REFERENCES

• Community Design and Culture of Cities – Eduardo E. Lozano

• Exterior Design in Architecture – Yoshinobu Ashihara
• Architecture of Towns and Cities – Paul [Link]
• The Social Logic of Space –Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson
• The New Theory of Urban Design – Alexander Christopher
• The Image of the City – Kevin Lynch
• Design of Cities – Edmund N. Bacon
• Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space-Jan Gehl
• Cities for People-Jan Gehl
• The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History- Spiro Kostof
• The Urban Pattern- City Planning And Design- Arthur Gallion
• The New Landscape – Charles Correa
• The Architecture of Cities – Rossi, Aldo
• The Concise Townscape – Cullen, Gordon
• Finding lost space-Theories of Urban Design – Roger Trancik
• The Art of Building Cities: City Building According to Its Artistic Fundamentals – Sitte, Camillo
MODULE II
Introduction to and discussion of key texts and theories of cities and urbanism

• Imageability and Lynch - Townscape and Cullen - Genius Loci and Schulz,
Historic City and Rossi,
• Social Aspects of Urbanism and the Works of Jane Jacobs, William Whyte and Jan
Gehl,
• Collage City and Colin Rowe (2), Ian Bentley’s Responsive Environments(2), John
Lang, Camillo Sitte,
• Denise Scott Brown(2) and Robert Venturi(2), Allan B Jacobs(2) and Donald
Appleyard, S, M,L,XL and Delirius New York by Rem Koolhaas(2), Christopher
Alexander, Edmund Bacon, Peter Calthorpe, Rob Krier, Richard Rogers, etc.,
• Discussions on Urbanism in South East Asia.
Kevin lynch’s Image of the city

Concept of legibility
• Focuses on the concept of legibility of
townscapes.
• A city with good Legibility would be one
whose districts or landmarks or pathways
are easily identifiable.
• To understand the layout of city, people
make mental map, which contains the
mental images of the city (varies from
every individual .
 Kevin lynch’s Image of the city

MENTAL MAPPING
• A persons perception of world is known
as mental map.
• This can be evaluated in terms of identity,
what makes their particular image unique
among cities, structure.
• How the image is spatially formed and
meaning.
• What values are attached to the image
though which one can locate himself.
TYPES STAKEHOLDERS OF A CITY
• TOURISTS
• CITY AS A TRANSIT POINT
• RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS BASED
• SHOPPING –MARKETS, SUPERMARKETS, CLOTHING, ETC
• INFORMAL COMMERCE- FOOD BASED, GADGETS, ACCESSORIES
• RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY – PARKS, MUSEUMS, THEATERS
• STUDENTS – STUDY , FUN ACTIVITIES
• WORKING POPULATION- FLOATING POPULATION
• SERVICE STRUCTURE BASED STAKEHOLDERS
• DIFFERENTIALLY ABLED PEOPLE
Kevin Lynch’s Image of the city – 5 elements of a city
1. PATHS
• Paths are the channels customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves.
• They may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads.
• For many people, these are the predominant elements in their
image.
• People observe the city while moving through it, and along these
paths the other environmental elements are arranged and related.
Kevin Lynch’s Image of the city – 5 elements of a
city
2. EDGES
• Edges are the linear elements not used or considered as paths by the
observer.
• They are the boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in
continuity: shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls.
• They are lateral references rather than coordinate axes.
• Such edges may be barriers, more or less penetrable, which close
one region off from another; or they maybe seams, lines along which
two regions are related and joined together.
Kevin Lynch’s Image of the city – 5 elements of a
city
2. EDGES
• These edge elements, although probably not as dominant as paths,
are for many people important organizing features, particularly in
the role of holding together generalized areas, as in the outline of a
city by water or wall.
Kevin Lynch’s Image of the city – 5 elements of a
city

3. DISTRICTS
• Districts are the medium-to-large sections of the city,
conceived of as having two-dimensional extent, which the
observer mentally enters "inside of," and which are recognizable
as having some common, identifying character.
• Always identifiable from the inside, they are also used for
exterior reference if visible from the outside.
Kevin Lynch’s Image of the city – 5 elements of a
city
3. DISTRICTS
• Most people structure their city to some extent in this way, with
individual differences as to whether paths or districts are the
dominant elements.
• It seems to depend not only upon the individual but also upon the
given city.
Kevin Lynch’s Image of the city – 5 elements of a
city
4. NODES
• Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can
enter, and which are the intensive foci to and from which he is traveling.
• They may be primarily junctions, places of a break in transportation, a
crossing or convergence of paths, moments of shift from one structure
to another.
• Or the nodes may be simply concentrations, which gain their importance
from being the condensation of some use or physical
character, as a street-corner hangout or an enclosed square.
Kevin Lynch’s Image of the city – 5 elements of a
city
4. NODES
• Some of these concentration nodes are the focus and epitome of
district, over which their influence radiates and of which at stand as a
symbol. They may be called cores.
• The concept of node is related to the concept of path, since
junctions are typically the convergence of paths, events on the
journey.
• It is similarly related to the concept of district, since cores are
typically the intensive foci of districts, their polarizing center.
Kevin Lynch’s Image of the city – 5 elements of a
city
4. NODES
• In any event, some nodal points are to be found almost every image,
and in certain cases they may be the dominant feature
Kevin Lynch’s Image of the city – 5 elements of a
city
5. LANDMARKS
• Landmarks are another type of point-reference but in this case the observer
does not enter within them, they are external.
• They are usually a rather simply defined physical object: building, sign, store,
or natural elements.
• Their use involves the singling out of one element from a most of possibilities.
• Some landmarks are distant ones, typically seen from many angles and
distances, over the tops of smaller elements, and used as radial references.
• They may be within the city or at such a distance that for all practical
purposes they symbolize a constant
• Such are isolated towers, golden domes, great hills.
Kevin Lynch’s Image of the city – 5 elements of a
city
• 5. LANDMARKS
• They are frequently used clues of identity and even of structure, and
seem to be increasingly relied upon as a journey becomes more and
more familiar.
• According to Lynch, the key characteristic of this element was a
singularity, they are unique and memorable in a city context because
of the figure- background contrast.
Kevin Lynch’s Image of the city – 5 elements of a
city
• None of the element types isolated above exist in isolation in
the real case.
• Districts are structured with nodes, defined by edges, penetrated by
paths, and sprinkled with landmarks.
• These elements regularly overlap and pierce one another.
TOPICS:
• Gordon Cullen’s Concise
Townscape analysis;
Principles proposed:
• Character
• Continuity and Enclosure
• Public realm
• Ease of movement
• Legibility
• Adaptability
• Diversity
CHARACTER: A PLACE WITH ITS OWN IDENTITY
TO PROMOTE CHARACTER IN TOWNSCAPE & LANDSCAPE BY
RESPONDING TO AND REINFORCING LOCALLY DISTINCTIVE
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT, LANDSCAPE AND CULTURE

•Protect and enhance the buildings, street, materials, landmarks and

views that are unique and give the campus/city its identity.
•The appearance of the built environment defines an area’s identity
and character and creates a sense of place.
•Many areas of the campus have a well-established character that
needs to be protected and enhanced.
•No site is a blank slate. It will have shape and there will be adjacent
development and a history which make it a distinctive place.
•This context should be established for each site and responded to in
order to build something that is recognizable and special.
CONTINUITY & ENCLOSURE
A PLACE WHERE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPACES ARE CLEARLY
DISTINGUISHED. TO PROMOTE THE CONTINUITY OF STREET FRONTAGES
AND THE ENCLOSURE OF SPACE BY DEVELOPMENT WHICH CLEARLY
DEFINES PRIVATE & PUBLIC AREAS.

•Create streets and public spaces that are well connected and
enclosed by attractive building frontages.
•Every building is just one part of the fabric of the campus/City
which is held together by the network of streets and spaces.
•Well enclosed and connected spaces allow using and enjoying the
campus conveniently and in comfort.
•The street forms the interface between the public and private
realm.
•Developing and protecting the urban fabric or structure with strong
spatial continuity and a good sense of enclosure will benefit the
campus over time.
 PUBLIC REALM
A PLACE WITH ATTRACTIVE AND SUCCESSFUL OUTDOOR SPACES. TO PROMOTE PUBLIC
SPACES AND ROUTES THAT ARE ATTRACTIVE, SAFE, UNCLUTTERED AND WORK EFFECTIVELY
FOR ALL IN SOCIETY, INCLUDING DISABLED AND ELDERLY PEOPLE.

•Create high quality public spaces that are attractive, safe, comfortable, well
maintained, welcoming and accessible to everyone.

•The term ‘public realm’ means any part of the campus that can be experienced by
everyone, from buildings to bollards. Everything in the Public realm has an effect on the
campus/City image and character.

•A key principle is that ‘people attract people’.

•Places which feel good will encourage people to use them and places which are well
used stand a better chance of being well cared for.

•The aim is to produce friendly, vibrant public places where people feel welcome to
visit, socialize and go about their business and leisure in comfort and safety.

•Buildings define spaces and good architecture .

 EASE OF MOVEMENT
A place that is easy to get to and move through.

• Priority: Promote local permeability and connectivity by

putting people before traffic.

• Pedestrian Focus: Ensure the campus is safe to get to and

move around in, particularly for pedestrians and cyclists.

• Vitality: Movement is considered the "lifeblood" of any

campus, bringing the area to life.

• Quality of Life: High levels of traffic can negatively impact

the perception of a place; therefore, streets should be
acknowledged for their social and economic roles, not just
as channels for vehicles.
 LEGIBILITY
A PLACE THAT HAS A CLEAR IMAGE AND IS EASY TO UNDERSTAND. TO PROMOTE THROUGH
DEVELOPMENT THAT PROVIDES RECOGNISABLE ROUTES AND LANDMARKS TO HELP PEOPLE FIND THEIR
WAY AROUND.

• Create a place that both residents and visitors can understand and easily navigate.
• Good urban design can help to create a campus that is easy to understand and find one’s way about.
• Streets, buildings, vistas, visual details and activities should be used to give a strong sense of place and to
provide an understanding of destinations and routes.
• A legible urban environment is the sum of many of the urban design principles.
• Routes and landmarks should be clear, specific, and attractive.
Components of Legibility
• ROUTES: The routes people take are a key element
in the way the campus is perceived.
• LANDMARKS: Landmarks include public art or a
unique lighting scheme, traffic signals, a strong
element of urban character such as a distinctive
building or a striking vista.
• FOCAL POINTS: Public spaces are key to the
legibility of any place. The best are active areas
where people gather and meet and such focal
points should be emphasized, given clear definition
and purpose.
• VIEW: Protect key views and create new vistas and
landmarks to help people locate themselves in the
campus and create links within and beyond the
immediate area.
 ADAPTABILITY
A place that can change easily. To promote adaptability
through development that can respond to changing
social, technological and economic conditions.
• Create a campus that can adapt to change so that
buildings may come and go, but the streets last a
lifetime.
• Successful campuses accept change and continually
adapt to remain vibrant over time.
• Thoughtful and good urban design is required to achieve
this flexibility.
• New developments and the public realm should be
designed to accommodate future growth and alternative
uses.
DIVERSITY
• A place with variety and choice. To promote diversity and
choice through a mix of compatible developments and uses
that work together to create viable places that respond to
local needs.
• Create a campus with variety and choice.
• Encourage a mix of uses (institutional, residential, leisure) and
architectural styles to create vibrant campus.
• Housing, leisure, places to work and meet should interrelate to
form an identifiable and walkable campus that meets the
needs of residents.
• The campus's which benefit from a [mix of uses and styles].
ALDO ROSSI
• Aldo Rossi was born in Milan, Italy in
1931.
• He studied architecture in Milan and
was a teacher in the same in various
Universities in Italy, Germany, Spain
and the U.S.
• The Architecture of the City: Aldo
Rossi published this book.
Philosophy

Rossi’s work and thought process are defined by several key philosophical
pillars:
• Neo-Rationalism: A movement he spearheaded that emphasized logic and
a return to fundamental forms.
• Historical Reference (Post-Modernist): He utilized history as a primary tool
for architectural design.
• Repetition and Fixation: Elements of his style often involved recurring
motifs and specific geometric fixations.
• Artistic Influence: His work was heavily influenced by prominent Italian
painters De Chirico and Sironi.
• Importance of Place: He placed the utmost importance on the history of a
location, specifically as expressed through its monuments.
Neo-Rationalism:
Is rejection of modernism for historically rooted simple and repetitive geometric forms.
He was a primary proponent of this approach, which is often categorized as a Post-
Modern movement.

Historical Reference:
He operated as a Post-Modernist by rejecting certain aspects of modernism in favor of
utilizing historical styles and forms.

Artistic Influences:
His aesthetic was heavily shaped by prominent Italian painters, specifically De Chirico
and Sironi.

Repetition and Fixation:

His designs often featured recurring geometric motifs and a sense of formal fixation.

Sanctity of the Monument:

He placed the utmost importance on the history of a place, viewing monuments as the
primary expression of that history.
Architecture of the City

• First published as L’architettura della città in 1966,

this book is one of the most significant works in
urban design. Its primary arguments include:
• A Return to Logic: It proposes a return to reason,
logic, history, and memory within the urban
context.
• The City as a Construction: Rossi argued that the
city must be valued and studied as a construction
built over time.
 Type, Memory, and the City
• Rossi theorized that cities are built upon "types“;
recognizable archetypes that allow citizens to connect
through collective memory.
• Form Follows Memory: In a reversal of the modernist
mantra, Rossi believed architectural form should follow
memory rather than pure function.
• Memory Structure: Using the 1748 Nolli Map of Rome as
an example, he showed how cities are designed as links
between monuments, mimicking the way human memory
functions.
• Concept of Time: Rossi associated the presence of clocks
in his imagery with the idea that an event is over, a
fixation shared by Roland Barthes in photography.
 Permanent Form: Palazzo della Ragione
• To illustrate his theories on the permanence of form,
Rossi often cited the Palazzo della Ragione in Padua,
Italy:

• Historical Adaptation: Originally a 13th-century City

Hall, it was successfully converted into a marketplace.

• Rejection of Functionalism: This structure serves as

proof that architectural form is permanent and can be
adapted to new uses over centuries, effectively
rebutting the idea that "form follows function".
Jane Jacobs
• American-Canadian journalist, author, and
activist best known for her influence on urban
studies.

• Her book The Death and Life of Great American

Cities (1961) argued that urban renewal did not
respect the needs of most city- dwellers.

• Well known for organizing grassroots efforts to

protect existing neighborhoods from "slum
clearance".

• Particularly for her opposition to Robert Mosesin

his plans to overhaul her neighborhood,
Greenwich Village.
Jane Jacobs
• “Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only
because, and only when, they are created by everybody.“
• Jacobs's four principles for a city as a vibrant system and maintaining a
"side walk ballet":
1. A street or district must serve several primary functions. (Mixed use
and eyes on street concept)
2. Blocks must be short. (Walkability & readability)
3. Buildings must vary in age, condition, use and rentals.
4. Population must be dense. (Mixed use)
Led the way in advocating for a place-based, community-centered approach
to urban planning
Major aspects:
• Organic Ecosystem Model: Jacobs viewed cities as dynamic, self-
organizing systems, rather than objects for top-down planning. She
emphasized that neighborhoods change in response to how people
use them.
• "Eyes on the Street" (Safety): Higher density ensures that sidewalks
are continuously used, creating natural surveillance, which reduces
crime and fosters safety.
• The Power of Density (Not Overcrowding): She distinguished high
density from over-crowding. She argued that a certain density is
required to generate the necessary concentration of people to
support local shops, public transit, and diversity.
• Mixed-Use Development: She advocated for mixing old and new
buildings, residential and commercial uses, to ensure activity
throughout the day and night.
• Diversity and Vitality: A successful ecosystem relies on a mix of
building types, ages, and uses, which prevents the "Great Blight of
Dullness" (monotony).
• The "Goldilocks" Density: She advocated for a density that is not too
high, nor too low, a "Goldilocks" level: that supports vibrant,
walkable neighborhoods, as opposed to massive high-rise projects,
which she disliked
Jane Jacobs
Camillo Sitte
• Camillo Sitte (17 April 1843 – 16 November 1903)
was an Austrian architect, painter and urban
theorist whose work influenced urban planning and
land use regulation.
• Renowned for the his work, the book “City Planning
According to Artistic Principles”, in which he
examined and documented the traditional,
incremental approach to urbanism in Europe, with a
close focus on public spaces in Italy and the
Germanic countries.
• His published work "Der Stadtebau" criticized what
he perceived to be the distributing urban
development of his days.
Camillo Sitte
• There are three milestones in the literature of the building of cities.
• These include the writings of Vitruvius which dated far back to classical Roman
times, Alberti a Florentine writing during the renaissance, and Camillo Sitte
(1843-1903) who was a Viennese artist and critic whose published work "Der
Stadtebau" criticized what he perceived to be the distributing urban
development of his days.
• Sitte examined the town squares or plazas of ancient Greek and Rome, the
middle ages and the Renaissance especially Baroque to determine the
characteristics that gave those places a ‘Human Scale'.
• Sitte emphasized upon aesthetic importance as well as social concern.
• He suggested that his aesthetic principles need only to be applied to the major
plazas and thoroughfares of a town, city or suburb.
• Before the first skyscraper was ever designed and the motor cars flooded, Sitte
criticized the 'modern cubic mass' of building that was growing ever higher.
 Camillo Sitte
• Sitte's comments are quite applicable to the urban landscape that characterizes
the end of the 20th century. His principles can be summarized as follows:

(a)There is an important relationship between buildings, monuments and their

plazas.
(b) The center of plazas should be kept free.
(c) There are rules that govern the size and shape of plazas. A hierarchy of sizes
should exist within the squares of each town. The size and therefore the shape of
the plaza should be in proportion to the size and height of the buildings dominating
it.
(d) Plazas work best when irregular in shape, and irregularity assists to keep the
center free.
(e) A cluster of plazas can emphasize a city's focal point.
Straight roads with good proportion between length and width can work well and
are often necessary. The curves and meanders of ancient streets are preferable
where terrain or other local circumstances suggest such treatment.
Enclosed streets with varied alignments are more interesting than long streets
crossed with endless intersections.
Richard Rogers
• Was a British-Italian architect noted for
his modernist and constructivist designs
in high-tech architecture.
• Rogers’ buildings made their mark across
the globe but his legacy as an urban thinker
and public champion for good design is
equally enduring and shaped the
development of cities across the UK.
Richard Rogers
Edmund Bacon
• American urban planner, architect,
educator, and author. During his tenure as
the Executive Director of the Philadelphia
City Planning Commission from 1949 to
1970, his visions shaped today's
Philadelphia, the city in which he was born,
to the extent that he is sometimes
described as
• "The Father of Modern Philadelphia"
Elements of Involvement
Design Of Cities
• Bacon identifies eight elements of 'Involvement' in Architecture
and Urban Design.

• To identify these elements, Bacon utilizes Francesco Guardi’s

painting Architectural Capriccio.

• Describing these elements as functions of design, he argues the

urban designer should be aware of these elements and use them
as tools when developing a 'design idea' of what the city or place
ought to look like

5
7
Meeting the Sky
Bacon points
to akroterion of Greek
temples as an excellent
example of how buildings
and built form meet the
sky. He points to a revival
of this style in the Baroque
and Victorian period, and
comments that this
element is an identical to a
city skyline, which he
identifies as a city's
signature.

58
Meeting the Ground
Bacon argues that this second
element is where built mass
meets the ground to act as a
pedestal for built form. This
pedestal allows the involved
to scale buildings and
relate their size to one
another. Bacon points to
buildings that utilized
staircases as pedestals in the
Renaissance period, and
notes that many of these
were placed at the focal point
of cities, such as city squares
and town commons

59
Points in space
Bacon's third element is
used to create tension and
relief between elements.
He argues great places
have prominent points in
space that are identifiable
work to interplay with
other elements.
- The spaces which helps
to relate spaces around.
B.O.R

60
Recession in planes
Recession planes are
used in urban form to
heighten dramatic
power of structures. This
is done by allowing the
involved viewer to have
a reference to scale,
frame and position
relative to the viewer.

61
Design in depth
Relating two arches to one
another allows the involved
viewer to understand the
depth of buildings, provide
scale for that depth, and
identify egress areas.
Designing in depth creates
urban movement, that allows
space to be understood from
multiple perspectives.
It also lends further credence
to the determination and
coherence of scale.

62
Ascent and Descent
By varying levels of floor, designers
have the ability to toy with emotions
of the involved viewer. Upward
movement has can symbolize power,
achievement, or anticipation.
Downward movement can symbolize
the depth and grandeur of space.
Bacon argues that as citizens change
levels, new aspects of the urban form
reveal themselves and as mechanical
design elements work to replicate
sequences of urban form.
Furthermore, these two aspects of
the same element exist in duality and
also aid in creating spatial tension.

63
Convexity and Concavity
Much like ascent and
descent, these mirrored
aspects of the same element
heavily rely on one another.
Working with the depth of
built form, convexity and
concavity act as connector
and divider of urban space.
They inform the volume of
urban form and can be taken
advantage of to make urban
form more dramatic.

64
Relationship to man
One of the most critical
pieces of Bacon's work is the
identification and reiteration
of built forms relationship to
man. Bacon argues that our
urban built form should be
reflective of our human scale
and aid in establishing a
connection between built
environment and man. If this
is done artfully, buildings and
their relationship to man
benefit urban form

65
Rob Krier
• Rob Krier bornis a Luxembourgian sculptor,
architect, urban designer and theorist.
• He is former professor of architecture at Vienna
University of Technology, Austria.
• From 1993 to mid-2010 he has worked in
partnership with architect Christoph Kohl in a
joint office based in Berlin, Germany.
Rob Krier
• He published Stadtraum in Theorie and Praxis in 1975.
• This book is a contribution to the establishment of an integrative
typology of urban spaces, and let him to earn an influential position
in urban rationalist polemics.
• His rationalism is based on the visual hierarchies proposed by Camillo
Sitte and related to buildings of human scale.
• He considered that people have lost the sight of traditional
understanding of urban space in the modern city.
Rob Krier
• The basic approach of our urban design concept in the
"block" formation.
• This enables the creation many different spatial
configurations of squares and street sequences that
give the individual 'places‘ their indelible character
and offer inhabitants the kind of familiar quality found
in a typical Berlin neighborhood, or Kiez.“
• More than just a garden- suburb, Kirchsteigfeld
integrates the open flow of space and light which is
the 20th century's great contribution to housing, while
celebrating the historic qualities of place and identity
which we have learned once more to value in making
urban forms for community."
Rob Krier
• Urban Space is created by the built massing and
their elevations. Buildings are therefore space-
forming. The designer of a building is
consequently responsible for the image that is
create and imposed upon the user.
• Buildings mark their surroundings and must
accordingly capture the genius loci' and reflect
this spirit of the place in which they are located.
• In this sense buildings serve their context and the
people which inhabit them-Rob Krier and
Christoph Kohl
Christopher Alexander
• C. Alexander was born in 1936.
• His theory of urban design apparently
evolved from ,Sitte’ s principles. Though it
continues with the notion of timeless
principles and the need for individual
elements to contribute positively to the
whole.

• He is the father of the Pattern Language

movement in architecture
Christopher Alexander
• The pattern language contains rules for how
human beings interact with built forms — a
pattern language codifies practical solutions
developed over millennia, which are
appropriate to local customs, society, and
climate.

• In Alexander's review, the pattern languages

have broken down in our time and humans
have lost touch with the deep patterns
which are capable of generating life in
places where they live and work
Christopher Alexander
• Alexander suggested some principles such as:
(a)The number of populations within each neighborhood
should be within the range of 7000, since it is the ideal size
for an identi-fiable community group.
• (b) The suggested community would include pockets of
common land which are shared by clusters of 8- 12 buildings,
called 'houses clusters'.
• (c) This community should encompass owned shops, corner
grocery stores, row houses, small public squares (20 m in
diameter) and scattered parking area pockets.
• (d) Due to the apparent psychological effects on people who
live and work in tall buildings, Alexander imposes a general
height limit of four floors for most of buildings with limited
exceptions allowed for non residential buildings.
William H White
• W. White puts forward a case for making greater and more intense use
of space.
• He stressed that the visual quality of open space is as important as its
use; so long narrow pieces of open space can be far better than
single large open areas as more people have both physical and visual
access to the narrow spaces.
• Whyte undertook a "street life project". It studied how
people use urban public space, and a set of urban design
guidelines for use in public areas was produced.

Whyte's design principles for public spaces are:

• (a) The location of public space is important; it should be located in the
heart of the downtown area.
• (b) The shape of space must not be crucial, and it should be well
defined because people like to position themselves in such places.
William H White
(c) Whyte supports Sitte's principles that
irregular shaped public plazas work best.
(d) Whyte emphasizes Sitte's concept on the
importance of the relationship between
location of the space and the street.
(e) People gather in various ways to plazas and
during specific times such as the lunch hour,
many people cluster in small groups, chatting
along the sidewalks.
Eventually based on the results of his work,
Whyte consulted with officials in New York City
to improve the placement and design of its
parks and plazas.
Donald Appleyard
• "Toward an Urban Design Manifesto“- written by
Alan Jacob and D. Appleyard
• Alan Jacobs and D. Appleyard in their work
attacked the practice of city building and
rebuilding.
• Their particular criticisms focused on the vast area
developed by both public and private developers
that result in high rise buildings, super- blocks,
separate paths for people and cars and housing
divorced from streets.
• Such developments are large and best seen from a
distance or from a moving car but if the super-
block is seen from nearby, pedestrians never feel
of diversity or spontaneity in urban patterns, and
thus; the place becomes meaningless.
• A. Jacobs and D. Appleyard suggested a
number of structural qualities for good
urban environment.
Donald Appleyard
• There are five physical characteristics that must all be
present for positive urban life:
• (a) A good urban environment should contain livable
streets and neighborhoods, and. ensures healthy
conditions including sunlight, clean air, trees,
vegetation, gardens, open spaces, pleasantly scaled
and designed buildings, cleanliness, physical safety
and without offensive noise
• Suggested a minimum density of development and
intensity of land use. They suggested 15 dwellings per
acre, and up to 48 dwellings per acre.
• Such a density enhances the human exchange, public
life, action, diversity and community that make up
city life. Therefore A. Jacobs and Appleyard agree with
Alexander on the importance of this issue.
Donald Appleyard
• For intersections :
(c) The good urban environment must integrate some activities. Living, working
and shopping in reasonable proximity accessible by walking to each other. So, A.
Jacobs and Appleyard support J. Jacobs's principles

(d) Good public space boosts pedestrians' needs as no public life can take place
between people where they are in cars. On this point A. Jacobs and Appleyard
also agree with J. Jacobs on the role of sidewalks as a generator for livable
places.

(e) A good urban environment is more compatible with many separate, distinct
building with complex arrangements and relationships rather than few large
buildings or superblocks.

Smaller buildings mean more entrances located on the public space,

thus a more lively public environment. So, they support the concept of diversity of
J. Jacobs and her advocation for the short block.
Jan Gehl
• Jan Gehl Hon. FAIA (born 17 September
1936, Copenhagen) is a Danish
architect and urban design consultant
based in Copenhagen whose career has
focused on improving the quality of
urban life by re-orienting city design
towards the pedestrian and cyclist.
John Lang
Peter Calthorpe
• Peter Calthorpe (born 1949) is a San Francisco-
based architect, urban designer and urban
planner. He is a founding member of
the Congress for New Urbanism.
• Architect, urban designer, author, new urbanism
movement leader
• Advocate for livable cities; that are human scale,
compact, walkable, pedestrian-friendly, transit-
oriented, and that harmonies the built and natural
environment.
Peter Calthorpe
He shared seven universal principles for solving sprawl and
building smarter, more sustainable cities during his talk of 2017.
1 — Preserve
5 — Connect
▪ Preserve natural ecologies, agrarian
landscapes and cultural heritage sites.
Build dense, flexible street
networks rather than isolated cul-
2 — Mix
de-sacs.
▪ Create mixed-use and mixed-income
6 — Ride
neighborhoods.

3 — Walk ▪ Develop high quality transit

and affordable BRT.
▪ Design walkable streets and human
scale neighborhoods. 7 — Focus
4 — Bike ▪ Match density and mix to
▪ Prioritize bicycle networks and auto-free transit capacity.
streets.
 Genius Loci and Schulz
• Christian Norberg-Schulz (1926–2000) was a Norwegian architect,
historian, and architectural theorist whose work shaped late-20th-
century design thinking.

• A leading voice of phenomenology in architecture, he emphasized the

relationship between human experience and the character of place,
coining influential concepts such as the “genius loci.”

• The term genius loci originates from Roman belief, where every place
was protected by a guardian spirit. In architectural theory, it evolved to
mean the intrinsic character or spirit of a place—what makes one place
feel different from another, beyond physical form.

• This concept was systematically developed by Christian Norberg-Schulz

in his seminal work Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology of
Architecture (1980).
 Genius Loci and Schulz
According to Norberg-Schulz, every place has a structure formed
by three interrelated aspects:
a) Image
How a place is perceived and remembered
– landmarks, skylines, edges, symbolic elements
b) Space
The spatial organization
– streets, squares, paths, enclosures, openness/closure
c) Character
The overall atmosphere
– light, material, color, texture, climate, sound, smell

Together, these create the genius loci.

 Genius Loci and Schulz
Natural & Man-Made Determinants of Genius Loci
Philosophical Foundation: Phenomenology A. Natural Setting
• Norberg-Schulz bases his theory on Topography (hills, plains, coast)
phenomenology, especially ideas from Climate (monsoon, heat, wind)
Martin Heidegger, who argued that: Water bodies
• Human existence is fundamentally about Vegetation
dwelling. Norberg-Schulz insists architecture must reveal, not dominate,
nature.
• Here, dwelling means more than living in a B. Built Environment
building—it is about being oriented in the Settlement pattern
world and finding meaning in one’s Street hierarchy
surroundings.
Building typologies
• Architecture, therefore, must help humans: Materials and construction methods
• Orient themselves (know where they are) C. Cultural Meaning
Rituals and everyday practices
• Identify (feel that they belong) Historical layers
Collective memory
Types of Landscapes (Norberg-Schulz Classification)
• He categorizes places based on dominant natural character:
• Romantic Landscape – irregular, intimate (forests, river towns)
• Cosmic Landscape – vast, ordered (deserts, plains)
• Classical Landscape – balanced, human-scaled (Mediterranean towns)
• Each landscape demands a different architectural response.
Dwelling and Identity
• Norberg-Schulz defines dwelling through four modes:
• Settlement – choosing a place
• Urban space – collective interaction
• Institution – cultural and symbolic order
• House – personal identity
• Good architecture strengthens place identity at all these levels.
Genius Loci and Schulz
Place vs Space
• Space is abstract and measurable.
• Place is space given meaning through human experience.
• The role of Urban Design is to transform space into meaningful place.
Phenomenology of Place
• He draws from phenomenology (Heidegger) to argue that humans need to exist meaningfully in the world.
• Architecture should support this by reinforcing how people orient themselves and identify with a place.
Components of Genius Loci
According to Norberg-Schulz, the spirit of a place emerges from:
• Natural environment – topography, water, vegetation, climate
• Built form – streets, squares, buildings, materials
• Cultural meaning – myths, memories, traditions, everyday life
Dwelling
• Dwelling is not just shelter, but a sense of belonging.
• Good architecture helps people feel “at home” in the world.
Key Features of Southeast Asian Urbanism
• Economic Disparity and "Private Cities": Rapid growth has
resulted in a sharp contrast between the rising middle class and
persistent poverty. In some areas, this has led to the rise of
private, self-contained cities with their own infrastructure,
which can further inequality.

• Political and Cultural Centers: Cities serve as the hub for

political power, often embodying the state's vision of progress
and "civilized" living.
COLLAGE CITY- C O L L I N R O W E A N D F R E D K O E T T E R
ALLAN B. JACOBS
DENISE SCOTT BROWN
Urbanism of South-East Asia
• Southeast Asian urbanism is characterized
by rapid, high-density growth driven by
globalization, resulting in mega-urban regions
and intense, mixed-use development.

• Key features include a blend of traditional and

modern infrastructure, significant economic
disparity, and vulnerability to climate change,
such as flooding.

• These cities often feature "entangled" spaces,

where rapid development clashes with, or
adapts, historical "debris"
 Key Features of Southeast Asian
Urbanism

• Rapid, High-Density Expansion: Urban areas are growing at an unprecedented rate, often
driven by intense economic development and rural-to-urban migration. This has led to the
formation of massive mega-urban regions.
(Case of Jakarta: Jakarta experienced a 19% increase in built-up land from 2000 to 2020, 5 million slum
dwellers, severe traffic congestion,)

• "Entangled" and Hybrid Spaces: Modern, high-tech developments often exist alongside, or
are built on, older, traditional structures. Urban life is a mix of high-rise, modern districts (like
Jakarta's Golden Triangle) and more informal, traditional neighborhoods.

• Infrastructure and Environmental Challenges: Cities face major issues with traffic, pollution,
and waste management. They are also highly vulnerable to climate change, including rising
sea levels and flooding.