonance, bandwidth, and selectivity in the context of circuit design.

Uploaded by

junaid hameed youtube
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Electrical Circuits Laboratory Lab 1: Series RLC Circuit

Lab 1: Series RLC Circuit


Theory & Background

Circuit Configuration
A series RLC circuit consists of a resistor R, an inductor L, and a capacitor C connected
in series with a voltage source vs (t). The same current i(t) flows through every element.

Governing Equation
Applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) around the loop:
Z
di(t) 1
vs (t) = R i(t) + L + i(t) dt (1)
dt C

dvC
Substituting i(t) = C and differentiating yields the standard second-order ODE:
dt
d2 vC dvC
LC 2
+ RC + vC = vs (t) (2)
dt dt

Key Parameters

lightblue Parameter Symbol Expression


1
Natural Frequency ωn √
LC
r
R C
Damping Ratio ζ
2 pL
Damped Frequency ωd ωn 1 − ζ 2
r
1 L
Quality Factor Q
R C
ωn
Resonant Frequency f0 [Hz]
2π

Damping Cases
The characteristic equation of the circuit is:

p
s2 + 2ζωn s + ωn2 = 0 ⇒ s1,2 = −ζωn ± ωn ζ2 − 1

Overdamped (ζ > 1)
Two distinct real roots; purely exponential decay with no oscillation:

vC (t) = A1 es1 t + A2 es2 t

1
Electrical Circuits Laboratory Lab 1: Series RLC Circuit

Critically Damped (ζ = 1)
Repeated real root; fastest non-oscillatory response:

vC (t) = (A1 + A2 t) e−ωn t

Underdamped (ζ < 1)
Complex conjugate roots; decaying sinusoidal (oscillatory) response:

vC (t) = e−ζωn t (A1 cos ωd t + A2 sin ωd t)

Impedance & Resonance


In the phasor (frequency) domain the total series impedance is:
 
1 1
Z(jω) = R + jωL + = R + j ωL − (3)
jωC ωC

At resonance (ω = ωn ), the reactive terms cancel:

1 Vs
ωn L = =⇒ Z = R, Imax =
ωn C R
The circuit is purely resistive and current reaches its maximum value.

Bandwidth & Selectivity


The half-power (3 dB) bandwidth is:

ωn R
BW = = [rad/s]
Q L
A higher Q yields a narrower bandwidth and sharper frequency selectivity — the foun-
dation of resonant filter and tuning circuit design.

Quick-Reference Summary

lightblue Condition Circuit Behaviour

ω < ωn Capacitive — current leads voltage


ω = ωn Purely resistive — resonance
ω > ωn Inductive — current lags voltage

ζ>1 Overdamped — no oscillation


ζ=1 Critically damped — fastest decay
ζ<1 Underdamped — oscillatory response

2
Electrical Circuits Laboratory Lab 1: Series RLC Circuit

Note: All equations assume ideal, lumped-parameter components and linear operation.

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