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COMMUNICATION “communication is a sharing of
➔ Communication is a two-way process of experience.” In our society, we all interact
connecting to both living and non-living with messages. Without interactions, a
things. It is also a means of sharing and society cannot survive. Social interaction
exchanging messages, information, ideas, is always through messages.
and feelings for mutual understanding ➔ We discuss problems and arrive at
(Gregoriom, J.C., 2015). solutions. We exchange ideas and interact
➔ Communication connects people and the with others. We transact, and then we
world they live in. It is through negotiate. In doing all these, we use
communication that people are able to communication. Imagine a situation
express their thoughts and ideas or where we are not able to speak and
convey information and messages interact with others or think of a family
through word of mouth, gestures and living in the same house without speaking
signals, signs, and others. People have to each other or relating any form of
always communicated with one another message to one another. Such situation
in various forms. can be very lonely and problematic.
Without communication, all forms of
1. Communication is a message understood. human relationships will vanish and die.
➔ Unless a message is understood we Communication is therefore crucial in
cannot say that communication has building and maintaining relationships.
taken place. Let us send a message to
someone and say, “where came first”. The COMMUNICATION PROCESS
person who gets this message would
wonder what it means for the
arrangement of the words does not make
any sense. The message is sent but the
receiver does not understand it.
Therefore, for communication to take
place we have to consider two conditions. ➔ As seen in the illustration, communication
First, there should be a clear message. begins when the speaker or source of
Second, the message must be understood communication responds to a stimulus
by the receiver for whom it is meant. and decides to encode or transmit it in
the form of a message (or a “code”)
2. Communication is social interaction through through a particular channel or means of
messages communication.
➔ Think of someone telling, “It is very warm ➔ The receiver decodes or interprets the
today.” In this case, we are message sent and responds accordingly
communicating what ‘we experience’. The based on his interpretation of the
weather being warm is what we feel or message. This response comes in the form
experience physically. In this scenario, we of a feedback sent to the original source
are sharing our feeling or experience with of communication (sender). As the
someone else. Thus, we may say that communication transaction continues, the
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sender and receiver may exchange roles MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
until understanding is achieved. Barriers LINEAR COMMUNICATION
to communication sometimes block the ➔ one-way, focusing on the transmission of
transmission of the message thereby a message to a receiver who never
creating misunderstanding. responds or has no way of responding to
➔ Through this process, we are able to the information conveyed.
understand that communication is ➔ examples include sending an email,
systematic. In the advent of technology, reading a blog, or even the traditional
the exchange of information and way of having letters sent
messages in society has advanced and
has been a subject of many studies.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
• Sender/Source (Encoder)
• Receiver (Decoder)
• Channel
• Message
• Feedback
• SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL (1949)
➔ Encoding ➔ Mother of all communication
- an idea or information is translated ➔ one-way process starting from a source
into words and expressed to others. (producer of message); passing through
➔ Decoding a channel (signals adapted for
- this idea or information is understood transmission) which may at times be
and interpreted by the receiver. interrupted by noise (barrier) to a
receiver (decoder of message from the
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION signal). The process stops after the
message has arrived at its destination.
INTERACTIVE (NON-LINEAR)
➔ two-way communication process where
a response is given after a message is
sent. The recipient of the action
5 MAIN FUNCTIONS intentionally or unintentionally gives a
• Motivation feedback associated with the
• Expression information received.
• Social Interaction
• Information Dissemination
• Control
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deemed dynamic and progressive, the
topic may also change from time to time.
➔ In this concept, the noise or barrier to
communication is also taken into
consideration for it may directly or
indirectly affect the smooth flow of
communication. In the event that the
message was not clearly conveyed due
to the barrier, the communication
continues in order to clarify the intended
meaning of the sender. When the
• SCHRAMM (1954)
transmission is cut along the way due to
➔ exchange of thoughts and ideas.
the barrier, the communicators work
➔ The recipient of the message decodes it
collaboratively to understand each other.
and creates a feedback based on his
Now, the sender becomes a receiver of
understanding of the information sent
feedback (the response from the
and vice versa.
receiver) and the receiver also acts as
➔ Feedback is added
sender providing information in response
to the message conveyed to him. In this
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
way, the communication is made more
effective and complete.
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
PHYSICAL BARRIERS
➔ natural or environmental condition that
act as a barrier in communication in
sending the message from sender to
receiver.
Examples:
➔ a circular process of interaction between 1. People talking too loud.
the persons involved in the 2. Noise from a construction site
communication, with each one actively 3. Loud sound of a karaoke
participating and sharing ideas with one 4. Blaring of jeepney horns
another. They are the communicators
actively exchanging information and PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER
reaction ➔ called as mental barriers.
➔ Feedback is given freely and deliberately ➔ These refer to social and personal issues
to one another or to all members of a speaker towards communicating
participating in the communication with others.
transaction. The sender and the receiver
may simultaneously exchange roles as Examples:
communicators. Since communication is 1. trauma
2. shyness, lack of confidence
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3. depression INTERNAL NOISE
4. fear, stage fright ➔ “thoughts and feelings that interfere with
meaning.”
CULTURAL BARRIER
➔ communication problems encountered Examples:
by people regarding their intrinsic values, 1. confrontation with a friend
beliefs, and traditions in conflict with 2. fear of speaking in front of the class.
others. People’s culture affects the way 3. racial prejudice
they communicate and relate to others.
SEMANTIC NOISE
Examples: ➔ “alternate meanings aroused by a
1. different beliefs speaker’s symbols.” This idea means
2. traditions, and customs that a word may have another meaning
3. manners of dressing in the minds of the students. This is
4. speaking affected by the language in which they
grew and the culture in which they are
LINGUISTIC BARRIER exposed.
➔ conflicts with regard to language and
word meanings. Because words carry Examples:
denotative and connotative meanings, 1. incorrect grammar
they can sometimes cause confusion and 2. using excessive technical jargon
misunderstanding. Meaning of words 3. using idiomatic expressions
and symbols also vary depending on
culture. STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION
BREAKDOWN
Examples: KEEP FOCUSED
1. difference in language ➔ put in mind the purpose communication
2. accent and dialect ➔ As a speaker identify your purpose for
3. use of jargon and slang speaking and as a listener find the
4. speech defects or language impairments speaker’s purpose thru his/her verbal
and non-verbal cues.
NOISE BARRIERS
EXTERNAL NOISE SPEAK INTELLIGIBLY
➔ “sight, sound and other stimuli that draw ➔ using the appropriate speaking volume,
people’s attention away from intended pitch rate, proper enunciation, stress,
meaning.” and acceptable pronunciation. We speak
in order to be understood.
Examples:
1. noise from vehicles LISTEN WITH YOUR EARS AND EYES
2. singing at the neighborhood ➔ Pay attention to verbal and non-verbal
3. visual aids in front of the classroom message. Effective communication
4. the dog barking depends on what people say and how
5. the sound of airplane they say it.
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MINIMIZE DISTRACTIONS building rapport or connection with the
➔ Look for a place where you can minimize audience.
distractions or noise like closed area,
empty room, or quiet places. Lessening CONCRETENESS
the cause for confusion means giving ➔ Effective communication is backed up by
more room to focus and concentrate. facts, figures, and real-life examples or
situations. This will make the receiver to
BE SPECIFIC understand the message better.
➔ Use simple and concise words as much
as possible in delivering a message. COURTESY
Being specific means being particular ➔ The speaker can show respect to his/her
and direct to the point receivers through understanding their
culture, values, and beliefs. The speaker
DO NOT JUMP TO CONCLUSIONS can show respect to the listeners by
➔ Before you give your comments and demonstrating an understanding of their
judgement, be sure that you have beliefs, values, and culture. This implies
listened attentively to the speaker. good choice of words and language and
Conclusions should be drawn after a a consideration of the audience’s
thorough analysis of point given or perspectives and feelings on the part of
information received. the sender. Showing courtesy helps
create a positive vibe with the audience.
7Cs OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION This implies good choice of words and
COMPLETENESS language on the part of the sender and
➔ The speaker should include everything consideration of audience’s perspectives.
that the receiver needs to hear , respond,
react, or evaluate properly. S/he should CLEARNESS
be able to convey all pertinent details so ➔ It implies the use of simple and specific
listener or audience will be able to grasp words to express ideas. When the
the intended message. speaker focuses on specific ideas, it will
not confuse the audience
CONCISENESS
➔ The message should be direct or straight CORRECTNESS
to the point and should be expressed in ➔ Avoiding mistakes in grammar helps to
the least possible number of words. boost the credibility and effectiveness of
Irrelevant information should not be the message, and at the same time it
included eliminates negative impact on the
audience
CONSIDERATION
➔ The speaker should give high regard and SPEECH STYLES
courtesy to audience’s background MARTIN JOOS (1976)
information such as his/her culture, ➔ Speech style means the form of language
education, religion, status, mood, that the speaker uses which
feelings, and needs. This will result in characterized by the degree of formality
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FROZEN COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
➔ most formal NOMINATION
➔ used for formal ceremony, official ➔ you try to open a topic
government, international meeting
➔ unchanged RESTRICTION
➔ refers to any limitation you may have as
FORMAL a speaker
➔ delivering speech (personal)
➔ addressing audiences TURN-TAKING
➔ people decide who takes the
CONSULTATIVE conversational floor
➔ shorter & spontaneous
➔ most operational TOPIC CONTROL
➔ do not usually plan what he/she needs to ➔ active engagement to communication
say activity
➔ the use of minimal response like “Go on,”
CASUAL “Yes,” “Continue”
➔ between friends
TOPIC SHIFTING
INTIMATE ➔ moving from topic to another
➔ mostly for couples
➔ private languages developed within REPAIR
families, close friends, and couples. ➔ how speakers address problems in
listening, speaking, and comprehending
SPEECH CONTEXT
INTRAPERSONAL TERMINATION
➔ within one self ➔ participants close-initiating expressions
INTERPERSONAL KINDS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
➔ with other person ➔ there’s an intended meaning
DYAD ASSERTIVE
➔ pair ➔ the speaker expresses belief about the
truth of a proposition
SMALL GROUP
➔ three or several people DIRECTIVE
➔ the speaker tries to make the
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION addressee/listener perform an action
➔ SONA, Graduation speech
➔ in public COMMISSIVE
➔ the speaker commits to doing something
MASS COMMUNICATION
➔ using tv, newspaper to deliver message
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EXPRESSIVE
➔ the speaker expresses his/her
feelings/emotional reaction
DECLARATION
➔ declaration bring into existence or cause
the state of affairs which they refer to
PERLOCUTIONARY ACT
➔ effect to the receiver