RAJ IAS ACADEMY 3rd April, 2026 Page 1

RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS ACADEMY, CHANDIGARH

PRELIMS BOOSTER 2
India’s Push for Piped Natural Gas 2
FCRA Amendment 2026 3
How Ashoka’s Grandson took Jainism to India? 5
RoSCTL Scheme 6
YUVIKA Programme 6
Antariksh Venture Capital Fund 7
Algeria 7
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia 8
E20 Fuel 8
Samrat Samprati 9
Ammonium Nitrate 9
Rice's Whale 10
MCQs 10
EDITORIAL SIMPLIFIED 13
Uniform Civil Code 13
Criticism of Court in NCERT Textbook 14
 RAJ IAS ACADEMY 3rd April, 2026 Page 2

PRELIMS BOOSTER
India’s Push for Piped Natural Gas
India is accelerating the shift towards piped natural gas (PNG) to reduce LPG import dependence
and improve energy security.

Types of Cooking and Transport Fuels -

• India uses multiple forms of gaseous fuels for domestic and industrial purposes.
• Lique ed Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a mixture of propane and butane obtained during oil
re ning and natural gas processing.
• Lique ed Natural Gas (LNG) is natural gas cooled to extremely low temperatures to
convert it into liquid form for transport.
• Piped Natural Gas (PNG) is natural gas supplied directly to households through pipelines.
• Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is natural gas compressed for use as a vehicular fuel.
• Each of these fuels di ers in storage, transport, and usage. LPG is cylinder-based, while PNG is
pipeline-based, making it more continuous and convenient.

Transport and Distribution Mechanisms -

• The logistics of fuel distribution di er signi cantly across fuel types.
• LPG is transported in cylinders after being lique ed and pressurised, and delivered
physically to households.
• LNG is transported through specialised carriers at extremely low temperatures and later
regasi ed.
• PNG is delivered through underground pipelines directly to consumers.
• Pipeline-based delivery reduces handling and storage risks while ensuring an uninterrupted
supply.

Why LPG Became Dominant in India?

• India adopted LPG as the primary cooking fuel due to logistical convenience.
• Cylinder-based delivery is easier to implement compared to building an extensive pipeline
network.
• This made LPG suitable for rapid expansion, especially under schemes like PM Ujjwala Yojana.
• However, LPG supply chains are vulnerable to disruptions, especially due to import
dependence.

News Summary -
• The Union Government is actively promoting piped natural gas as an alternative to LPG, driven
by concerns over import dependence and global disruptions.
• India currently has around 33 crore LPG connections. O cials estimate that domestic natural
gas production could potentially support up to 30 crore connections if households transition to
PNG.
• One of the key reasons behind this push is India’s heavy reliance on LPG imports.
• Nearly three- fths of LPG demand is met through imports, with about 90% routed
through the Strait of Hormuz, which has been a ected by geopolitical tensions.
• In contrast, LNG imports are more diversi ed globally, making natural gas a more secure
option.
• The government is also taking policy measures to accelerate PNG adoption. It is expected that
around 15 lakh new PNG connections will be added in the near term.
• A major policy shift includes discouraging dual connections. Households may be required to
transition fully to PNG where available, leading to an increase in PNG adoption.
• Currently, PNG connections have crossed 1.5 crore and are expected to reach 2 crore soon. The
government aims to expand this to 12 crore connections by 2034.
• To support this expansion, India is rapidly developing pipeline infrastructure. The existing
pipeline network spans about 25,000 km, with an additional 10,500 km under construction.

Advantages of PNG -
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• Energy Security. Reduces dependence on LPG imports and vulnerable supply routes.
• Convenience. Provides an uninterrupted supply without cylinder replacement.
• Cost E ciency. Lower logistics and handling costs in the long run.
• Environmental Bene ts. Natural gas burns cleaner than LPG and reduces emissions.
• These advantages align with India’s broader goals of energy transition and sustainability.

Challenges in PNG Expansion -

• High initial investment in pipeline infrastructure.
• Di culties in land acquisition and approvals.
• Uneven geographical coverage.
• Limited awareness and technical readiness among industrial users.
• Additionally, India’s LNG system operates on a “just-in-time” model with limited storage, making
it vulnerable to supply disruptions.

Way Forward -
• India must adopt a balanced approach for gas-based energy transition.
• Expand pipeline infrastructure to underserved regions.
• Increase domestic natural gas production.
• Strengthen LNG import and storage capacity.
• Improve regulatory coordination for faster approvals.
• Promote awareness and technical support for industries.

FCRA Amendment 2026

The Union government has deferred discussion on the FCRA Amendment Bill, 2026, which was
introduced in the Lok Sabha recently. The Bill proposes changes to the Foreign Contribution
(Regulation) Act, 2010, aimed at regulating foreign funds to ensure they do not harm national
interest, public order, or security.
However, the Bill has triggered controversy, with Opposition parties alleging it could adversely
impact minority institutions, especially Christian organisations. The issue has gained political
signi cance ahead of the Kerala Assembly elections, with strong opposition from both the ruling
Left and the Congress in the state.

About FCRA -
• The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) is a law that regulates the acceptance and use
of foreign funds by individuals, NGOs, and associations in India to ensure they do not a ect
national interest.
• FCRA was rst introduced in 1976 amid concerns that foreign entities were in uencing India’s
internal a airs through funding.
• It aimed to ensure organisations operate in line with the values of a sovereign democratic
republic.
• The Act has been amended three times (2016, 2018, 2020) to strengthen oversight.
• The most signi cant changes came in 2020, which increased government control and scrutiny
over how NGOs receive and utilise foreign funds.
• FCRA 2010: Consolidated Framework —
• Key Objectives - A revised law was enacted in 2010 to consolidate regulations on foreign
funding and prevent its misuse for activities harmful to national interest.
• Registration Requirement - NGOs, associations, and individuals must obtain registration
or prior permission to receive foreign contributions.
• Permitted Uses - Foreign funds can be used only for speci ed purposes: Cultural;
Economic; Educational; Social; Religious.
• Scale of Foreign Funding —
• Around 16,000 organisations are registered under FCRA.
• They collectively receive about ₹22,000 crore annually in foreign contributions.

Why the Amendment is Proposed?

• The government argues that the current law lacks a comprehensive framework for handling
assets when FCRA registration lapses.
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• Key issues cited include:
• Multiple investigations and inconsistent penalties
• No clear timelines for utilisation of funds
• Ambiguity in handling assets during suspension
• Lack of clarity on cessation of registration

FCRA Amendment Bill 2026: Key Changes -

• The FCRA Amendment Bill, 2026 proposes a major structural change by introducing a
“designated authority” appointed by the Union government.
• This replaces Section 15 of the existing Act, aiming to address gaps in managing foreign-
funded assets.
• The designated authority will take over, supervise, and manage foreign contributions and assets
if an organisation’s FCRA registration is —
• Cancelled
• Surrendered
• Expired or not renewed
• A registration will be deemed expired if —
• No renewal application is led
• Renewal is denied
• Renewal is not obtained before expiry
• Return or Permanent Takeover of Assets —
• If an organisation later gets its registration renewed or reissued, the authority may return
unutilised funds and assets.
• Assets can be permanently taken over if:
• Registration is not renewed or restored within a speci ed period
• The organisation becomes defunct or ceases to exist
• In such cases, assets may be:
• Transferred to government bodies (Centre, State, or local)
• Sold or disposed of through prescribed processes
• Special Provision for Religious Institutions - Under Clause 16A(7), if the asset is a place
of worship, the authority can assign its management to another person, ensuring that its
religious character is preserved.
• Religious and civil society groups argue that the amendment could threaten the functioning
of minority institutions and NGOs that depend on foreign funding for social, educational, and
charitable work.

Why the FCRA Amendment Bill is Controversial?

• The FCRA Amendment Bill, 2026 has triggered a political and social debate over its implications
for NGOs and religious institutions, especially regarding government control over foreign-funded
assets.
• Government’s Justi cation —
• Addressing Legal and Operational Gaps - The Union government argues that the
amendment is necessary to x gaps in handling cases where FCRA registration is cancelled,
surrendered, or expires.
• Security Concerns - The Bill targets entities with “ill intentions”, particularly those allegedly
using foreign funds for forced religious conversions.
• Opposition’s Concerns —
• Risk of Asset Takeover - Opposition parties warn that if an NGO’s renewal application is
delayed or rejected, its registration could lapse, allowing the designated authority to take
control of its assets.
• Fear of Excessive Government Control - Critics argue this provision could place NGOs
and charitable organisations at the mercy of the Union government, reducing their
autonomy.

The Kerala Factor in the FCRA Controversy -

• The debate over the FCRA Amendment Bill, 2026 has intensi ed in Kerala, especially with the
Assembly elections scheduled for April 9, giving the issue strong political signi cance.
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• As per the 2011 Census, Kerala has a population of over 3.34 crore, with Christians forming the
second-largest minority at more than 61 lakh people. This makes them a crucial voter base in
the state.

How Ashoka’s Grandson took Jainism to India?

On Mahavir Jayanti (March 31), PM Modi inaugurated the Samrat Samprati Museum in Koba,
Gandhinagar, dedicated to Jain history and Samrat Samprati, grandson of Emperor Ashoka.
While Ashoka is known for spreading Buddhism, Samprati is remembered for promoting Jainism
across India and beyond, playing a key role in expanding the faith’s in uence.

Mauryan Legacy Beyond Ashoka -

• The Mauryan Empire (3rd century BCE) is best known for Emperor Ashoka (c. 269–232 BCE),
who expanded the empire and promoted a moral order based on Buddhist principles.
• His model of ethical kingship in uenced regions beyond India, especially Buddhist Southeast
Asia.
• Jainism Within the Mauryan Era —
• Despite Buddhism’s prominence, Jainism also remained signi cant during this period.
• Ashoka’s rst wife, Padmavati, is believed to have been a Jain, and his grandfather,
Chandragupta Maurya, is said in Jain traditions to have embraced Jainism, migrated south
during a famine, and died in meditation at Shravanabelagola.
• While Chandragupta is central to the Digambara tradition, Shvetambara texts highlight
Ashoka’s grandson, Samprati, as a key gure.
• After Ashoka’s death (in 232 BCE), the empire may have been divided between his
grandsons Dasharatha and Samprati.
• Samprati, son of Kunala, is portrayed in Jain texts as a devoted follower who played a
major role in spreading Jainism, particularly by promoting and distributing images of the
Jinas across the subcontinent.

Samprati: The Jain Counterpart to Ashoka -

• Samprati, believed to have ruled between 230 and 220 BCE, emerges in Shvetambara Jain
texts as a key royal patron of Jainism.
• Over time, his legacy expanded through medieval works like Samprati Nripa Charitra,
portraying him as a central gure in Jain religious history.
• Conversion and Religious Commitment —
• While some traditions claim he was Jain from birth, most accounts highlight his conversion
under the monk Suhastin in Ujjain.
• He adopted Jain lay practices, including daily icon worship, and developed a deep personal
commitment to Jain dharma, rather than acting out of political motives.
• Expansion of Jainism Across Regions —
• After his conversion, Samprati is credited with actively spreading Jainism by sending monks
to distant regions, building and renovating temples, and installing numerous Jain icons.
• His e orts helped consolidate Jainism across regions like Andhra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Malwa, and Rajputana.
• Some traditions even extend his in uence to China, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan,
and parts of Central and West Asia.
• Temple Building and Religious Infrastructure —
• Samprati’s contribution went beyond missionary activity.
• Like Ashoka with Buddhist stupas, he is said to have institutionalised Jain religious culture
through large-scale temple construction and icon installation.
• Traditions credit him with building 125,000 temples, renovating 36,000, consecrating millions
of icons, and establishing 700 charitable centres.
• Legacy in Jain Tradition —
• In western India, many ancient temples and icons without clear historical records are often
attributed to Samprati.
• His role in Jain history is seen as parallel to Ashoka’s in Buddhism, symbolising a ruler who
not only spread teachings but also embedded religious practices across regions.
• Historical Sources and Death —
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• Samprati’s life is documented in texts like Sampratikatha, Parishistaparva, and
Prabhavakcharita.
• He is believed to have ruled for about 50 years and died around 190 BCE, leaving behind a
lasting legacy as a champion of Jainism.

Conclusion -
• The story of Samprati and Jainism spread highlights how Ashoka’s grandson played a crucial
role in expanding Jainism. The Samprati and Jainism spread e ort involved sending monks,
building temples, and installing Jain icons across regions.
• Through these actions, Samprati and Jainism spread became a de ning chapter in ancient
Indian religious history.

RoSCTL Scheme
Recently, the Ministry of Textiles has extended the Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies
(RoSCTL) Scheme for exports of apparel/garments and made-ups up to 30th September 2026.

About Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies (RoSCTL) Scheme -
• It is operational since 2019.
• It aims to reimburse all embedded State and Central Taxes/Levies for exports of manufactured
goods and garments.
• It has been established as a successor for the old “Rebate of State Levies (RoSL) Scheme.
• The di erence between RoSL & RoSCTL Scheme is that under the RoSL Scheme, there was
no bene t on the central tax and Levies. But in the RoSCTL scheme, the exporter will get
rebate of both State and Central tax and Levies.
• Objective — To compensate for the State and Central Taxes and Levies in addition to the
Duty Drawback Scheme on export of apparel/ garments and Made-ups by way of rebate.
• Features of RoSCTL Scheme —
• The rebate under the Scheme shall be in the form of duty credit scrips.
• The scrips shall be issued electronically on the Customs system.
• The duty credit scrips shall be used for payment of Basic Customs Duty on import of
goods. These scrips shall be freely transferable.
• The duty credit available in an e-scrip shall be transferred at a time for the entire amount
in the said e-scrip to another person and transfer of the duty credit in part shall not be
permitted.
• Validity of e-scrip: The period of validity of the e-scrip, of one year from its creation, shall
not change on account of transfer of the e-scrip.
• Eligibility: All exporters of garments/Apparel and made-ups manufactured in India are
eligible to take bene t under this scheme, except entities/ IECs under the Denied Entity List
of the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT).
• Implementing agency: It is implemented by the Department of Revenue, Ministry of
Finance.

YUVIKA Programme
Recently, the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science & Technology highlighted
the Government’s sustained e orts to nurture scienti c temper among the youth, stating that the
Yuva Vigyani Karyakram (YUVIKA).

About YUVIKA Programme -

• YUva VIgyani KAryakram (YUVIKA) is a learning and awareness creating programme of the
ISRO.
• It imparts basic knowledge on Space Technology, Space Science, and Space Applications to
younger students with a preference to rural areas.
• The programme is aimed at creating awareness about the emerging trends in science and
technology amongst the youngsters, who are the future building blocks of our nation.
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• It is also expected to encourage more students to pursue Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics (STEM) based research /career.
• Eligibility —
• Those who have nished class 8 and are currently studying in class 9 can apply for the
programme.
• Three students from each state/Union Territory will participate in this programme every
year, covering CBSE, ICSE, and state-board syllabus.
• The selection is based on 8th Standard academic performance and extracurricular
activities.
• Students belonging to the rural area have been given special weightage in the selection
criteria.
• In case there is a tie between the selected candidates, the younger candidates will be
given priority.
• This programme involves —
• It is a two-week residential programme o ered by ISRO.
• It will include invited talks, experience sharing by eminent scientists, facility and lab visits,
exclusive sessions for discussions with experts and practical and feedback sessions.

Antariksh Venture Capital Fund

Recently, the Union Minister said that India’s dedicated Antariksh venture capital fund for the
space sector has progressed steadily, with investment in selected startups expected to begin
from the rst quarter of FY2027.

About Antariksh Venture Capital Fund -

• It is a close ended fund registered with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) as a
Category II Alternative Investment Fund (AIF).
• Key Investor — Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe),
Department of Space, Government of India.
• The Fund is sponsored by SIDBI Venture Capital Limited.
• The Fund’s investment objective: To provide much-needed capital to companies in the
space sector at various stages of development as well as support the scaling of operations and
the commercialisation of new technologies, empowering the companies to contribute to India’s
broader space ambitions.
• It is looking to invest exclusively in Indian companies operating in the Space sector with
Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 4 and above.

Key Facts about Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre -
• It is a single-window, independent, nodal agency that functions as an autonomous agency in
the Department of Space (DOS).
• It is formed following the Space sector reforms to enable and facilitate the participation of
private players.
• Functions —
• It is responsible to promote, enable, authorise and supervise various space activities of non-
governmental entities (NGEs) including building launch vehicles & satellites and
providing space-based services; sharing space infrastructure and premises under the
control of DOS/ISRO; and establishing of new space infrastructure and facilities.
• The agency acts as an interface between ISRO and NGEs and assesses how to utilise
India’s space resources better and increase space-based activities.
• Three Directorates viz., Promotion Directorate (PD), Technical Directorate (TD) and Program
Management and Authorisation Directorate (PMAD) are carrying out the functions of IN-
SPACe.

Algeria
Recently, the 7th round of Foreign O ce Consultations between India and Algeria was held in
Algiers.
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About Algeria -
• Location — It is located in the Maghreb region of North Africa.
• Bordering countries — It is bordered by seven countries namely Tunisia, Libya, and Niger to
the northeast, east, and southeast respectively; Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara lie to
the southwest. Morocco borders to the west.
• Maritime Border: It has a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea to the north.
• Capital City: Algiers
• Geographical Features of Algeria —
• Climate: It mainly consists of Mediterranean climate, with warm, dry summers and mild,
rainy winters.
• Major Rivers: Djedi River and Chelif River
• Highest Point: Mount Tahat
• Mountain Ranges: Mountain ranges in Algeria include the Atlas mountains, the Saharan
Atlas, the Tell Atlas, the Hoggar Mountains, and the Tassili n' Ajjer mountains.
• Natural Resources: It has abundant natural resources including oil, gas, solar energy, iron,
zinc, lead, silicon, and helium.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

The multi-institutional study of 830 adult ALL patients treated at eight academic centres between
found that about one in 10 adults diagnosed with Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL ) had a
mutation in TP53.

About Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia -

• Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or acute lymphocytic leukaemia is a type of blood cancer that
a ects the white blood cells and bone marrow.
• It is a fast-growing cancer. It is the most common type of paediatric cancer.
• Symptoms: Bleeding from the gums, Bone pain, Fever, Frequent infections and Frequent or
severe nosebleeds etc.
• Causes: It occurs when a bone marrow cell develops changes (mutations) in its genetic
material or DNA.
• Types of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: The World Health Organization classi es acute
lymphoblastic leukemia into two main groups:
• B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma: Starts in immature cells that ordinarily develop
into B-cell lymphocytes. B-cell ALL is the most common subtype.
• T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia: Starts in immature cells that ordinarily develop into T-cell
lymphocytes. T-cell ALL is less common.
• Treatment: It may include chemotherapy or targeted drugs that speci cally kill cancer cells.

E20 Fuel
The Central government has implemented a new fuel mandate for petrol pumps to supply E20 fuel
with a minimum octane rating of 95 RON.

About E20 Fuel -

• It is a blend of 20 per cent ethanol and 80 per cent petrol.
• Ethanol is a biofuel derived from crops such as sugarcane, maize, and grains.
• Advantages: It o ers a higher octane rating and potentially cleaner combustion, making it a
more advanced alternative.
• While regular petrol in India typically has an octane rating of around 91 to 92 RON, E20 fuel
comes with a minimum rating of 95 RON.
• This higher octane helps in smoother combustion.

What is Ethanol?
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• Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a type of alcohol that is commonly used in various
applications.
• Properties: It is a clear, colourless liquid with a characteristic odour and taste.
• Ethanol has the chemical formula C2H5OH and is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms.
• Pure ethanol is nontoxic and biodegradable, and if spilled, they break down into harmless
substances.
• However, fuel ethanol contains denaturants to make fuel ethanol undrinkable.
• How is ethanol sourced?
• Ethanol can be produced from various sources, but it is often derived from renewable
resources such as crops like corn, sugarcane, barley, and wheat.
• It can also be produced from cellulosic materials like agricultural residues and wood.

Samrat Samprati
Recently, the Prime Minister of India inaugurated the Samrat Samprati Museum in Gujarat.

About Samrat Samprati -

• Samrat Samprati (224-215 BC) was a Mauryan ruler.
• He was the grandson of Samrat Ashoka.
• Other Names: He was known as Indrapalit, Sangat and Vigatashok.
• He was known for propagating Jainism and the principle of non-violence.
• His life is described in Jain scripture like ‘Sampratikatha’, ‘Parishistaparva’, and
‘Prabhavakcharita’.
• King Samprati had established centres of Jain culture in Iran and in Arab countries.
• It is said that Samprati, also known as 'Jain Ashoka',built thousands of Jain temples in
western and southern India.

Key Facts about Jainism -

• Jainism is a sramanic religion. Sramana' is a Sanskrit word that denotes an ascetic or monk.
• Jainism is one of the religions whose origin can be traced back to the twenty four teachers
(tirthankaras - ones who establishes a path or ford), through whom their faith is believed to
have been handed down.
• The 24th Tirthankara was Vardhamana Mahavira.
• Jainism mainly aims at the attainment of liberation. It can be attained through three principles
required to be observed to attain Moksha/Nirvana
• Samyakdarshana: Right Faith
• Samyakjnana: Right Knowledge
• Samyakcharita: Right Action
• The ve doctrines of Jainism ( ve vows), known as Panchamahavratas, are for the monks.
• Ahimsa: do not commit violence
• Satya:do not tell a lie
• Asteya: do not steal
• Aparigraha: do not hoard
• Brahmacharya: observe continence.

Ammonium Nitrate
Recently, a leasing agreement was signed between Bharat Coal Gasi cation and Chemicals
Limited (BCGCL) and Mahanadi Coal elds Limited (MCL) for the upcoming Coal to Ammonium
Nitrate Project at Lakhanpur, Odisha.

About Ammonium Nitrate -

• Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is a crystal-like white solid which is made in large industrial
quantities.
• It is a salt of ammonia and nitric acid.
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• Properties of Ammonium Nitrate —
• It has a melting point of 170°C.
• It is highly soluble in water; heating of the water solution decomposes the salt to nitrous
oxide (laughing gas).
• Applications —
• It is commonly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertiliser, and it has also been used
as an oxidising agent in explosives.
• It is one of the base ingredients used in the manufacture of commercial explosives.
• It is the main component of slurry explosives used for mining.
• Legal Controls on Ammonium Nitrate in India —
• Under rules introduced in 2012 and updated in 2021, any mixture containing over 45%
ammonium nitrate is legally classi ed as an explosive.
• A District Magistrate may permit possession of up to 30 metric tonnes, while larger
quantities need approval from the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO).
• PESO issues licences for the manufacture, storage, transport, and use of large quantities of
ammonium nitrate.

Rice's Whale
Scientists fear that USA administration's plan to expand oil drilling in Gulf of Mexico will push
Rice's Whales to extinction.

About Rice's Whale -

• Rice's whales are members of the baleen whale family Balaenopteridae.
• These are most closely related to Bryde’s whales.
• In 2021, the Rice’s whale was recognized as a new species, evolutionarily distinct from other
Bryde’s whales around the world.
• Appearance —
• They have three prominent ridges in front of their blowhole. Their body is sleek, and their
pectoral ns are slender and pointed.
• Rice's whales are uniformly dark gray on top with a pale to pink belly.
• Distribution: It is the only whale species that lives year-round in the Gulf of America.
• Diet: They are mainly dependent on silver-rag drift sh.
• Threats: Vessel strikes, noise pollution, oil spills, and climate change.
• Conservation Status
• IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered

MCQs
1. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about the ‘Rebate of State and Central
Taxes and Levies’?
1. The scheme involves reimbursement of all embedded state and central taxes/levies for
exports of manufactured goods and garments directly into the bank account of exporters
through DBT.
2. The scheme is being implemented by the Ministry of Textiles.

Select the correct codes from below -

A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer - D

Explanation - The scheme aims to reimburse all embedded State and Central Taxes/Levies for
exports of manufactured goods and garments. It has been established as a successor for the old
"Rebate of State Levies (RoSL) Scheme. The di erence between RoSL & RoSCTL Scheme is
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RAJ IAS ACADEMY 3rd April, 2026 Page 11
that under the RoSL Scheme, there was no bene t on the central tax and Levies. But in the
RoSCTL scheme, the exporter will get a rebate of both State and Central tax and Levies.
Objective — To compensate for the State and Central Taxes and Levies in addition to the Duty
Drawback Scheme on the export of apparel/ garments and Made-ups by way of rebate. The
rebate under the Scheme shall be in the form of duty credit scrips. The scrips shall be issued
electronically on the Customs system. The duty credit scrips shall be used for payment of Basic
Customs Duty on import of goods. These scrips shall be freely transferable. The duty credit
available in an e-scrip shall be transferred at a time for the entire amount in the said e-scrip to
another person and transfer of the duty credit in part shall not be permitted. Validity of e-scrip —
The period of validity of the e-scrip, of one year from its creation, shall not change on account of
the transfer of the e-scrip. Eligibility — All exporters of garments/Apparel and made-ups
manufactured in India are eligible to take bene t under this scheme, except entities/ IECs under
the Denied Entity List of the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT). Implementing agency
— It has been noti ed by the Ministry of Textiles. However, the scheme shall be implemented by
the Department of Revenue.

2. With reference to the ‘YUVIKA Programme’ of the Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO), which of the following statements are correct?
1. It is a residential programme aimed at students currently studying in Class 9, with preference
given to rural areas.
2. Selection for the programme is based solely on the student’s academic performance in Class
8.
3. The programme includes invited talks, lab visits, and sessions with experts to encourage
STEM careers.

Select the correct codes from below -

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. All of the above

Answer - C

Explanation - YUva VIgyani KAryakram (YUVIKA) is a learning and awareness creating

programme of the ISRO. It imparts basic knowledge on Space Technology, Space Science, and
Space Applications to younger students with a preference to rural areas. The programme is
aimed at creating awareness about the emerging trends in science and technology amongst the
youngsters, who are the future building blocks of our nation. It is also expected to encourage
more students to pursue Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) based
research /career. Eligibility — Those who have nished class 8 and are currently studying in class
9 can apply for the programme. Three students from each state/Union Territory will participate in
this programme every year, covering CBSE, ICSE, and state-board syllabus. The selection is
based on 8th Standard academic performance and extracurricular activities. Students belonging
to the rural area have been given special weightage in the selection criteria. In case there is a tie
between the selected candidates, the younger candidates will be given priority. This programme
involves — It is a two-week residential programme o ered by ISRO. It will include invited talks,
experience sharing by eminent scientists, facility and lab visits, exclusive sessions for discussions
with experts and practical and feedback sessions.

3. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?

1. Government of India has created Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre
(IN-SPACe) to provide private players to use Indian space infrastructure.
2. IN-SPACe will also hand-hold, promote and guide the private industries in space activities
through encouraging policies and a friendly regulatory environment.
3. The activities of New Space India Limited will be subsumed under the newly created IN-
SPACe.

Select the correct codes from below -

A. 1 and 2 only
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B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. All of the above

Answer - A

Explanation - Indian National Space, Promotion & Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) will help
private players through encouraging policies, through a regulatory environment that is friendly as
well as guiding private players in space activities. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
will remain the basic body that decides what missions are to be undertaken but this new body
will help ll the gaps. The IN-SPACe will also hand-hold, promote and guide the private
industries in space activities through encouraging policies and a friendly regulatory
environment. ’New Space India Limited (NSIL)’ would endeavour to reorient space activities from
a ‘supply driven’ model to a ‘demand driven’ one, thereby ensuring optimum utilisation of the
nation’s space assets.

4. Which of the following statement(s) is/are incorrect about the ‘Ethanol Blended Petrol
Programme’?
1. It was started in the year 2015 to promote the use of alternative and environment friendly fuels
and to reduce import dependency for energy requirements.
2. The programme has been extended to whole of India except Union Territories of Andaman
Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands.
3. India has a target to achieve the 20% ethanol blending of petrol by the year 2030.

Select the correct codes from below -

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. None of the above

Answer - C

Explanation - First and third options are incorrect. Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme was
launched in January, 2003. The programme sought to promote the use of alternative and
environment friendly fuels and to reduce import dependency for energy requirements. The
programme has been extended to whole of India except Union Territories of Andaman
Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands with e ect from 01st April, 2019 wherein OMCs sell petrol
blended with ethanol up to 10%. The Government has 10% blending target for mixing ethanol
with petrol by 2022 & 20% blending target by 2030 (now revised to 2025).

5. Which of the following is/are not the ethical codes of Jainism?

1. Satya
2. Brahmacharya
3. Ahimsa
4. Aparigriha

Select the correct codes from below -

A. 1, 3 and 4 only
B. 3 and 4 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. All of the above

Answer - D

Explanation - Jain ethical code prescribes two dharmas or rules of conduct. One for those who
wish to become ascetic and another for the r vaka (householders). Five fundamental vows are
prescribed for both votaries. These vows are observed by r vakas (householders) partially and
are termed as anuvratas (small vows). Ascetics observe these ves vows more strictly and
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therefore observe complete abstinence. These ve vows are:- Ahi s (Non-violence) Satya (Truth)
Asteya (Non-stealing) Brahmacharya (Chastity) Aparigraha (Non-possession).

EDITORIAL SIMPLIFIED
Uniform Civil Code
The debate on the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) has resurfaced, this time catalysed by judicial
observations rather than executive action, despite Article 44 placing it within the Directive
Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
A recent petition before the Supreme Court sought to strike down the Muslim Shariat (Application)
Act, 1937, prompting important re ections on personal laws, gender justice, and constitutional
equality.

Key Issues in the Current Debate -

• Judicial push vs legislative domain —
• A three-judge Bench led by the CJI Surya Kant highlighted the need for reform in Muslim
Personal Law (MPL).
• However, concerns arise regarding judicial overreach into a domain reserved for
policymaking.
• Equality vs testamentary freedom —
• Equal succession rights may be undermined by absolute testamentary powers (allowing a
person to will away their entire property to anyone he chooses).
• For example, the Gujarat UCC has been challenged for inconsistencies in inheritance law.
• Notably, none of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956; the Indian Succession Act, 1925; and the
Uttarakhand Uniform Civil Code, 2024, restrict such testamentary freedom.

Muslim Personal Law - Nuanced Realities -

• Protective features in inheritance —
• Under the Muslim Shariat (Application) Act, 1937, a Muslim cannot will away more than one-
third of property, and cannot favour one heir without consent of others.
• These restrictions may protect women’s inheritance rights better than some “uniform” laws.
• Codi ed and jurist-made nature — MPL is not merely customary, it is partly codi ed through
legislation (1937 Act), and developed through judicial precedents and scholarly interpretations.

Constitutional and Judicial Dimensions -

• Essential religious practices debate: In Shayara Bano vs Union of India (2017), instant triple
talaq was invalidated as it lacked Qur’anic basis.
• However, inheritance rules are Qur’an-based, making reform constitutionally complex.
• The evolving jurisprudence (e.g., Sabarimala review) questions the “essential practices
doctrine.”

Gender Justice - A Mixed Picture -

• Gaps in existing laws —
• The Shariat Act excludes agricultural land, limiting women’s property rights.
• State land laws (e.g., Uttar Pradesh Revenue Code, 2006), provide partial rights (e.g., to
unmarried daughters).
• Hence, such distinctions violate Article 14 (Right to Equality).
• Progressive aspects of MPL —
• Marriage is treated as a civil contract, not a sacrament.
• Key protections are consent of bride mandatory, Mehar (dower) as nancial security, and
customisable Nikahnama.
• Similarly, divorce rights are Khula (no-fault divorce for women), and judicial divorce under
Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939 on grounds like cruelty, desertion, etc.
• In some respects, MPL appears more women-friendly than certain provisions in Hindu law
or even recent UCC models.
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Challenges in Implementing UCC -
• One-size- ts-all approach: Uniformity may ignore community-speci c safeguards, especially
for women.
• Risk of regressive outcomes: Removal of bene cial provisions (e.g., limits on testamentary
powers) could harm vulnerable groups.
• Federal and legal complexities: Personal laws intersect with Religious freedoms (Article 25),
Equality (Article 14), and legislative competence (Centre vs States).
• Social sensitivities: Perception of UCC as targeting speci c communities may hinder
consensus.

Way Forward -
• Gradual, piecemeal reform: Instead of a blanket UCC, pursue incremental harmonisation of
laws.
• Focus on substantive justice: Prioritise gender justice over mere uniformity. Ensure reforms do
not dilute existing protections.
• Adopt Best Practices across laws: Incorporate progressive elements from all personal laws.
For example, testamentary restrictions (from MPL), and gender-equal succession (from Hindu
law).
• Address structural gaps: Reform land laws to ensure equal rights for women. Remove arbitrary
distinctions (e.g., married vs unmarried daughters).
• Build social consensus: Engage stakeholders, religious bodies, and civil society to ensure
inclusive reform.

Conclusion -
• The UCC debate must move beyond ideological binaries of uniformity versus diversity.
• A truly e ective civil code should be just, inclusive, and gender-sensitive, rather than merely
uniform.
• India’s legal evolution has historically involved cross-pollination of ideas across traditions—a
process that should guide future reforms.
• The goal must not be legal homogeneity, but substantive equality and dignity for all citizens.

Source - The Indian Express

QUESTION - The recent judicial discourse on the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) has reignited
the debate between legal uniformity and community-speci c personal laws. In light of the
constitutional mandate under Article 44, critically examine the key challenges in
implementing a UCC in India. How can a balance be struck between gender justice and the
protection of bene cial provisions inherent in various personal laws?

Criticism of Court in NCERT Textbook

There was a recent controversy surrounding a Class VIII textbook published by the National
Council of Educational Research and Training about a chapter ‘Corruption in Judiciary’.
And the intervention of the Supreme Court of India has revived debate over the limits of criticism
of the judiciary and the scope of contempt powers.
The decision to withdraw the book and appoint a review committee underscores the delicate
balance between protecting judicial authority and safeguarding free speech, academic freedom,
and democratic values.

Understanding Contempt of Court -

• The power of contempt is a key mechanism to uphold the integrity of the judiciary. It consists of
civil contempt and criminal contempt.
• Civil contempt addresses disobedience of court orders, while criminal contempt involves acts
that obstruct justice, prejudice proceedings, or scandalise the court by undermining public
con dence.
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• The concept of scandalising the court is complex. It is not intended to protect individual judges
from criticism or personal o ence, but to prevent the spread of false narratives that damage the
institution.
• The distinction lies between legitimate critique and malicious criticism that weakens the
system.

The Foundation of Judicial Power: Public Trust -

• The judiciary does not command the power of the purse or the power of the sword. Its authority
rests on the Constitution, the rule of law, and most importantly, public trust.
• This trust is built through consistent delivery of justice, protection of fundamental rights, and
adherence to fairness and objectivity.
• Public con dence forms the backbone of judicial legitimacy. Persistent and unfounded attacks
can erode this trust, thereby weakening the judiciary’s ability to function e ectively.
• At the same time, openness to accountability and introspection is essential to maintain
credibility.

The Judiciary and Tolerance of Criticism -

• Judicial wisdom has long emphasised tolerance toward criticism. Sabyasachi Mukherjee
acknowledged systemic shortcomings and encouraged inward re ection.
• P. B. Gajendragadkar cautioned that excessive use of contempt powers could harm the court’s
dignity rather than preserve it.
• The broad shoulders approach, articulated by S. P. Bharucha, highlights the importance of
restraint.
• Courts must demonstrate judicial restraint, allowing space for dissent and criticism without
reacting defensively.
• Globally, Lord Denning a rmed that courts should not use contempt powers to suppress
criticism. Freedom of speech, including the right to fair comment, remains fundamental.
• Judicial dignity is best upheld through fairness, objectivity, and judicial conduct, not punitive
action.

Drawing the Line: Responsible Criticism vs. Contempt -

• A clear boundary exists between acceptable criticism and actionable contempt. Criticism must
be fact-based, non-reckless, and free from ill intent.
• Deliberate attempts to denigrate the institution or spread misinformation may justify legal
intervention.
• This distinction is crucial because the judiciary exercises judicial review, a power that ensures
accountability, transparency, and good governance.
• Public support for this role depends on trust in the institution. Weakening that trust risks
undermining democratic checks and balances.

The Role of Due Process and Academic Freedom -

• Situations involving intellectual or academic expression require a cautious approach.
• Providing an opportunity for explanation, clari cation, or correction aligns with due process and
promotes fairness.
• A measured response can prevent escalation and preserve institutional dignity.
• The judiciary, as a protector of rights, must ensure that academic freedom is not sti ed.
Excessive intervention may create a chilling e ect, discouraging open discussion and critical
thinking.
• A balance between institutional respect and freedom of expression is essential.

Challenges Within the Judiciary -

• Internal challenges, particularly judicial corruption, pose a signi cant threat to public
con dence. Even isolated instances can damage the institution’s reputation.
• Existing mechanisms such as impeachment, transfer, and in-house inquiry often prove
inadequate or slow.
• Strengthening accountability mechanisms is necessary to address misconduct e ectively.
• This would reinforce trust, support honest judges, and enhance the overall administration of
justice. A transparent and robust system is essential for sustaining credibility.
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Conclusion -
• The tension between protecting judicial authority and preserving freedom of expression is
inherent in a democracy.
• The judiciary’s strength lies not in the frequent use of contempt powers but in its ability to
command respect through integrity, fairness, and constitutional values.
• A balanced approach that embraces constructive criticism while guarding against harmful
attacks can strengthen both the judiciary and democratic discourse.
• By promoting accountability, respecting free speech, and maintaining public trust, the judiciary
can continue to serve as a guardian of rights and the rule of law.

Source - The Hindu

QUESTION - The recent controversy over an NCERT textbook chapter on ‘Corruption in

Judiciary’ and the Supreme Court’s intervention highlight the ongoing tension between
judicial authority and democratic freedoms. In the context of the law of contempt, critically
examine the delicate balance between protecting the institutional integrity of the judiciary
and safeguarding the rights to free speech, academic freedom, and constructive criticism.
What internal reforms can strengthen judicial accountability without sti ing legitimate
dissent?

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