MEMM AT1@SS

· FUNCTIONS

Dependent
y =

variable
f(x) - Independent variable

i = -
i * (f + p)(x) =
f(x) + p(x)
Even : in = 1
it = 1
M = (f -
g)(x) = f(x) -

g(x)
17 iS EVEN :
2
*
* (fxp)(x) =
[f(x)][g(x)]
Odd.. i = -1

f(x)
im x
(g)(x) =

p(x)
: p(x) = 0

Even : in = j
M
= (fop)(x) =
f[g(X)]
M is ODD :
2

Odd . :in = -i
f(x) is EVEN ; f(x) =
f(x)

f(x) =
COSX f(x) = X" + 10
n
Even : i = 1
M f(x) = SecX ; M
= EVEN

17i s EVEN :
2
n f(x) is ODDi -

f( X) =
f(x) f(x) =
cotX
Odd.. i = -
1
- M f(x) =
t DMX f(x) =
CSCX
L
f(x) =
SinX f(x) = XM
Even : in = j
1 + 1 iM = Odd
odd
M is ODD :
>
-

2 *
* If f(x) =
X + C i neither odd nor
Odd .
:i " = -i
even

Real Number System f (X) is PERIODIC f(x + T) =

f(x)

= T-period
RedI Number
set of values of X which will give real value of f(x)
Domain :

T, e

Range :
Set of all possible output values
pational Number Irrational Number

Terminating of f(x) f " (X)

1 n verse =

Integer Decimal
Non-terminating/repeating

Exponents
Negative Non-negative whole No .

177 - exponent
FORM : X

Base
Zero positive/Natural/ Counting

LawS :

+ n

Significant Figures 1. XM .
yn = ym .
3 (xm)n = xm

* All nonzero digits are significant (211 8 SF =

4) 2 Xm n 4 1
Xm
.
, . -

-
x
= x =

xn Xn
* All zeros are found betweenhonzero digits are

Significant (20007 ,
SF =
5)

* Leading zeros (to the left of the first nonzero digit are Radicals

Not significant (0 0085 , SF =

2) ~
radical sign
m
.

Form !

* Trailing zeros for a whole number that ends with a W -

radicand
index
decimal point are significant (320 .
SF =
3)

*
Trailing zeros to the right of the decimal place are
Exponential Form :
Significant (12 . 000 ,
SF =
5)

*M = D

=B

multiple
Divers Least Common
More

Multiple
than two

ina factors

Divisor
-

*
n
M =
ma
 MEMM AT1@SS
Factoring

Learn
- (x + y)(x =

y) =
x3 -

* 109bX" =
y109DX * (X (y)) = X 12Xy + y

(ax + b)((X + d) = x(X3 + (ad + bc)x + bd

109X A 109 DD 1 #
=
* 1090X =

* 109eX =
1MX 100pl
=
0 * (X (y)" = X3 = 3x3y + 3xy3 +y

* (x (y)(x) = Xy + y3) = x* +y3

*
109bXY =
100bX + 1090X

↑ 100p (5) =
100bX
-

100DY
Descartes' Pule of Sign

MantisSD Positive Real Solutions/ Roots

- Briggsian Loprithin
* the number of sign changes between consecutive

100X = M . MDQ
non-zero coefficient. OR

* logey - Natural , Hyperbolic ,

characteristics - less than that by an even number .

Napierian Logarith
XP
* if the answer is Negative EX :

4X x + 6X 1 = : 3 or 1
- -

-
add a number to make positive

and the number that added will Negative Real Solutions/ Roots
a =
y -
109ay
=
X
be negative and it's the new * f(x) < f(-x)

characteristics and Mantissa * less than that by an even number

will be the resulting decimals .

EX : X + 4X* + 7x + 6X 18 = 0 .. 1
+

Antilogarithm Cologarithm Pox" -

4, x" +... + An = 0

Y
Pip(X) = 10 colop(X) =
-10gX do

+
1
Pyn
-

xn
"
.

+...
xxx
-

N N Do
109aD
= =

NIN
(XN) /N =
100DD =

N Sum of Roots Product of Roots

X =
N d
S = -

do
P =

( - 1)
Polynomial Equations

Ine publities
FORM : dox" + aX +...+ an ; n +
positive integer
Symbols : 1 ,
7 ,
1 ,
!

Degree = M

No . of Roots = 1 I ne publity Notation Interval Notation

X(2 X =
( -
a . 2)
( -
N , + 8)
Quadratic Formula : X) 1 X =
( -
1 + 2)
EQUATION
-

QUDDIC ,

b 1(b) 1 3] [ J
- -
499 X 3 X =
( -
5,
x =

ax + Dx + c =
0
2 X2 -

2 X =
T -
2 + 2)
,
# included
-

1(X14 X =
( -

1 , 4]
U op/ and
Sun of Roots : Product of Roots

-
C
S =
P =

A of Equations
Theory
pemainder Theorem :

N pture of poots f (x) = X

-
M

Remainder
Discriminant P = f(r)

B2-4AC = 0 : Real Equal Roots

p2 4AC > 0 ·
Real Une qual poots # actor Theorem
.

r
-

p2 -
4AC <0 ·
Complex Unequal Roots x -
is a factor of f(x) when p =
0 ,
f(r) = 0
 MEMM AT1@SS
Binomial Theorem word problems

MXMRCNXP
Number and DigitProblems
(x + y)" = XP ..
+ y
2 ! consecutive add integers & consecutive even integers

; n =
positive integer (1
-
(x) ,
(x + 2) ,
(x + 4) ,
(X + 6) ...

Digit Numbers (N)

r+
n 10 u-unit's digit
-

n (n -

1) (n 2) -
... M-r + 2
-
1 let
+h
r term =
Y Y
Cr-1) ! t-ten's digit
+ 1
X n-r yr
1
digit
-

oth term = nCr -1 1

-
hundreds

2 digit Mo . N

Middle Term N = 10t + 4

digit N

n
3 no
1i s EVEN
=+
.

1 roth =

# =
1007 + 10t + 4
Reversed =
NR = 1004 + 10t + h

N Remainder
* = Quotient+
4
Term involving U

MN
Problems
(xPyP
MT 17 Mixture
(x + y) X
= p + a =
m
VI Va VIIV 2 -

010, + %2 =
X

Sum of coefficients VIC % 1) + Vy( % a) = (VitVa) X

Case 1 :
↑
(ax + Dy)" Soc =
(d + b)
Motion problems

Case 3 : Case 1 : With out Resistance

b) "Soc
"

(aX + =
(t)" -
b
d d <
Time Relation
V = D =
Yt t =

t , Y
d ,

Y t

Distance Relation
sum of Exponents ~

Circular Track :

(x" + yP)" SOE

= (N + 1)(n + k)

totiei oppositedirection
St
V =

It
and variation
=
circumference
Proportion c

case 2 :
With Resistance
①
0 C
A : D - 9 : D = c : d ; T ; ad = DC
D b d Current of
- -
Flow Water

Direct Variation -

Wind-moving dir

Y varies directly as X X -

speed of body in still medium (Air , water)

y-speed of resistance

i
Y
YXX i y = kvik =

X Xa Downstream

Actual speed = X + y

Inverse variation
upstream

y varies inversely as X Actua Speed = X -

1 K
Ya i Y =
; k =
Xy ; X,y, =
Xe
X X work Problems

1 One person
Case :
Case 2 :
Group Work

> RATE
Joint variation
1
L
r =
=
A PNT > TIME
z varies directly as X and inversely as y t ACCOMPLISHMENT

NO. OF PERSONS

ENZ
X
z X
Y zikX ; :

EX s

+
Nit + NaTz Ng Tzt ... NhTn = NT

+
I
 MEMM AT1@SS
Clock problems

minuten
~ SET

2
A 4 2 33
30
1

5
min = =
, ,

- Element

O
1 Min = G
Singleton Set : I element only

6) =
empty set / Mull set 23
x
= 3H = a]
/H
Cardinal Number :
nCA)
> + & = MH is leading

Hour Hand (jump No . of Subsets 31

)
:
from .

& W/HH Power Set : set whose elements are it subsets

MH is lagging
-
-
.

* A Up = unite
Money problems

1 14 1$ 100k = A MB =
COMMON
penny = =

54
nickel
1 =

I dime 104 Venn Diagram

1 quarter =
254
, rate
Interest : atleast -
Minimum
I = Prt time

↑ Principal
Diophantine Equation

MO.
* Of UNKNOWNSY no· of equations

* solution is positive integer (1 , 3, 3

, ... )

Arithmetic progression

9 D2 ,
D3 , ...,
Di

&) -
a =
43 -
a =... =
an -
an -
1 = d

On = Di + (n -
1) D

Arithmetic Mean
SM =
Di + 2 +... an

SM
AM =

17
Sn
= [ea , + (n -

1)d)

Sn
= [d + On

* an =
Sn-Sn-

# armonic progression

Hi ,
He , ....
HM > H P .
. Harmonic Mean

I
" ...
1 1 A P..
17

Hi Ha
HM =

Hi

an" and and Hi

-
He t ...
In
Geometric Progression
Ga &3 , An
9 , ...,
Geometric Mean

An

r ...

An-1
GM = "Ada ...
In

minite Geometric Series

Dn = Prn- Sn =

alry 04/4/
-

Al
Snea -

1 -
p

Relationship of AM , GM and HM

GM3
HM = GM =
(AM) (HM)
AM
 MEMM AT1@SS
MAGIC HEXAGON

GMONEFR
Sil COS
>

Types of Angle : Q potient Identifies :

Acute Angle O < 90

%

A
t DM
↓ cot EX :
Sin
tan =

Right Angle = = 08 D
cost
C

sec CSC
Obtuse Angle 90° 1000
B C
A
Straight Angle - = 1880

Reflex Angle 180 ° < 360 Sil product Identities :

cos
-

Perigon - = 3680 Ex : tant cost = sinf

t DM
- ↓ cot

units of Angle Measurement EX : taMEcOtE = 1

.
S CSC
1. Degree T .
sec

E RDDIAM
.

1 cor + angle
> 1 5

Y
.
.

. Gradian GOM Sil Identies

5
cr-angle COS Reciprocal
Vertex
4 .
Mil EX :
1
sinE =

t DM
↓ cot Csc

Conversion Factors ↓

1 revolution =
3600 sec CSC

=
att radians

=
400 gradians Sil
>
cos co-function Identities :

= 6400 mils EX : sint =

cos (98" -

1800 It
= radians t DM
! cot
tanf = cot (08 t)

sect = cs(98 -
E)
> CSC
sec

Angle Pairs

Complementary Angle :
90 -f

Supplementary Angle : 180" -f Sil COS Phytogore an Identities :

SIM cos"
°

360 G EX : + 1
Explementary Angle
=
: -

"

t DM
↑ cot
1 + cot - = CSC'f

Reference Angle & :

L L
tan + 1 = secf

sec CSC
M

(a) -
-
9

Sil COS Quadrant positive :

:
Q1 : 0 = Q2 : 180 a # I DII

t DM # cot
# SIM ,
CSC
·

-1) / #
# taM cot ,

J sec CSC
L
sec, cos
-

#
°
Q4 :
360 a
-1800
-

Q3 :

Double Angle Identities :

Coterminal Angle Since = asincose cost = cost - sin

8 =
B + k(360 % 2 tan = 2 cost -

1
=

* k =
integer 1 + tam2 = 1-2 sinf

2 taME
tan 38 =

RIGHT ANGLE 1 -
taM3

CSC ; SiM + ALL

C

& c = 93 + Da
It I

# IV

A
C b tPM/COt cos/sec

SOH CAH TOA CO SHA CHO

 MEMM AT1@SS
Sum and Difference of Angles ANGE OF ELEVATION and DEPRESSION

sin (A1B) = SinACOSB I COSASInB

cos(A1B) cOSACOSBF SinASINB Angle of Elevation ~

object
=

tanA I tanB
SIGN
OF
(AIB)

I
tan =

1. F tDNAtaB

AREA OF TRIANGLE Angle of Depression

3) ·
&
SIGN
C OF
M LINE
10
~
object
b

Case 1 : Given two sides and included angle

TWO TRIANGLE WITH SAME HEIGHT

A
= absin

Case 1 :
Height is between the two points

Case 3 : Given Dase and altitude ↓ SinASinB

H =

sin(A + B)
↓ DN H
A =

2 A B M 1
X =
t
/ /
tanA tanB
X

Case 3 : Given three sides

Case a :
Height is in the rightmost/leftmost of two points
A =
(S(s -
q)(S -

b)(s -

c)
X SIMASinB
H =
A) B
a + D + C Sin (A-B)
S =
Semi-Perimeter 1
2
-
B A 17 M
X = -

I /
tCMB tCIMA
X

SINE LAN

O BSOLETE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS

C

versit 1-cost coversing = 1-sinf

D D C *
=
*
A D = =

Sin A sinB sinc cost covercost 1 + sinf

Vercost 1 +
=
=
* *

B C A
1. cost 1 Sin
* haversing =
* hacoversit =

2
2

COSINE LAW 1) + cost 1. Sin

= haver cost = * hacover cost =

2 2
C

93 bi + c 2DCCOSA sect-1
exsect
= -

=
*

A D

b3 = q3 + c -
2COSB excosect = CSCE -
1
*

B C A
c = a + b -
2abcosC

MATHEMATICAL NOTATION [CiS]

BEARING PROBLEM
ciSX =
coSX + iSinX

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC PROPERTIES

& ↑

NE
#
w E * Sin"x + cos"x =
*
csc"X = Sin "
& E Of N 3 X

T I
see" x
-
I

S
* tan"x + cot "X =
* = COS
X
2

T 1
cs"X cot"X
I

sec"x
-

* + = = =
taM
X
2
 MEMM AT1@SS
ALLANE GENETITY

TRIANGLE Q4ADPILATE R A L

Square
S

h
M
A
2bh
=

A = g3 =q &
/
/ /
S S
I /
B
b p = 45 =
25d

S
Right Triangle Rectangle
B

* + p = 900 A = LW = a sin L

!
N
E E CM =
(APP) d

a + j2 = c) P 2[L + w) 10
=
w
A C
b
A E I

Di =
3
+ wa
B

Parallelogram
D
CD =
CAD) (DB)

A =
Dh = absint = did sint

E
A

RHOMDUS

Equilateral Triangle A = Sh-did = sin

p = 45 =
3/di3 + da
E
Ss
A =

4 gi A =

&

A B Trapezoid
S
M

A =
j(a + D)h

A rea of Triangle Cyclic Quadrilateral

1. Given three sides A =

/Cs -
a)(S -
b)(s - c)(s -

d) -
abcdcos2

a + D + C * A + C =
1880
S
C)
=
A =
S(S-a)[S -

b)(S -

2 D 1888
= B + =

.
2 Given two sides and angles => ac + Da = dida

1
A = absin[
2
POLYGON

Given atleast two angles and a side wh length side e:

.
3
Regular Polygon

a Singsin[
18 0
A
= necot
=
A P = Me
17
2 SIMA

4
. Given three sides with circle of radius inscribed outside wh
Regular Polygon apothem

the triangle
10
n
B
A = 1793 taM D = 24A taM
M

A = r(S -

a) A
C
inscribed in a circle
B Regular polygon
E

.
5 Given three sides inscribed in a circle of radius P
360
=
e
A npsin
17
C
a DC
180 R
A =
P =
3MPSIM
M
4P
B &
18G

P
P=
sec M

a B E
A [ B
P = * *

sinA asin asinc

Regular polygon circumscribed about a circle

.
6 Given three sides circumscribed about a circle of radius R
188
A = MP3 ta e

C 17
A =
PS

P =
2MItAM 180 R

/(S-a)(s
-
b)cs c) -
13 a
18O
A
=
=
P ecot
R M
S

A B
C

Length of a Median C

M -
2
&j [180 %
D
&
Interior Angle : =

17
(
= /23 + 23 -
3600
A B
Exterior Angle :
&e =

17
[

Angle Bisectors &c #

Central Angle :
=

Sum of Interior Angle : Si =

(n -
2)(180 %
2 D
DC DI
Da =
(bc(s -
a) &

y+ Bl
Sum of Exterior Angle : Se = 3880
A B
[

M
ND [n 3)
Diagonals
-
=
Number of :
2

3
Ai :
Az = Li : Le
 MEMM AT1@SS
CIRCLE ELLIDSE

2π)a3y
πD B
A = πr3 = C = 2Tr = TD A = Tab p =
&
4

Annulus <Ring)

A =
π(ra3 -
r, 3) S

I
PARABOLIC SEGMENT

Es
/
I / L
2
A = πy3 r A= DH H
4
I / 3
/ ,

A red of the sector of an AMMU4S

POINTED STAP INSCRIBED IN A CIPCLE

A = (ra riP) A =

n(Si + S2)

18 8 360
A = MP" taM COS
17 M

Sector of a circle

1 r S
=
r
A = us

7t
r

S = rf P 3r +
=
S

Segment of Circle

A =
!r
>
St-SinE) = COPE -bl)
/

r
M
H

p = r(t + 2Sint) 1
&

ANGLE AND INTERCEPTED ARCS

(2 a =
3 It st =

is

.
9 Two secants

P
(P =
j(B -

F))
A
B

.
D secant and Tangent

E
P < P
= (DA -
#2)

.
c Two Tangents
D

P
B
< P =

j <DB -
An

.
6 Chord and Tangent

S
< App
= (AP)

pltp

Law of secant
A

[PA)(PB) =
(PC)(DD)
B
B
E

"
B
(PA) =
(PC) (PD)
D

[
 MEMM AT1@SS
SOLD GEOEy

CUBE SPHERE

Volume : Volume :
53
V = eS =
v =
4
+p
3
9
P
>
- a

e
Lateral Area : Lateral Area :
2 :
S = 42 e S =
4πR

Total Area : DiagonalS :

A = Ge2 =
39 D = e

SPHERICAL SEGMENT OF ONE BASE

PARALLELEPIPED

Th
PECTANGULAR Volume :

x =
(3p n]

D
-

Volume :

V = CDC

d
Total Area :

A = H PP- 11
C
Lateral Area : B

S =
2ac + DC
&
A rea of a Zone :

z = 2πPM

Total Area : Diagonal :

A = 2 ab + ac + DC D =
(a3 + D3 + c

SPHEPICAL SEGMENT OF TWO BASES

a
PRISM volume :

Volume Lateral Area : S =

PpM
v =
π(za2 + 3D + +
:
V =
Apl

P
Total Area : A =
S + 2AB Total Area :

A =
π[a + Di + 2PH]

CYLINDEP

r SPHERICAL SECTOR CONE

VOlume : V =
Tr >7

Lateral Area : S = attrh 17

Volume : -

v =
3 TPPn -
17

P
Total Area : A = 2πr r + h

P R

Total Area :

A = πR2n + r

TPUNCATED PRISM

Volume :
+ he
A
D + 12 +... 12

V =

1314
M Hi
LUNE AND SPHERICAl WEDGE
- -

2
& TP

...
G
A Lune =

90
PRISMATOID

Al
~ 3
VOlUme : I & πP

Am Vwedge =

= [A1 Az]
278
/
x + PAm + M

-Az I L UN E WEDGE

1/

SPHERICAL POLYGON

POINTED SOLID Spherical Excess (E) : E =

Al + Azt ...
+ An-(n-2)1880

L
1)clume :
*
I
A rea : PE
V
= Aph A =

1880
9 17

Lateral Surface :
& Volume : TP3E
= ne
S

5 Pp) e V =

5480
/

↓
I

L
Area : * for pointed base H
Total
A =
S + B
& r
REGULAR POLYHEDRON
/

TYPES SURFACE AREA VOLUME PADIUS

E 5
-a
3
F RUSTUM TETPAHEDRON A
A
12 12

E3 T
Volume :
OCTAHEDRON 35a A A

A3)
3

= (Ai
6
JA
/

v + Az + ,
/H
17
I
DODECAHED RON 20 .
6592 .
7 6693 1. 11a

a 93

I
Lateral Area :
KOSAHEDRON 8 So.
3 18.
. 76 a
0

S = (P1 + Pe)(
 MEMM AT1@SS
-NALYEL GEQUERY CONIC SECTIONS

Distance Between Two points General Equation :

Invariant :

d =
((xy -
xi) + (42 -

y , )3 Ax3 + Bxy + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0 B2 -
4AC = 0 ParaDOlE

(X1 , 41)"
a XiS
Y-
p2 -
4AC < O Ellipse
(X3 , ya)
·

a =
v0X2 + Dy
12 - 4AC)O Hyperbola
X-axis

Division of Line Segment Circle

r , x2 + raXI +
General Equation : xi + y + Dx + Ey + F = 0
r142 r241
X =
Y =

P , (X1 , Y1]
ri + ra ri + r2
Standard Equation :
[x -
n)2 + (y -
k)2 = r3 Center : C [h , k)

* P(x , x)

X = X1 + kΔX y =
y1 + k(y3 -

41) RACIUS : r

r2

12"(x2 42) * Technique to easily get the center :

,
P, D rI PID
ik = I

r2 PP2 d d
PiPz (x DX)ix h (y) + Ey) k
+ =
4
; y =

&X Y

Midpoint of the Line & rthogonal :

Axis
Radical :

r C
. .
r. I .

r [
.
.

X1 + X2 + 43
y1
XM =
Y17 =

2 2

slope of Line

DIDz + ElEz = 2 [FitFa) (Dy -

Di) X + (Ez -

E1)y + Fy -
Fi = 0

P, (X1
,
41)
Ya -
41
m = tPMA =
Parabola
Xa -
Xi
7 Pa(X2 , Y2)
Directrix
General Equations :

1/0 x[
I
S
↑
Parallel Lines :
Perpendicular Lines s 2a xz + DX +
Ey + F = 0 y + Dx + Ey + F =
0

vIkk o

a F(FOCUS)

!
M1 =
12 M, Mz = 1
24
4) Clatus Rectum) Standard Equations :

-
/
v
Straight Line (x n) 4(y k) (y 1) (x n
=
-
Focal Length -
- -

General Form of the Line :

Eccentricity : e =
1

Ax + By + c = 0 -n
-n b ,
3
by X , 2 X33
Di = =

Hi H2 K Y3 K
Y -
-

Point-Slope FORM : /

Slope-interceptFor m :
ba

MX + b y -

y) =
M(X -
XI) Ellipse
y =

Two Point FORM : Two Intercept Form

29 : Major Axis

I Ci Semi Major Axis

Ye
41(x X

+
-

F
y
-

y = -
x) = 1
&

occhi
X2 XI v Axis
-

2D : Minor

I
Axis
I
BetweenTwo Lines D : Semi Minor
Acute Angle /

/ / I

aa

2) Distance Between Faci ic" = 42 + b

LI M72 -
171
tanf =
- = tAM" M, -
tOM"Me
It 1 + m , 172
General Equation :

L2

Ax3 + (j) + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Distance of a point to a line Standard Equations :

is opposite n)3 k)3

34-1
of Denominator 2
* Sign (X h)
-(y (x
- - -

= +
92 D3 by
that of C .

* (t) : P, and 10, 0) lie on the * Horizontal Major Axis * Vertical Major Axis
Axi + By , + C
P, [X1 , Y1) d =

=
(A3 + pa opposite side of line .

Distance of Directrix to center :

q3 A
C = a =

E e
(-)
* : Pl and 10, 0) lie on the
line

same side of line Length of Latus Rectum

:
Eccentricity :

2D
.

Two Parallel Lines

LP =

[
e
= =
Distance Between

; A < C CHMA) ; A) C [VMA)

LI

y = MX + [
[2 -
C
3
a =

+
D 1
P P
B3
N
y MX + 22 <
D
=

a = = a = =

C C

A red Polygon
of by Coordinates i P = An? + Ck2 -
F

perigee (Shortest) :

[X1 , Y1 )

FOCUS

as =
a -
C

(x2 , y2]
A =
+ XXX... X 1c 9
/

Apogee [Farthest)
:

as
(X 3 , Y3] /

If

df = a + C
 MEMM AT1@SS
Hyperbold

General Equation :

Axz -
(y) + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard Equations :

n)3
2
(x k)3 H)3
-k
(x -
(y
-

(X -

-
= -
=
1
93 93 (2

* Horizontal Transverse Axis * Vertical Transverse Axis

29 : Transverse Axis

2D :
Conjugate Axis

2C : Distance between foci ; c =

3
+ ph

Distance of Directrix to center :

3 A
d = a =

E e

Length of Latus Rectum

:
Eccentricity :

2D
LP = e =
c a
> I
[ I d

a = D Equilateral Hyperbola

Equation of Asymptote :

D
i m =
1 Horizontal Transverse Axis
& *

y
-
k =
m(X -
h)

m =
19 * Vertical Transverse Axis

P [Positive) P (Negative) :

P P IPI IPI
a = D =
a =
D =

It || IC) A

P = AH3-[K 3 -
F

Translation of Axes

Y
;
x

/
4 p(x y) ,

y X = X + H

X
,
Y y =
y + k
K
S

n
I
I X
I (

Rotation of Axes

Y
X
y

X
1 PCx
I

I Y' X =
X'cost-y'sinf
Y

1 *
X'sint-y' cost
I

I ↓ =

Polar coordinates

P Cr . E]
/

Y
X = rcOSE r= (x2 + y

,
1
*
, y = Sin - =
tan"
 MEMM AT1@SS
REFERENENLALIERS Higher Derivatives

General Formula for Derivatives * y" =

x"x a

d & d *
=
y"a
(C) = g [X) = 1 (ax") = Max
CX )X
& dX
Applications of Differential Calculus

Slope of Curve :

& (4") = m
& (v) =

u
m = f'(x)
=

( d

)X
&
(4)
= Equation of the Tangent and Normal Lines :

Derivative of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions y

-
k = m(X -
n)

Normal Line :
Tangent line :

= & (aY) =
"In(d)(n)] = M =

f'(h)
m =
f'(t)

Curve Sketching :

& (v) =

ur[v (u)(10)) + =
[0pp(e)) A
max Pt . , concave downward

~
·
A .

concave upward
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions f(x)/
·

B
B-min. Pt . ,
y =

critical values :

d
Sinu =
COSu CX
COS = -
Sin4
I
y =
0 * xy = 0 /X = 0 or y = 0

X = X = C V..

a + Dru =

secloth =
es
Critical Points :

y = f(X) CALC : X =
, y =

d
e Secu =
SecutAnu a aX
CS[U =
cSc4coty (X , y)and(X X) ,
C P . .

X =
, y =

Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions Maximum and Minimum Points

y
-
= y" =
X =, X" =
(x , y") max . Pt .

=-
sin"
&Y d &W
cos" y
CX CX CX
-1 43 -1 43
X"
-

y")
-

X = ,
=
(X , min . Dt .

Point of Inflection :

& tan"
= a &X
ot"v
=
y" =
0

X = CALC for Y =
[X , ) P I . .

& see"
= c " u = -

ie- &
X and intercept :

X
y = 0 ;
=

CALTECH :

X = 0 ; =

a ) (x = D
x -
any valve (myst not De

MATH EPROR)
X

; theM STORE ! Maxima and Minima Problems

CALC from choices ; X is the value

Steps :

Minus STORED VALUE to be maximized/minimized

1. Determine the quantity

O (zero) then that's the ANSWER !

if
.
3 Formulate . (If the figure is needed ,
draw it

.
3 Express the quantity in terms of single variables .

Parametric Differentation 4 Differentiate the quantity and EQUATE to ZERO

.
.

If X = f (t) and y =
g(t) ,
then :

Maximum Area :

= Rectangle : x =
P .
Am = ( ,)

Partial Derivative Right Triangle : X =

0 . 3424) 1 Am =
0 . 04389(3

If z = f(X , y) * with respect to X

Triangle : S =
5 . Am = (5)
7Z

2x
* y - Constant Sector C ircle
of : E = Grad , Am =
( + )3

27 * with respect to y

zy
* X - CONStInt Rectangle :

Differentation Inscribed in a Circle :

EP A ar
Implicit
=
x =

Inscribed in aSemi-circle r
Implicit Function : f(x , Y) :
X =
xy ,
A =

Inscribed in an Ellipse :
1 =
z aw = Eb A =
2b

my n
,

y = =
 MEMM AT1@SS
Largest volume Cylinder
of Inscribed :

Given Cone Given Sphere

h(yl = hone heyl

=

- Sp

rcyl = rcone
d cyl =

- asph

Y cyl = cone vcyl

= Vsph

Velocity and Acceleration

S = f(t) V =
=

Time Rates

Derivative with respect to time

[y = + (x)]

curvature

cy,
Padius of curvature :

curvature
[1
:
+

P =
k =

Center of curvature :

(y)2] (1
,
3)
+(
y [1 +

H = X ,
-
1 =
x, +

Y"

Equation of curvature

(X -
h)3 + (y -
k) = p

Fencing Problems

Rectangle <P sides to be fenced) : 2

X

Rectangle) 2 sides to be fenced) : 2

X

Rectangular (3 sides to be fenced) : 2

X
2
4
.
 MEMM AT1@SS
-REGELL GALCINENS Ellipse

a cost & bsint A Tab

Integrals y = =

In definite X =

Basic Integrals :

Sax = x + c Saax = ax + C
Hypocycloid

asin't
&X
n+ 1 x = acost & X
=
A = Ta

Sax"dx =

M+ 1
+ [
Sain(4) + C

A rea in Polar Form

asiMnEr acostf r a cost

and Logaritmic Functions : =

Exponential
=
r =

94
Se "du = e" + C Sa"du =
+ C M is ODD , N = 1 A =a is ODD A = 243
ina)

Sue" du "(u 1) S(nvdu u(n(V) N 24

Ea EVEN
=
+ C A is a
e + c EVEN A
= =
=
- =
n iS ; n

Spin
Cardio

r = a(1 + sing) r =
a(1 + cost)
A =
Snap =
&a

Trigonometric Functions :

Ssinxax = -cosX + C ScOSXdX = SinX + C Second Theorem of PADUS

i + 35)
Stanx(x =
In/Secx) + c
& secxdx : In/sec + tanx1 + C
Y = 3πFA =
+B

Scs(X(X =
(n/cs(X -
co + x) + C ScotXdx = In/Sinx1 + C

ScscxcOtXdX = -
cS(X + c Ssextanxx =
Sex + C
Arc Length

1 neuse Trigometric Functions :

saxix = a
=
SM =
t2
=
sin
S=
(1) *
/at) + (ay/a

parametric

↓M = se, ,

=
r =
f(t)
a
+ (a/d-8) a
with respect to polar axis
Integration By Parts :
1. - -f . Symmetric

Polar FORM
.
2 t 180-f , Symmetric with respect tof :
He (VL)

Suav = uV -

Gray
.o
3
180 + f-r2 symmetric wh respect to pole
,

go Thy The The

-
..

A
T
=

Caltech :
*
ro

2 STORE A
X
)
f(x) = CALC =

((Ans)] x = 2
= STORE A

Volume ofSolid of Revolution

Definite Integrals Disk Method :

maxv =
4 L

= F(x))
D -
. .

F(a)
S f(x)ax F(D) v=
= -

4 -
L . L .

Ring Method :

Wallis Formula

v = H -rYXv = Car
G sin as d

[Cm 1)(m - -
3) ... ][Cn(n -
3) ...i ] = if both &
mandn
u =
Y(re =
Yu ri =
XLVz = XR
are even
- ·
X
2

(M + n)(m + n -
2)(m + n 4) -

otherwise Method :
...
1 4 = 1 Shell

Application
v =
2πax v=
eas
Dane Area L XR XL
L yx Y
=
j
-
=
;
-

A =

S (ax ,
2 =
yx -

4)

A =

94 Lay ,
L =
Xp -
Xi
 MEMM AT1@SS
Centroid : Plane Area

vertical strips :

AT =
( x4A Aj =
SDA
y

44
+

&A =
1@X ,
Xc = X dA =
(4X ,
y) =

Horizontal strips :

AT =
S xdA Aj =
SDA
XR + XL

&A = <y ,
Xc = PA =
Lay ,
Y =
Y
2

Area of sur face of Revolution

S =

2π) xas ,
about y-axis
as =
(1 + (0y/ax)2 ,
y =
f(x)

S=
2) "yes. about x-axis

as =
(1 + (4X/dy)3ay ,
X =
$(y)

((kX/pt) (44/at)"at f(t)ay g(t)

=

+ X =

as =
 MEMM AT1@SS
LEERENEWA EQUAF First Order DE : Exact Type

Two kinds of Differential Equation FOr M : M(x , y)dX + N(X , y)dy = 0

1. Ordinary Differential Equation CODE) EXCCt &

OO ; My

* unknown function (dependent variables) usually y depends in only 1

solution : F(x , y) = [ ;
F(x , y) =
JM(x , y)8x + $(y)

Independent variable .

F (x , y) =
SN(X , y)8y + N(X)

* EX : Y + 4xy =
18 First Order DE : Linear Type

dy
(PDE) + yP(x) q(X)
Equation
=

.
2 Partial Differential FOUM :
&X

* unknown function (dependent variables) usually y depends in at least 2

solution : yeSP(x)aX =
(O(x)eSP(x)axax + c

Independent variables .

Nth order Homogeneous Linear DE

Order and Degree FORMT : 9)

Any +
*"

1. order-highest derivatives (GOD" + a, D +... + 4m)y = 0 ; D

=
derivatives (exponent of order) Auxiliary Equation f(m)
Degree - degree of highest 0
: =
.
3

E (y") + (y")
*
+ Xy = 0 1 zrd order ,
2nd Degree Case 1 : Distinct Real Roots

(x + y)y" + y + dxy = 0 ) 2nd order , no degree y =

Gl Mix X +... ChemX

Case 2 : Real Repeated Roots

Family of curves y = emX(x + (x)

#amily of line : X + 2y = C Case 3 :

Complex Roots

y = XC
y = ax(( , cSbX + CSinDx)

=amily of circle : xi + y = ch Case 4 : RepeatedComplex Numbers

**

Family of Parabola :
y
"
= <X
,
x =
Cy y = e ((x + (aX)(Sbx + (( + (x)sinbx]

y =
x + 22x + (3X]

"

y = Ge + see2x Nt order Non-homogeneous Linear DE

*"
Form : (GoD" + D +... + an)y = Q(x)

Elimination of Constant/s
Arbitrary Form f(D) G(x)
Compact :
y =

Calculator Technique :
Solution :
Y =
Ye + Yp ,
Particular Soln

A
y
-

=
f(x , y) = C
Assume any value (y =
3)
W

P &
Complementary soln

y
Example : y" = CX A = x
X = 2
; Store A
Short Method of Finding Up Y :
&
y3
X
= c
= Y X = 3
; store I
Case 1 @(X)
:
=
K ,
K is constant

& value used in A

K
Answer : exy' -
y = 0 Yp =
f(0) + 0
f(0)
,

-S
CX

3(a)y' -
3 = 0
Case 2: Q(X) = Ke

*
199
y = 3/4 =
y =
3/4 Yp
=
,
f(q) + 0
f(q)

= or > Arbitrary constants :

Case 3 : Q(x) = Ksinax/Q(X) =
KCOSAX

cye
"

EX : y = Ge + D -
operator Replace D" by a
3

d
(D + 1)(D -

2)y = 0 D >
-

(D2 -
D -

2)y = 0 x =
x Applications of Differential Equations

D2y + Dy -

2y
= 0 Diy = & =
y" Orthogonal Trajectory
:

Y" -

y' -

24
= 0 Do y = = y

- Replace y --

Solutions of Differential Equation Newton's Law of cooling :

First Order DE : Variable Separable Type

CT *t
= k(T -

Ts) T = (To -

Ts)e + TS
It
FORM : f(x)dx + g(y)dy = 0

Solution : (f(x)dx + (g(y)dy =

C
Growth and Decay

First Order DE :
Homogeneous Type
&P *
= kP p = Poe
at
FORM : M(x , y)dx + N(X , y)dy = 0

Homogeneous + (xx , xy) =

y f(x , y) ; n +
degree
Mixing solution

is simpler : X =
vy (x = Vay + yav #
M = Vol flow rate entering

Ye
dq
.

PV
↑
=

vX dy Vax + Xav
simpler y =
N is
=
:
It
v =
vol flow rate leavina
 MEMM AT1@SS
-ARMANCE AEMFILES Matrix Operation

Complex Numbers( 7 ) Real and Imaginary Part

1. Addition Subtraction Ssame size)

Form y
Rectangular
:
7 = x +
.
3 Multiplication

Pe -z =
X Im -z =
y i =
imaginary Conformart

Polar Form :
z = rLf AB

Y
r =
(z) = 2x2 + y # = tan" X A + MX M

Modulus of z =
(z) = r
Argument of Z =
E i + DX

Exponential Form : z = ref) , )i

r(cost iSiMG)
Trigonometric Form :
z = +

z = rcist

Roots of Complex Numbers :

@ + 360k
z = rLf z
(n
= p(m , ,
k =
0, 1 , 2 ...,
n =
1
M

the Complex Numbers :

Equality of

z1 = X1 + y, ) ze = Xz + ye

If z1 =
za theM ,

X1 =
X2 and Y1 =
Y2

Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions Relationship

Sin[X[yi) = SinXCOShy I icOSXsinny

cos(X[y)) =
CoSXCOShy F isinX SinGl

Sinh[x[yi) = SinhXcosy 1 ICOShsiny

cosh(X1yi) = coshxcosy F isinhxsiny

Logarithmic Functions

logz
=
log + ifπ180
loge

T
II7Z = IMr + If
188

Matrixes

-
411 9) 12 . . . In- RI

Gaz dan P2
del ...

Cmz Ami PMT

Ami
...

-
S

Diagonal
Cl C2 CH Elements

TypeS :

.
1 Pow Matrix 1 row only 1345]

.
2 Column Matrix 1 column only []
.
3 Square Matrix m =
n[j - ]2x
534
Triangular Matrix
-

UPPER
-

X
4 .

067

-
009

LOWER
-

500
X

6 10 O

- 1 78 9

.
5 Diagonal Matrix .
6 Scalar Matrix .
77
Unit/identity Matrix (1)

-
500 -
500 -
100

060 05 8 010

-
00 -
6. - 005 -001

8 Null Matrix -

10 ·