Extra Questions for DCN
Q.1) Differentiate between Analog & digital Signal.
Point Analog Signal Digital Signal
Nature Continuous Signal Discrete Signal
Representation By Sign Wave By Pulse Wave
Accuracy Low High
Data Storage Harder to store Easy to Store
E.g Radio Signal USB Data
Explain Components of data communication with neat diagram.
Data Communication: Data Communication is the process of sharing Digital data from one device to other.
Components:
1. Sender: It sends the data.
2. Receiver: It Receives the data.
3. Medium: The way information is being Transferred.
4. Message: The information that is being shared.
5. Protocol: The set of Rules that both sender and receiver must follow.
Diagram:
Head Sharing Links
Ready
Sender Receiver
Busy
Q.2) Compare Guided & Unguided Media.
Feature Guided Media Unguided Media
Transmission Through Cables Through Air
Security High Low
Speed High Low
Cost High Low
Mobility Fixed Flexible
Describe Various Mobile generations.
1. 1G (First Generation)
Period: 1980s
Technology: Analog
Features:
Only voice calls
Poor sound quality
No security (easy to tap calls)
Example: Early mobile phones (very basic)
2. 2G (Second Generation)
Period: 1990s
Technology: Digital (GSM, CDMA)
Features:
Voice calls + SMS (text messages)
Better quality and security
Limited data (very slow internet)
Example: Basic keypad phones
3. � 3G (Third Generation)
Period: 2000s
Technology: UMTS, WCDMA
Features:
Internet browsing
Video calls
Multimedia (music, videos)
Speed: Up to ~2 Mbps
Example: Early smartphones
4. 4G (Fourth Generation)
Period: 2010s
Technology: LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Features:
High-speed internet
HD video streaming
Online gaming
Apps like Instagram, YouTube
Speed: Up to ~100 Mbps or more
Example: Most modern smartphones
5. 5G (Fifth Generation)
Period: Present & future
Technology: Advanced wireless (mmWave, Massive MIMO)
Features:
Ultra-fast internet
Very low delay (latency)
Supports IoT (smart devices)
Smart cities, self-driving cars
Speed: Up to ~10 Gbps
Q.3)Explain TDM with the help of diagram.
TDM is a Digital Multiplexing Technique
In TDM, We operate multiple signals at same frequency but different time.
Channel is divided on the basis of time.
Each signal is associated particular time interval called time slot.
Signal’s are transmitted 1 by 1.
Types:
1. Synchronous TDM:
We have n input lines and n slots in the frame .
Each device given same time slot to transmit data overlink.
Each device places it’s data into frame when it’s time slot arrives.
2. Asynchronous TDM:
Time slots are not fixed, they are flexible.
Have n input lines & m slots in the frame such n > m.
Diagram:
What is analog and digital signal
1. Analog Signal
An analog signal is continuous—it changes smoothly over time and can take any value
within a range.
Key features:
Continuous waveform (like a sine wave)
Infinite possible values
More sensitive to noise and distortion
Represents real-world quantities directly (sound, temperature, etc.)
Example:
Human voice captured by a microphone
Traditional radio signals (AM/FM)
2. Digital Signal
A digital signal is discrete—it represents data using specific, separate values,
usually binary (0s and 1s).
Key features:
Step-like waveform (square waves)
Limited set of values (commonly 0 and 1)
Less affected by noise; more reliable for transmission
Easy to store, process, and compress
Example:
Data in computers and smartphones
MP3 audio files, digital TV signals
Q.4) Draw & Explain OSI reference Model.
1. Physical:
Transmits row bits over physical medicum
Ex: cables.
2. Data Link:
Transfer data between 2 directly Connected nodes with error detection.
3. N/W:
routes packets accross networks using logical addressing.
4. Transport:
Ensures reliable end-to-end data delivery with flow control
5. Session:
Manages and maintains appin Communication sessions betr
6. Presentation:
Translates encrypts f compresses data for the application layer
7. Application:
Provides n/w services directly to end-user application
What is analog and digital signal
1. Analog Signal
An analog signal is continuous—it changes smoothly over time and can take any value
within a range.
Key features:
Continuous waveform (like a sine wave)
Infinite possible values
More sensitive to noise and distortion
Represents real-world quantities directly (sound, temperature, etc.)
Example:
Human voice captured by a microphone
Traditional radio signals (AM/FM)
3. Digital Signal
A digital signal is discrete—it represents data using specific, separate values,
usually binary (0s and 1s).
Key features:
Step-like waveform (square waves)
Limited set of values (commonly 0 and 1)
Less affected by noise; more reliable for transmission
Easy to store, process, and compress
Example:
Data in computers and smartphones
MP3 audio files, digital TV signals
Q.5)Explain working of following topologies. I )Star ii)Mesh
1. Star topology:
Star topology connects each node to a central hub. The hub or switch acts as a bridge beth the
nodes.
Any node making a service request or offerring a service must first get in touch with the hub.
The other connected devices fun as 'clients in a star topology, while the hub and switch server
as a Server.
[Link] Topology:
Mesh Topology:
In Mesh topology every node has a dedicated point-to-point link in every other node. Such a
network is called complete because, for any two devices, there is a special link and non-
redundant links Cannot be added to link and non-redundant links cannot be added to the main
network
-Mesh topology is a network con figuration in which computers are Pinked to one another by
numerow redundant connections.
Differentiate between Analog & digital Signal
Point Analog Signal Digital Signal
Nature Continuous Signal Discrete Signal
Representation By Sign Wave By Pulse Wave
Accuracy Low High
Data Storage Harder to store Easy to Store
E.g Radio Signal USB Data
Q.6) Explain with neat sketch working of router & Switch.
1. Router:
It connects multiple computer network together.
Router receive data packets from the sender and transfer those data packets to receiver by
analyzing there IP address & best path
It ensures that they arrive safely and quickly.
[Link]:
One of the more advanced networking devices than Hubs & Bridge. It model's Data Link
operates at OSI model Data Link Layer
It can analyze data packets, check MAC address & perform error checking
It reduces network configuration.
Differentiate between Analog & digital Signal.
Point Analog Signal Digital Signal
Nature Continuous Signal Discrete Signal
Representation By Sign Wave By Pulse Wave
Accuracy Low High
Data Storage Harder to store Easy to Store
E.g Radio Signal USB Data
Q.7) Explain FDM.
An analog multiplexing technique.
Multiple Signals are combined. for transmission on a signal communication line or channel, so
each signal signal assigned with 2, diff Frequencies with main signal.
It is a technique in which total bandwidth of E communication Channel is divided into multiple
Frequency bands.
Working Principle:
Multiple signal are modulated on different carrier frequencies.
Application.
Widely used in radio broadcasting, TV transmission, cable network telephone systems.
Explain Components of data communication with neat diagram.
Data Communication: Data Communication is the process of sharing Digital data from one device to other.
Components:
1. Sender: It sends the data.
2. Receiver: It Receives the data.
3. Medium: The way information is being Transferred.
4. Message: The information that is being shared.
5. Protocol: The set of Rules that both sender and receiver must follow.
Diagram:
Head Sharing Links
Ready
Sender Receiver
Busy
Q.8)Explain Bluetooth and it’s type
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication technology that allows devices to exchange
data over radio waves, typically within a range of 10–100 meters, without the need for cables or
internet connectivity. It operates on the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical)
radio frequency band.
It was developed in 1994 by Ericsson and is now managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest
Group (SIG). Today, it's built into billions of devices — phones, laptops, headphones, cars,
medical devices, and more.
Types of Bluetooth
1. Classic Bluetooth (BR/EDR)
Basic Rate / Enhanced Data Rate
Designed for continuous, streaming data transfer
Ideal for audio streaming (headphones, speakers, car systems)
Range: ~10–100 meters
Power consumption: Moderate to high
Examples: Bluetooth headsets, wireless speakers, keyboards
2. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
Also called Bluetooth Smart
Designed for short bursts of data with minimal power usage
Can run on a small battery for months or years
Ideal for IoT, fitness trackers, smartwatches, medical sensors
Range: ~10–30 meters (up to 100m in optimal conditions)
Examples: Heart rate monitors, smart locks, beacons, AirTags
3. Bluetooth Dual Mode
Combines both Classic + BLE in a single chip
Most modern smartphones and laptops use this
Can communicate with both legacy Classic devices and newer BLE devices
Examples: Smartphones, tablets, modern laptops
4. Bluetooth Mesh
Allows many-to-many communication across a large network of devices
Devices relay signals to extend range beyond point-to-point limits
Ideal for smart home/building automation, industrial IoT
Examples: Smart lighting systems, factory sensors, building management
Compare 3G & 4G
Features 3G 4G
Launch Year 2000 2010
Speed 2 Mbps 100 Mbps – 1 Gbps
Technology WCDMA LTE
Switching Packet & Circuit Packet
Frequency 850 – 2100 MHz 700 – 2.6 GHz
Use Cases Voice , Basic Data HD Video
Multiplexing CDMA OFDMA
Q.9) Explain circuit switching
Circuit Switching:
Circuit Switching network consist of set of switches connected by physical link
There are 3 states
1. Establish Connection
2. Transfer Data
3. Disconnect Connection.
Diagram:
Compare analog and digital signal
Point Analog Signal Digital Signal
Nature Continuous Signal Discrete Signal
Representation By Sign Wave By Pulse Wave
Accuracy Low High
Data Storage Harder to store Easy to Store
E.g Radio Signal USB Data
Q.10)What is ARQ.
ARQ – Automatic Repeat Request
ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) is an error-control method used in data communication and
networking. It ensures reliable data transmission by automatically requesting the
retransmission of data packets that are lost, corrupted, or not acknowledged within a set time.
Types of ARQ:
1. Stop-and-Wait ARQ
2. Go-Back-N ARQ (GBN)
List IEEE standards
IEEE Standards
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) develops and publishes thousands of
standards across various technology domains. Here are the major IEEE standards organized by
category:
� IEEE 802 – Networking & Communication Standards
LAN/WAN Standards
Standard Name
IEEE 802.1 Bridging & Management
IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.4 Token Bus
IEEE 802.5 Token Ring
IEEE 802.6 DQDB (MAN)
IEEE 802.7 Broadband LAN
IEEE 802.8 Fiber Optic
IEEE 802.9 Isochronous LAN
IEEE 802.10 Security
IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi
IEEE 802.12 100VG-AnyLAN
IEEE 802.13 (Not used)
IEEE 802.14 Cable Modems
IEEE 802.15 WPAN
IEEE 802.16 WiMAX
Q.11) Compare LAN , MAN , WAN
Parameter LAN MAN WAN
Ownership Private Public/ Private Public/ Private
Geographical Area Small(Buildings) Moderate(CIties) Wide(Countries)
Design and Easy Not Easy Not Easy
maintenance
Communication Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable , PSTN , Optical PSTN or Satellite Link
Medium Fiber , Wireless
Data Speed High Moderate Low
Installation Cost Low High Moderate
Propagation Delay Short Moderate Long
Bandwidth Low Moderate High
Explain guided media.
Guided media is a type of transmission media in computer Betwork which is also known as
wired or bounded media.
Guided media is a physical link between sender and reciever
Types:
1) Twisted pair
consists of 2 copper wires
media used for one of the guided media voice & data transmission
consist insulator surrounding Copper wires
These are twisted because, suppose there is nearby device which are
Generation electromagnetic interface & Because of twisting, this noise is cancelling out Without
wires, if will act as twisting simple antenna
Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable
1. Commonly used
2. Most in LANS
Shielded Twisted Pair Cable.
1. Helps to protect the electro-magnetic radiation
2. Commonly used in
3. High transmission rang
2) Co-Axial Cable.
Has better shielding than twisted pair
This helps to transmit data over ger distance at high longer speeds
3) Fiber Optic:
It is made up of plastic/glass that transmit data in the form of light.
Because of light it trovels over higher distances at high speeds
Widely used in internet Telephone & Television industry
Q.12) Explain IPV4
IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4)
IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol — the foundational system that identifies and
routes data across networks. It's been the backbone of internet communication since 1983.
What is an IP Address?
An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number written as four decimal octets separated by dots:
[Link]
Each octet ranges from 0 to 255, giving roughly 4.3 billion unique addresses (2³²).
Address Structure
Every IPv4 address has two parts:
Network portion — identifies which network the device is on
Host portion — identifies the specific device on that network
A subnet mask (e.g., [Link]) defines where the split is.
Address Classes
Class Range Default Use
A [Link] – [Link] Large networks
B [Link] – [Link] Medium networks
C [Link] – [Link] Small networks
D [Link] – [Link] Multicasting
E [Link] – [Link] Reserved/Research
List network connecting devices.
Networking devices: Network connecting devices are
hardware components including routers, switches, modems, hubs and access point that enable
communication, data transmission, and resource Sharing bet computers, printers, and other
peripherals within or across network.
1)Bridge:
A Bridge is a device that connects two Thore LAN's together who works on same protocol.
It allowing them to communicate 5 data transfer with each other.
If the address is not found, the bridge blocks the data frame and does not allow it to pass
through it
2)Switch:
One of the more advanced networking devices than Hubs & Bridge. It model's Data Link
operates at OSI model Data Link Layer
It can analyze data packets, check MAC address & perform error checking
It reduces network configuration.
3)Router:
It connects multiple computer network together.
Router receive data packets from the sender and transfer those data packets to receiver by
analyzing there IP address & best path
It ensures that they arrive safely and quickly.
4)Modem:
It modulates signal or demodulates the signal
When computer send data to internet. Modem converts those digital signal to analog signals.
Internet replay to the computer, Modem convert those Analog signals to digital signals
5)Repeater:
Repeater work like a signal booster.
Network signals travel through
cables or transmission media, they lose strength and become weaker stance get increase. when
distance get increase It works at the physical layer OSI model.
It helps to reduce error gloss OF data.
6)Gateway:
It connect twor more dissimilar n/w
They allow for common and data transfer beth them.
It operate all the 7 layer of OSI model.
We can't access the internet without a Gateway
7)Hub:
It is a networking device that serves as a central connection point within a LAN.
It operates on the OSI model's physical layer.
If following on row data transmission.