Institute of Engineering & Technology, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, India

INDEX
[Link]. List Of Experiment Submission Date
1. To study the characteristics of RTD and find relation
between temperature and resistance.
2. To study thermistor characteristics and its temperature-
resistance relation.
3. To measure angular displacement using potentiometer.
 1. RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector)

Aim :- To study the characteristics of RTD and find relation between temperature and resistance.

Apparatus Required :-
 RTD sensor (commonly PT100 RTD)
 Temperature bath (water bath or oil bath for controlled heating)
 Thermometer (preferably a calibrated digital thermometer for reference)
 Wheatstone bridge circuit (or a digital resistance measurement setup)
 DC power supply
 Galvanometer (if using a Wheatstone bridge)
 Rheostat (to adjust current)
 Standard resistance box (for precise resistance comparison)
 Connecting wires
 Voltmeter and ammeter (if measuring via V–I method)
 Heating source (like a hot plate or immersion heater)
 Stirrer (to maintain uniform temperature in the bath)

Theory :-
RTD is a temperature sensor made of pure metal such as platinum, nickel, or copper.
Most commonly used RTD is Pt100, which has 100Ω resistance at 0°C.

RTD works on the principle that resistance of metal increases with increase in temperature (Positive
Temperature Coefficient).

When temperature increases, atoms vibrate more, which increases resistance.

The relation is:

R = R₀ (1 + αT)

Where:
 R = resistance at temperature T
 R₀ = resistance at 0°C
 α = temperature coefficient
RTD is very accurate, stable, and used in industries where precise measurement is required.

Procedure :-
1. Connect RTD, ammeter, voltmeter, and power supply as per circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the DC supply.
3. Place RTD in a temperature-controlled environment (water bath/air).
4. Gradually increase temperature.
5. Measure voltage and current at each temperature.
6. Calculate resistance using R = V/I.
7. Record all readings in table.
8. Plot graph between temperature and resistance.
Observation Table :-
[Link] Temperature (°C) Voltage (V) Current (A) Resistance (Ω = V/I)
1 20 2.0 0.020 100
2 30 2.2 0.020 110
3 40 2.4 0.020 120
4 50 2.6 0.020 130
5 60 2.8 0.020 140

Precautions :-
 Ensure all connections are tight and proper
 Do not overheat the RTD sensor
 Take readings after temperature stabilizes
 Use accurate measuring instruments
 Avoid fluctuations in power supply

Result :-
It is observed that resistance of RTD increases with increase in temperature.

Conclusion :-
RTD shows a linear and positive relationship between temperature and resistance.
It is a highly accurate and reliable sensor for temperature measurement.

Advantages :-
 High accuracy
 Good stability
 Repeatable results
 Wide temperature range

Disadvantages :-
 Expensive
 Slow response time
 Requires external circuit

Applications :-
 Industrial temperature control
 Power plants
 HVAC systems
 Laboratories
 2. Thermistor

Aim :- To study thermistor characteristics and its temperature-resistance relation.

Apparatus Required :-
 Thermistor (commonly an NTC thermistor)
 Temperature bath (water or oil bath for controlled temperature variation)
 Thermometer (standard or digital, for accurate temperature measurement)
 Digital multimeter (DMM) (to measure resistance directly)
 DC power supply (if using V–I method instead of direct resistance measurement)
 Voltmeter and ammeter (for calculating resistance using Ohm’s law)
 Rheostat (to control current through the thermistor)
 Heating source (hot plate or immersion heater)
 Stirrer (to maintain uniform temperature in the bath)
 Connecting wires

Theory :-
Thermistor is a temperature-sensitive resistor made of semiconductor material.
It has very high sensitivity compared to RTD.

There are two types:

 NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) → Resistance decreases with temperature
 PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient)

Most commonly used is NTC thermistor.

Working principle:
When temperature increases, number of charge carriers increases → resistance decreases.
Thermistors show non-linear behavior (not straight line graph).

Procedure :-
1. Connect thermistor in circuit with multimeter.
2. Switch ON the supply.
3. Heat the thermistor slowly using hot air or water.
4. Measure resistance at different temperatures.
5. Record readings carefully.
6. Plot graph between temperature and resistance.

Observation Table :-
[Link] Temperature (°C) Resistance (Ω)
1 20 5000
2 30 3500
3 40 2500
4 50 1800
5 60 1200
Precautions :-
 Heat the thermistor gradually
 Do not expose directly to flame
 Avoid sudden temperature change
 Handle carefully (fragile component)
 Ensure proper contact with medium

Result :-
Resistance of thermistor decreases as temperature increases.

Conclusion :
Thermistor exhibits negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior.
It is highly sensitive but non-linear, suitable for fast temperature sensing.

Advantages :-
 Very sensitive
 Fast response
 Low cost
 Small size

Disadvantages :-
 Non-linear output
 Limited temperature range
 Less accurate than RTD

Applications :-
 Fire alarms
 Temperature sensing
 Battery protection
 Electronic circuits
 3. Angular Displacement using Potentiometer

Aim :- To measure angular displacement using potentiometer.

Apparatus Required :-
 Rotary potentiometer (e.g., Rotary Potentiometer)
 DC power supply (stable voltage source)
 Voltmeter (or digital multimeter to measure output voltage)
 Protractor or angular scale (for reference measurement of angle)
 Shaft or rotating mechanism (to rotate the potentiometer)
 Coupling arrangement (to connect the rotating shaft with the potentiometer)
 Connecting wires.

Theory :-
Potentiometer is a variable resistor used to measure displacement.

It has 3 terminals:
 A and B → fixed ends
 W → wiper (movable)

When the shaft rotates, the wiper moves along resistive track.
This changes output voltage.
Output voltage is proportional to angle : V ∝ θ .

So, as angle increases, voltage also increases.

This device converts mechanical motion into electrical signal.

Procedure :-
1. Connect potentiometer with DC supply.
2. Connect voltmeter between wiper and ground.
3. Rotate the shaft slowly.
4. Measure output voltage at different angles.
5. Record readings in table.
6. Plot graph between angle and voltage.

Observation Table :-
[Link] Angle (θ in degree) Output Voltage (V)
1 0° 0.0
2 30° 1.0
3 60° 2.0
4 90° 3.0
5 120° 4.0
Precautions :-
 Rotate shaft smoothly and slowly
 Avoid sudden jerks
 Ensure proper electrical connections
 Do not exceed voltage rating
 Take accurate angle measurements

Result :-
Output voltage increases with increase in angular displacement.

Conclusion :-
Potentiometer shows a linear relationship between angle and voltage.
It is a simple and effective device for position measurement.

Advantages :-
 Simple and low cost
 Easy to use
 Linear output
 Good for position sensing

Disadvantages :-
 Mechanical wear and tear
 Limited life
 Noise in output

Applications :-
 Robotics
 Position control systems
 Volume control
 Servo systems