Database Management System

an Overview
Module - 1
 Outline of the module
• Ways of Managing Data
• Overview of database
• The Database Models
– Level of Abstraction
– DBMS Models
• Database System Life Cycle
• Database Users
• Trends in Database
 Trends of Managing Data in an IS
seen so far
– DBMS based Information Systems
• Generalized data management software
• Transaction processing
– File Based Information Systems
• Disk (direct access)
Progr
• application program has its own file data dependence ess
• data redundancy in
– Sequential Information Systems time
• Tapes and
• Files Tech
• slow, non-interactive, redundancy,... . nolog
– Manual Information System y
• Records
• Files
• Index Cards
 Drawbacks of a File System
– Data Inconsistency
– Inflexibility
– Limited Data Sharing
– Poor enforcement of standards
– Excessive program maintenance
 Overview of Database
• What is a Database ?
• Why a Database ?
• Terms and Concepts
 Overview of Database
• What is you understanding of a Database?
 What is difficult to
achieve without a DBMS?
 Overview of Database
• Why do we need a Database ?
– Minimize
• Data Redundancy
• Program Maintenance
– Avoid
• Inconsistency of Data
– Provide
• Sharing of Data
• Better Integration of Data
• Ease of Application Development
• Uniform Security, Privacy, and Integrity Controls
• Data Accessibility and Responsiveness
• Data Independence
 Overview of Database

CASE User Application

Tools Interface Programs

DBMS
Repository Database

Database Environment
 Overview of Database
• Terms and Concepts
– Database Management System -- DBMS
• Software system used to define, create, maintain and
provide controlled access to the database and
repository
– Repository
• Data Dictionary
• The place where all metadata for a particular database
is stored
• may also include information on relationships between
files or tables in a particular database
 Overview of Database
• Terms and Concepts
– Metadata
• Data about data
– In DBMS means all of the characteristics describing the
attributes of an entity, E.G.:
» name of attribute
» data type of attribute
» size of the attribute
» format or special characteristics
– Characteristics of files or relations
• name, content, notes, etc.
 Overview of Database
• Terms and Concepts
– Data Independence
• Physical representation and location of data and the
use of that data are separated
– The application doesn’t need to know how or where the
database has stored the data, but just how to ask for it.
– Moving a database from one DBMS to another should not
have a material effect on application program
– Recoding, adding fields, etc. in the database should not affect
applications
 Overview of Database
Dependent VS Independent Data

Data Dependent Independent Data

– Linked list.

– Tree

SELECT CITY
FROM S
– Array: WHERE ITEM = 'X';

• Storage structure changed

• Storage structure changed ➔ program
➔ no change in program
changed
 Overview of Database

DBMS
• Database Engine ===============
• Data Dictionary Design tools
Table Creation
• Application Form Creation
Generator Query Creation
Report Creation
• Communication Procedural
Application
and Integration Programs
Database language
• Security and compiler
=============
Other Utilities Run time
Database contains: Form processor
Query processor
User’s Data User
Report Writer
Metadata Language Run time Interface
Indexes Applications
Application Metadata

Components of Database
 Types of Database
• PC Databases
• Centralized Database
• Client/Server Databases
• Distributed Databases
• Database Models
Types Database

Example : ?

PC Database
Types of Database

Central
Database
Computer

Centralized Database
 Types of Database
Client

Client
Network

Database
Server
Client

Client / Server Database

Types of Database

Distributed Database
 Database Models
(1) Levels or views of the Database
• Conceptual, logical, physical

(2) DBMS
• Relational, Hierarchic, Network, Object-Oriented,
Object-Relational
 Database Models
Levels of Abstraction

View / Conceptual Level

View 1 View 2 View n

Logical Level

Physical Level
 Levels of Abstraction
• Instance and schemas
– Types of schemas
• Physical level schema
• Logical level schema
• View or Conceptual level schema / subschema
– Application programs adapt physical data
independence
 Database Models
Application 1 Application 2 Application 3 Application 4

View 1 View 2 View 3 View 4

Application 1
Conceptual
requirements
Application 2
Conceptual Physical
requirements
Conceptual Logical Model
Application 3 Model Model
Conceptual
requirements
Application 4
Conceptual
requirements

Levels of Abstraction
 Database Models
• Hierarchical Model (1960’s and 1970’s)
– Similar to data structures in programming
languages.

Books
(id, title)

Authors
Publisher Subjects
(first, last)
 Database Models
• Network Model (1970’s)
– Provides for single entries of data and navigational
“links” through chains of data.

Authors

Subjects Books

Publishers
 Database Models
• Relational Model (1980’s)
– Provides a conceptually simple model for data as
relations (typically considered “tables”) with all
data visible.
 Database Models
• Object Oriented Data Model (1990’s)
– Encapsulates data and operations as “Objects”

Books
(id, title)

Authors
Publisher Subjects
(first, last)
 Database Models
• Object-Relational Model (1990’s)
– Combines the well-known properties of the
Relational Model with such OO features as:
• User-defined datatypes
• User-defined functions
• Inheritance and sub-classing
Database System Life Cycle (DSLC)
Physical
Creation
2

Design Conversion
3
1

Growth,
Change, &
Maintenance Integration
6 4

Operations
5
 Database System Life Cycle
• Design :
– Determination of the needs of the organization
– Development of the Conceptual Model of the
database
• Typically using Entity-Relationship diagramming
techniques
– Construction of a Data Dictionary
– Development of the Logical Model
 Database System Life Cycle
• Physical Creation :
– Development of the Physical Model of the Database
• data formats and types
• determination of indexes, etc.
– Load a prototype database and test
– Determine and implement security, privacy and access
controls
– Determine and implement integrity constraints
 Database System Life Cycle
• Conversion :
– Convert existing data sets and applications to use
the new database
• May need programs, conversion utilities to convert old
data to new formats.
• Integration :
– Overlaps with Phase 3
– Integration of converted applications and new
applications into the new database
 Database System Life Cycle
• Operations :
– All applications run full-scale
– Privacy, security, access control must be in place.
– Recovery and Backup procedures must be established and
used

• Growth, change and Maintenance :

– Change is a way of life
– Applications, data requirements, reports, etc. will all
change as new needs and requirements are found
– The Database and applications and will need to be
modified to meet the needs of changes
Another View of DSLC
 Functions of a Database
• Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Data Security and Integrity
• Data Recovery and Concurrency
• Data Dictionary
• Performance
 Database Users
• Reading : Assignment.
• Candidates are required to refer to the text and get a sound
understanding of the following :
– Various types of database users and their specific task
– Differentiate between the different types of users
– Should be able to outline of the db users based on the scenario given .
 Trends in Database Technology
1960s to 1970s to Late Future
Mid-1970s Mid-1980s 1980s
Merging data models,
Semantic knowledge representation,
Network Relational
Data Model Object-oriented and programming
Hierarchical
Logic languages
Mainframes Faster PCs
Database Mainframes Minis Workstations Parallel processing
Hardware PCs Database machines Optical memories

Query Graphics
User None languages Natural language
Forms Menus
Interface - SQL, QUEL Speech input
Query-by-forms

Program Embedded Integrated database

Procedural 4GL
query and programming
Interface language
Logic programming
language
Report Business graphics Generalized display
Presentation Reports generators Image output managers
and display Processing Information Knowledge Distributed knowledge
processing data and transaction processing processing
processing
Evolution of Database