Trigonometric
三角函数
Henry Jia
Right Triangle Trigonometry
An acute angle can always be placed in a right triangle, as shown in Figure 1. The six trigonometric
functions are defined in the box that follows.
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Right Triangle Trigonometry
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝐵𝐶
sin 𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝐶
On the other hand, using the unit circle definition in
Figure 2(b), we have
sin 𝜃 = 𝑦 = 𝑃𝑄
𝐵𝐶 𝑃𝑄
So, =
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝑃
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Example: calculating sine and cosine
Let 𝛽 be the acute angle indicated in Figure 5. Find sin 𝛽 and cos 𝛽.
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Basic Right Triangle Identities for Sine and Cosine
1. sin2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
sin 𝜃
2. cos 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
3. sin(
2
− 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 , 𝑜𝑟 cos
2
− 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
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Example: Using the Value of One Trigonometric Function to Find the Value of Other Trigonometric Functions
If 𝜃 is an acute angle and sin𝜃=t, express the other five trigonometric values as functions of t.
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Example
Using the Value of One Trigonometric Function to Find the Value of Other Trigonometric Functions
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Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers
Let P(x, y) denote the point on the unit circle that has arc length measure t from (1, 0). (Note that in
𝜋
Figure 4, 0<t< .) Let P (x, y) denote the point where the terminal side of the angle with radian measure t
2
intersects the unit circle. Then the six trigonometric functions of the real number t are defined as follows.
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Example
Calculating Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers
2𝜋 2𝜋
(a) cos (b)sec
3 3
1
− -2
2
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The Pythagorean Identities
sin2 𝑡 + cos 2 𝑡 = 1
tan2 𝑡 + 1 = sec 2 𝑡
cot 2 𝑡 + 1 = csc 2 𝑡
Use the first formula to prove the next two.
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Finding Values of Trigonometric Functions
2 𝜋
If sin 𝑡= and < 𝑡 < 𝜋, compute cos 𝑡 and tan 𝑡
3 2
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Exercise
Finding Values of Trigonometric Functions
2 3𝜋
If sec 𝑡= and 𝜋 < 𝑡 < , compute cos 𝑡 and tan 𝑡
3 2
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Using a Trigonometric Substitution to Rationalize a Square Root
In the expression 𝑢/ 𝑢2 − 1 , make the substitution 𝑢 = sec 𝑡 and show that the resulting
expression is equal to csc 𝑡. (Assume that 0 < 𝑡 < 2𝜋.)
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Using Trigonometric Identities to Simplify Trigonometric Expressions
csc 𝑡+csc 𝑡 cot2 𝑡
Simplify the expression
sec2 𝑡−tan2 𝑡
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Induction Formula
Use unit circle method to find answer to following formulas.
Formula 1 sin 𝛼 + 2𝜋 = sin 𝛼
cos( 𝛼 + 2𝜋) = cos 𝛼
Formula 2 sin 𝜋 + 𝛼 = − sin 𝛼
cos( 𝜋 + 𝛼) = − cos 𝛼
sin(−𝛼) = − sin 𝛼
Formula 3
cos( − 𝛼) = cos 𝛼
sin 𝜋 − 𝛼 = sin 𝛼
Formula 4
cos( 𝜋 − 𝛼) = − cos 𝛼
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Induction Formula
P1
𝛼
𝛼+𝜋
P2
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Induction Formula
Similarly, we have known from earlier contents:
𝜋
Formula 5 1. sin( − 𝛼)
2
= cos 𝛼 Do they hold when 𝛼 is not acute angle?
𝜋
2. cos − 𝛼
2
= sin 𝛼
Next, find out the following answers:
𝜋
Formula 6 1. sin( + 𝛼)
2
=? All the six groups of formulas are called
𝜋
2. cos + 𝛼 =? “induction formula”
2
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Exercise
8𝜋 16𝜋
(a) cos 225° (b) sin
3
©sin(−
3
)
2 3 3
(a)− (b) ©
2 2 2
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Exercise
sin 𝛼+3 cos 𝛼
(1)已知 ＝5，则cos2α＋sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼的值是( )
3 cos 𝛼−sin 𝛼
3 3
A． B．−
5 5
C．－3 D．3
𝜋 𝜋 1
(2)已知α∈(− , )sin α＋cos α＝ ，则tan α＝( )
4 4 5
3 3 4
A．－ B． － 或－
4 4 3
3 3 3
C． D． － 或
4 4 4
(1)A (2)A
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