Simple Machine
Simple machine is used to reduce Pesawat sederhana dipakai untuk
needed force to move object but the work mengurangi gaya yang dibutuhkan untuk
will remain the same. This phenomenon mengerakkan benda akan tetapi usaha
can be seen through walking by using yang dilakukan sama. Hal ini terlihat
stair ; stair will reduce the force but the ketika menaiki tangga; tangga
distance is bigger so stair (inclined plane mengurangi gaya tetapi jaraknya
/ simple machine) reduces the force while bertambah panjang sehingga tangga
the work remains. (bidang miring / pesawat sederhana)
Mechanical advantage shows how big mengurangi gaya tapi usaha sama.
the force is reduced compare to the Keuntungan mekanik menunjukkan
weight of the load. It has no unit since it berapa besar gaya berkurang bila
divides the weight of load with the dibanding dengan beban seharusnya. Ia
needed force , of which both are tidak memiliki unit dan merupakan
categorized as force with Newton as their pembagian beban dengan gaya yang
unit. dibutuhkan, yang keduanya adalah gaya
dan berunit Newton.
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑡 𝑊
𝑀𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑀𝐴 = =
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹
In inclined plane, the distance travelled Dengan bidang miring, jarak yang
will be bigger than the vertical distance ditempuh akan lebih besar dari jarak
should be reached. The bigger distance vertikal sesungguhnya. Semakin besar
to the destination will reduce jarak yang ditempuh akan
the needed force more than Dis t anc e mengurangi gaya yang
tra v e l le d
the smaller one. He i gh t dibutuhkan lebih daripada jarak
pendek.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑙
𝑀𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑀𝐴 = =
𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑡
Lever has load arm and effort arm. Tuas memiliki lengan beban dan lengan
To have smaller force to lift the object, kuasa. Supaya gaya untuk mengangkat
the effort arm should be placed further benda kecil, lengan kuasa harus jauh dari
from the pivot. titik tumpu.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝐸
𝑀𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑀𝐴 = =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝐿
First Class Lever Second Class Lever Third Class Lever
• Pivot at the centre • Pivot at the edge • Pivot at the edge
• See saw, scissors, plier • Load at the centre • Effort at the centre
• Wheelbarrow, nut • Biceps, fishing rod
cracker
Lo a d Lo a d
Pivot Pivot
Lo a d arm
Lo a d ar m Effort arm Effort arm
There are several type of pulley : Ada beberapa jenis katrol :
• Fixed pulley will not reduce the Katrol tetap tidak akan
force (MA = 1) but it can change mengurangi gaya (MA = 1) tetapi
the direction. dapat mengubah arah gerakan.
• Movable pulley has MA = 2 so it Katrol bebas memiliki MA = 2
reduces the force ½ than its sehingga gaya yang dibutuhkan
weight. ½ dari bebannya.
• Combination pulley will have Katrol kombinasi akan memiliki
bigger MA as number of rope and MA yang makin besar sejalan
pulley is increased. dengan banyaknya tali dan katrol.
Type of Pulley
Fixed Pulley Movable Pulley Combination Pulley
• Flag pole • Fishing reel • Crane
Work Example
1. What is the force needed to lift 600 g 1. Berapa gaya yang dibutuhkan untuk
object for 10 m by using stair that has mengangkat benda 600 g setinggi 10
a length of 20 m? What is the work m dengan tangga sepanjang 20 m?
done to the object? Berapa usaha yang dilakukan?
Known : Wanted : Answer
m = 600 g = 0.6 kg F=? W = m x g = 0.6 x 10 = 6 N
𝑊 𝑙 20
l = 20 m Work = ? MA = = = 10 = 2
𝐹
𝑊 6
d = 10 m Work of the force by using 2= =
stair is the same as the 𝐹 𝐹
work without using stair. F=3N
Work = F x l = 3 x 20 = 60 J
Work = W x d = 6 x 10 = 60 J
2. What is the force needed to lift 100 kg 2. Berapa gaya yang dibutuhkan untuk
object for 10 m by using movable mengangkat benda 100 kg sejauh 10
pulley? If one pull can lift for 10 cm, m dengan katrol bebas? Jika 1 tarikan
how many pulls and work are needed? untuk naik 10 cm, berapa tarikan dan
usaha yang dibutuhkan?
Known : Wanted : Answer
m = 100 kg F=? W = m x g = 100 . 10 = 1,000 N
𝑊
h = 10 m Work = ? MA = 2 =
𝐹
Movable pulley MA = 2 Pulls = ? F = 500 N
1 pull = 10 cm = 0.1 m Work = F x MA x h = W x h
Work = 500 x 2 x 10 = 10,000 J
10
Pulls = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐥𝐬
1 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 0.1
3. What is the force needed 3. Berapakah gaya yang
to lift 100 kg object by dibutuhkan untuk mengangkat
using system in the benda 100 kg dengan sistem
picture? If one pull can lift pada gambar? Jika 1 tarikan
for 10 cm, how many dapat menaikkan 10 cm, berapa
pulls and work are banyak tarikan dan usaha
needed? dibutuhkan?
For system like this, MA is number of Untuk sistem ini, MA adalah jumlah tali
ropes that is swirled. yang terlilit.
Known : Wanted : Answer
m = 100 kg F=? W = m x g = 100 . 10 = 1,000 N
𝑊
h = 10 m Work = ? MA = 2 =
𝐹
MA = 2 Pulls = ? F = 500 N
1 pull = 10 cm = 0.1 m Work = F x MA x h = W x h
Work = 500 x 2 x 10 = 10,000 J
10
Pulls = 1 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 0.1
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐥𝐬
4. What is the force needed 4. Berapa gaya yang
to lift 100 kg crab by dibutuhkan untuk mengangkat
using the system beside? 100 kg kepiting dengan sistem
di samping?
Answer
Known : Wanted : W = m x g = 100 . 10 = 1,000 N
𝑊 1,000
m = 100 kg F=? MA = 2 = =
𝐹 𝐹
MA = 2 F = 500 N
5. What is the force 5. Berapa gaya yang dibutuhkan
needed to lift 100 kg untuk mengangkat benda 100 kg
object by using the dengan sistem disamping?
system beside?
Known : Answer
m = 100 kg W = m . g = 100 . 10 = 1,000 N
𝑊 1,000
MA = 4 MA = 4 = =
𝐹 𝐹
Wanted : F = ? F = 250 N
6. What is the force needed to crack 100 6. Berapa gaya yang dibutuhkan untuk
gram crab by using crab cracker when menghancurkan 100 gram kepiting
the distance to effort and distance to dengan tang kepiting jika panjang
load compare as 4 : 1? lengan kuasa dan lengan beban
berbanding 4 : 1?
Known : Wanted : Answer
m = 100 g = 0.1 kg F=? W = m x g = 0.1 x 10 = 1 N
𝑑𝐸 4 𝑑𝐸 𝑊
= MA = = =4
𝑑𝐿 1 𝑑𝐿 𝐹
F = 0.25 N
7. How far should the 100 kg load be 7. Berapa jauh beban 100 kg harus
placed from the fulcrum so that the diletakkan dari titik tumpunya supaya
force needed will be 200 N by using gaya yang dibutuhkan adalah 200 N
lever with total length of 6 m? dengan panjang tuas 6 m?
Known : Wanted : Answer
m = 100 kg dL = ? W = m x g = 100 . 10 = 1,000 N
𝑑𝐸 𝑊 1000
F = 200 N MA = = = =5
𝑑𝐿 𝐹 200
L = dE + dL = 6 m dE = 5 dL → L = 5 dL + dL
6 = 6 dL
dL = 1 m
Self Assessment
1. A lever has a load of 1800 N and mechanical advantage of 3. What is the force
needed ? 600 N
2. A lever is used to lift 100 kg load, if the load arm is 30 cm from the fulcrum and the
effort arm is 120 cm from the fulcrum, what is the minimum force needed? 250 N
3. Andi wanted to lift 150 kg object by using 300 N so that he placed the object 50 cm
from the fulcrum, how far from the fulcrum should he lift the load? 250 cm
4. When you are asked to lift a load of 60 kg with a force of 200 N by using 6 m length of
log, where should you put the fulcrum? 1.5 m from the load
5. What is the length of the see saw if the weight of the load is 500 N and the distance to
the fulcrum is 30 cm when a 30 kg boy sit on the other side? 80 cm
6. Adi, Ada and Ade wanted to play see saw. Their mass respectively 30 kg, 30 kg and
50 kg. At first, Adi and Ade sat at different edge of the 3 m see saw, where should Ada
sit? 1 m from the fulcrum near Adi
7. Which lever has the biggest MA? B
c.
a
b. d.
8. When you are asked to move 100 kg object to 2 m above ground by using 200 N
force, how long should the inclined plane be? 10 m
9. A bolt is an example of inclined plane. The length of the bolt is 5 cm but the inclined
distance itself could be 10 times than its length. If a man gives 100 N to tighten the
bolt, how big is the actual force given to the bolt? What is the work done by the man?
1,000 N ; 50 J
10. Andien is trying to move a wood box with mass 20 kg to the higher place (2 m above
ground) with an inclined plane with 4 m length. What is his minimum force? 100 N
11. What is the force needed to push the object of weight of 800 N along the inclined
plane below? 5 m 400 N
2,5 m
12. What is the work done by the force by using inclined plane above? 2,000 J
13. What is the comparison of height and length of the inclined plane if Andien is trying to
move a wood box with mass 20 kg by using a minimum force of 50 N? 1:4
1
14. The height of inclined plane is of its length. What is the maximum load can be lifted
5
by using minimum force of 200 N? 100 kg
15. An architect wanted to design a steep inclined plane for disable person so they are
able to reach 5 m above ground by using force of 100 N. The possible maximum mass
of disable is 70 kg. How long should the steep inclined plane be made? 35 m
16. Find the mechanical advantage of below system 2, 3, 4, 5
17. When the 100 kg load will be lifted 1 m high
and each pull of the man is equal to 0.5 m, how
many pulls should the man do? Find also the force
needed to do the lift? 8 pulls, 250 N
18. When the 100 kg load will be lifted by using movable pulley what is the force needed
to do the lift? 500 N
For no 19 – 20, observe the system of pulley below
19. When the 100 kg load will be lifted 1 m high by using system
beside what is the force and work needed to do the lift?
125 N ; 1,000 J
20. By pulling the system / pulley, object can be lifted for 10 cm,
what will be the comparison of force and pulls needed by using
system beside and fixed pulley? 1:8;8:1