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Class 6 Inheritance

Alleles are different forms of a gene that can vary by several bases, and homologous chromosomes may carry different alleles. Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation through processes like crossing over and random assortment of chromosomes. Mendel's principles of inheritance highlight the distinction between dominant and recessive genes, with dominant alleles typically coding for functional proteins and recessive alleles requiring two copies to express a trait.

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Varleen Kaur
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5 views17 pages

Class 6 Inheritance

Alleles are different forms of a gene that can vary by several bases, and homologous chromosomes may carry different alleles. Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation through processes like crossing over and random assortment of chromosomes. Mendel's principles of inheritance highlight the distinction between dominant and recessive genes, with dominant alleles typically coding for functional proteins and recessive alleles requiring two copies to express a trait.

Uploaded by

Varleen Kaur
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Alleles

• The various forms of a gene are alleles.


• Alleles may differ from each other by one or a
few or several bases.
• Homologous chromosomes carry the same
sequence of genes but not necessarily the
same alleles of those genes.
• New alleles are formed by copying errors, and
by mutation (= accidental damage to DNA,
whether endogenous or exogenous)
• From the existing genetic material, recombined
versions can be generated during meiosis
Why have sex?
• Mutation is the only source of variation.
• However, various stages of randomness in the course
of sexual reproduction increase the combinations of
mutations found in offspring:
• Crossing over
• 2 steps of random assortment of chromosomes
during meiosis
• Assortment of sexual partners.
• Fusion of different gametes from even the same
parents, also promotes genetic variation, for
example, between siblings
• Mutation: Exogenous sources: radiation,
3
chemicals, or viruses an
inserting their DNA into ours!
Insertion of
exogenous
DNA is a
common
viral/bacterial
source of
mutation 4
Point mutation and correction

5
6
Proofreading is done through the same size constraint
as replication of DNA
7
Amino acid might not
change for
synonymous codons

Stop codons cause


nonsense frames

Can also have larger


frameshifts
8
Chromosomal mutation:
Down’s syndrome
Human genome
Inheritance
• Mendel discovered the principles of inheritance
with experiments in which large numbers of pea
plants were crossed.
RECESSIVE VS. DOMINANT GENES

Recessive genes= two


recessive genes must
be paired to produce
characteristic

Dominant genes= need


no pairing. produce
characteristic every
time
Dominance
• Dominant alleles usually refer to an allele that codes
for a functioning protein, while recessive alleles code
for non-functional protein
• Based on this do you understand what makes a
functional protein dominant over a non-functional
one?
• If alleles produce partially functional proteins, they
may produce traits that are co-dominant, or
incompletely dominant, with mixed effects.
• Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive
alleles but co-dominant alleles have joint effects.
Dominant allele -> Huntington’s disease

15
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Recessive allele -> Phenylketonuria

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